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ENCYCLOPEDIA 


OF 


Genealogy  and  Biography 


STATH  OF  PENNSYI.\'ANIA 


WITH    A    COM  PEN  1)1  r.M    OF    IIISTOKY 


A  Record  of  the  Achievoment.s  of  Her  People  in   the  Making  of  a 
Commonwealth  and   the  Fouiidin<'  of  a  Nation 


LLUSTRATED 


'■'■By  universal  consent  biografihy  is  I  lie  most  fascinating  fortn  of  literature,  its 
charm  growing  out  of  the  fact  that  it  is  the  story  of  life.  The  books  that  have  ushered 
in  new  epochs  for  society  have  generally  been  biographies." 

—  Kev.  Neweli.  Dwight  Hillis. 


VOLUME  I. 


THE  LEWIS  PUBLISHING  COMPANY 

New  York  Chicago 

1904 


PREFACE 


In  the  preparatiiin  of  tlie  folldwing  pages  of  the  Encyclopedia  of 
Genealogy  and  Biography  of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania  with  a  Com- 
])endium  of  History  from  its  earliest  settlements  to  the  present,  a  new 
and  novel  comhination  of  historical  materials  has  heen  efifected.  the 
])urpose*  of  which  will  he  apjiarent  on  e\en  a  hasty  perusal  of  the  con- 
tents. The  authors  recognize  the  existence  of  many  standard  treatises 
on  the  political,  social  and  material  unfolding  and  dex'elopment  of  this 
great  commonwealth,  and  everv  school  hoy  is  more  or  less  familiar  with 
the  deeds  of  the  great  men  and  the  onward  sweep  of  events  which  ma- 
terialized in  the  great  state  of  I'enns\-l\ania.  But  the  Pennsyl\-ania  of 
to-dav  holds  a  vet  more  im])ortant  jilace  in  the  histor}-  of  the  nation  than 
at  anv  time  in  the  past,  is  now.  as  a  score  of  years  ago.  tlie  "keystone" 
in  ])olitics.  as  also  in  the  great  industrial  and  manufacturing  forces 
which  dominate  the  trade  of  the  world,  and.  furthermore,  in  social  and 
intellectual  progress  and  attainment. 

The  Greater  Pennsvh'ania  is.  therefore,  of  To-day.  not  of  \  ester- 
dav.  Its  potentialit\-  exists  not  alone  in  its  material  resources,  its  extent 
of  domain,  its  latent  agricultural,  mineral  ami  commercial  wealth,  hut 
in  its  Citizens — the  men  who  dig  ;ind  del\e  and  sow  and  reap,  who  toil 
in  the  hives  of  industrv  and  manufacture,  who  hold  the  marts  of  trade, 
who  teach  and  minister  unto  others.  an<l  those  w1)o  carry  out  the  public 
will  and  as  chosen  servants  guide  the  craft  of  state. 

The  true  persjiectixe  and  symmetry  of  history  will,  in  the  opinion 
of  the  authors,  he  Ijest  secured,  not  only  h\-  a  concise  recital  of  the  facts 


1?S23";'9 


iv  I'KRl'ACE. 

concerning,'  tlic  tjluridus  past  of  l'cnnsvl\ani:i.  l.nt  more  so  Ijy  a 
l)i<>gra|>liical  recnnl  nf  tlic  men  i<\  the  |)rescnt  time  whose  careers  Iia\c 
made  tliein  cunspiciious  anif>n,ij  tlieir  fellows,  whose  deeds  and  lives  have 
lifted  tiieni  Im  the  hijjfli  ])]ane  nf  success,  and  wlm  stand  as  representa- 
tives of  the  present-day  greatness  of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania.  If.  as 
Carlyle  says,  "history  is  the  essence  of  innumerahle  hiograi)hies."  tlie 
trnc  position  of  Pennsyl\-ania  among  her  sister  states  cannot  he  better 
portrayed  than  hy  the  narrative  of  the  personal  careers  of  her  repre- 
sentative Sons  whose  names  will  he  found  on  the  following  pages. 

It  is  with  the  foregoing  facts  as  a  theme  tliat  the  general  plan  and 
scope  of  this  history  has  lieen  evolved,  in  the  compilation  of  the  state 
history  the  recognized  authorities  have  Ijeen  freely  consulted  and  public 
and  ])rivatc  archives  have  been  laid  unrler  contribution.  Xotwithstand- 
ing  the  mass  of  details  burdening  the  main  course  of  events,  the  editors 
have  exercise<l  a  most  judicious  care  in  the  selection  of  facts  and  in 
preserving  a  proper  historical  balance,  with  the  result  that  a  concise, 
straightforward,  yet  comprehensive  and  authentic  record  of  Pennsyl- 
vania's history  from  the  time  of  its  first  settlements  to  the  present  has 
been  set  Ijeforc  the  reailer.  with  ])regnant  and  succinct  chapters  on  the 
])resent  status  of  social,  political,  industrial  and  other  ])!iases  of  life. 

In  the  biographical  portion  of  the  volumes,  which  serves  as  the 
complement  and  a  m  st  important  adjunct  to  the  state  history,  it  has 
been  the  constant  aim  of  the  authors  to  discriminate  carefully  in  regard 
to  the  selection  of  subjects  in  order  that  a  truly  representatixc  au'l  diver- 
sified personal  history  might  be  given  of  the  men  who  liave  been  the 
most  ])rominent  factors  in  the  pul)lic.  social  and  industrial  development 
of  their  resjjcctive  sections  of  the  commonwealth.  Great  pains  ha\e  been 
taken  to  secure  accuracy,  and  nothing  has  been  left  undone  that  miglu 
add  to  the  completeness  and  value  of  these  volumes. 


CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER  I. 

Earliest  Explorations  and   Settlements — Penns3'lvania  the  Colony,      1 1 

CHAPTER  II. 

Fnini  the  Rcginnins'  of  the  French  and  Enj^lish  Wars  to  the  Revo- 
lution  51 

CHAPTER  III. 
Troiihlcs  with  Connecticut 74 

CHAPTER  IV. 
The   Period  of  the   Rex'olntion 79 

CHAPTER  V. 
Pennsylvania  as  One  of  the   Cnited  States,    17S7-1812,       .        .        123 

CHAPTER  VI. 
War  of  1812-1815, 141 

CHAPTER  VII. 

The    Ccjmnionwealth    from    1815-1860 147 

CHAPTER  VIII. 
Pennsylvania  During  the  War  of  1861-1865 169 

CHAPTER  IX. 
Pennsylvania  from  the  Civil  War  to  the  Present  Time.       .       .        185 

CHAPTER  X. 
Agriculture,  Commerce,  and   Manufactures 209 

CHAPTER  XI. 
Education,  Literature,  and  Art 229 

CHAPTER  XII. 

Medicine,  Law,  and   Theology 275 

CHAPTER  XIII. 
Social    Conditions 311 


INDEX 


Abel,  John    962 

Ashmcad,     Henry    G 918 

Railcy,   James   M 37^ 

Baldwin,  William  A 57° 

Harclifcld,   Andrew  J 451 

Biddle,  George  W 893 

Bigelow,  Thomas  S 379 

Black,  John  W 754 

Bleakley.  James    347 

Bowman,    Benjamin    C 578 

Brackenridge,   Henry    M 371 

Brcnnen,  William  J 392 

Broomall,  John  M 737 

Broomall,    William    B 746 

Brown,  William   M 652 

Bnllitt.    John    C 366 

Bnntinsc.    David    S 488 

Burchficld,   A.    P 435 

Bnrlcigh.  Clarence   359 

Bntz,   Michael    1004 

Carpenter,   James    McF 54i 

Carr,    William    W 832 

Cassatt,   Alexander  J 711 

Clarke,  Daniel  C 645 

Clay,   Mrs.  Rachel   A 816 

Cooper,   C.   J 1036 

Cornell,  Nelson   P 913 

Cotlingham,  William   W 955 

Crozcr,  Samnel  A 777 

Crozer.  The  Family 7^9 

DaCosta,  John  C 698 

Danb,  John ; 384 

Daub,  Mrs.  John   384 

Davenport,  S.  A 636 

Deemer,  Elias   628 

Dick,   Wallace   P 960 

Donglass,  Elisha  P 396 

Downing,  Jerome   F 545 

Eyernian,   John    850 


Field,    Benj  amin   R . ,  •   844 

Filer.    Enoch    383 

Fitzpatrick,  Thomas  J 461 

Foerstcr,   Adolph   M 448 

Foose,  Lemnel  O 1030 

Fo.x,    EiUvard   J 1008 

Galbrcalh.  James   M 39° 

Gardiner,    Francis   G 419 

Garretson,   James   E • 680 

Gonid,  George  M 7°° 

Graham,    John    H 636 

Green,  Jesse   C 948 

Green,    Traill     , 863 

GnlTey,    James     McC 996 

Gnnnisoii,    Frank    619 

Hardenbergh,    Ednnmd    B 47- 

Harris,    Frank   G 401 

Hart,    Charles   H 889 

Hart,    George    S 420 

Hartman,  Joseph    525 

Hawley,  Joseph   W 907 

Hays.    Mrs.    Thomas 580 

Hays,    Thomas    580 

Hazcltine,    A.    J 454 

Heller,   William   J 885 

Hemphill,   James    34' 

Hctzel,  George  C 5io 

Hinkson,  Henry  M 760 

Hodgson,    William    H 729 

HofTecker,   Renben   F 965 

Holland.  James   W 7I3 

Honslon,   Henry  H 972 

Howard,    William    N 427 

Hnnter.    William    4.30 

Hnnter,   William  L 534 

Irwin,  James   H 5^3 

Irwin.   James   K 50O 

James.  Henry  F 657 

Jenkins,  Robert   7l6 

Jenkins,   Thomas   M 732 


VIII 


INDEX. 


Jcnkinson,  Willium   4i^ 

Johnson,   William  S. .  790 

Jones.  Joseph  L 4^3 

Jordan,  John  W 647 

King.  Byron  W S'i 

Kirkp-ilrick.  VVilli.im  S 9«9 

Kmnu-r.  \V.  J 5>8 

Kunkd.   Charles  A 529 

Lambic,  John  S 505 

Lanius,  William  H 574 

L;i\vrcncc.  Andrew  J.  407 

Leach,  Josiah  G 9' 7 

Lindscy.  Wilton  M 442 

Loclicr,   Claries   H 1062 

M.ickey.  ChnrU-s   W 622 

M.icVoaRh.  W^iyne   75' 

MaRoc.  Christopher  f'94 

.Mngill.    EiUvard   M Ri9 

Maher.   John    T.  909 

Mansfield.    Ira    F 465 

March.  Ahrah.nm   H 837 

Martin.   Jnnath.m   W 93^ 

Matson.    Myron    620 

McCarrcll,  Samuel  J.  M 404 

McCaiilcy.    Levi    G 878 

McCUire.   Joseph  594 

McChire.  Samuel   594 

McCollongh,  Andrew   W.. .  342 

.Mills.  Isa.-ic    812 

Mitchell.  Forster  W 593 

Montgomery,  Thomas  L 684 

Moore.  James  W »047 

Moore.    John    W 610 

Muehllironncr,  Charles  .\ 410 

Murdoch.    Alex 1028 

Murray.  J.   Weiflman 5-3 

Neshit.  John   W 4>5 

N'iniick.   .Mexnnder    425 


Tatlerson.  William  856 

PearsiMi,   Alfred    L 648 

Pcrley.   Allen    P 53' 

Philips,    George    M O/'J 

Phillips.  John   .38i 

Pitcairn,   Robert    373 

Potter,    William    7'4 

Raney,    Lcandcr 362 

Rawlc,    William    B 834 

Read,  Thomas  B ; . .'. 758 

Reeder,    Frank    1041 

Ro.ich.    John    B 35o 

Robb.   Thomas    631 

Roberts.    Ellwood    945 

Rockwell.    Franklin     H 591 

Rose.  W.  Horace  5»7 

Roll,   Louis    640 

Scaifc.   Charles    C 764 

Scaife,    William     B 7^7 

Seip,   Theodore  L 1019 

Sharplcss.   Lsaac   ._. 817 

Shortlidgc,    Joseph    900 

Smith,   William   W 653 

Stanford,    C.    E 632 

Starr,  George  W 600 

Stearns,  Latcn  L 475 

Steel,  John   B 782 

Stevenson.    William    589 

Stewart,   William    660 

Stone,   William   A 840 

Stoney.   Robert  J 560 

Swain.    Joseph    827 

Taylor,  Bayard   702 

Taylor.    William    G 49> 

Thomson.    Wilmcr    W 894 

Tomlinson.   Arthur  H 8og 

Torrance,   Francis   J 822 

Trunkiy.   John    602 

TuUy,    David     904 


Ortt,     Rowley     K 
Osmer,  James  H. 

Palmer,  Waller  S. . 
Patterson.    Isaac   N' 


940       L'lricb.    William    B 479 

484 

Walker.    James    B 9> ' 

478       Wayne,    Anthony    1001 

564       Wayne,    William    1000 


INDEX. 


IX 


West,  The  Family   664 

Weston,   Henry   G 993 

Wethcrill,    Richard    '.  . . .   704 

Wctmore,  Lansing  D 617 

Wightman,   Thomas    1055 

Wiley.  John  A 676 

WiUiams,  Alfred  W 638 

Wilson.    Adam    587 


Wilson,  James  C 675 

Wolfe,   Wesley    537 

Wood,  James   W 981 

Woodbridge,  Jonathan    E 722 

Woodrnff.    Clinton    R 932 

Yoiingman,    Robert    R 1033 

Zng.   Christopher    363 


HISTORY  OF  PENNSYLVANIA. 


CHAPTER    I. 
Earlikst   Extlouations    and    Settlements. 

History  records  that  as  early  as  1608  or  1609  tlie  eastern  parts  of 
wliat  is  now  Pennsylvania  were  visited  by  Hndson  on  his  voyage  of  dis- 
covery and  exploration  to  the  New  World.  On  the  western  liordcr  the 
Erench  explorers  opened  the  way  to  white  civilized  settlement  through 
their  expeditions  along  the  chain  of  great  inland  lakes.  They  may  have 
preceded  the  other  European  na\-igators  who  visited  the  .\tlantic  sea- 
coast,  but,  through  \arious  causes,  their  permanent  occupancy  of  the 
region  was  considcrai)!)-  delayetl.  Beginning  in  16 14  the  Dutch  made 
more  thorough  explorations  along  the  coast,  and,  as  the  result  of  one  of 
their  expeditions,  Cornelius  Jacobse  Mey  passed  in  triumph  and  safety 
between  the  Capes  of  the  Delaware,  giving  to  the  one  the  name  he 
himself  bore,  and  wbicli  it  still  retains — that  of  Cape  Mey,  or  May; 
and  bestowing  his  Christian  name  upon  the  other,  calling  it  Cape  Cor- 
nelius. He  had  a  weakness  of  bestowing  his  name  wberc\-cr  he  went. 
New  York  Bay  he  christened  "Port  Mey,"  and  the  Delaware  he  put 
down  on  his  map  as  "New  Port  Mey." 

In  1616  Captain  Cornelius  1  lendrick.son  sailed  up  the  Delaware  as 
far  as  the  mouth  of  the  Schuvlkill,  which  ri\er  he  discovered.     On  the 


12      coMPnxnnM  or  msroRV  .ixo  genealogy 

site  where  now  stands  the  city  of  Pliiladclphia.  in  the  locality  known 
ns  West  Philadelphia.  I  lie  navigator  is  said  to  have  met  three  Dutcli 
settlers  from  tlie  Xetherlands  who  had  come  here  fmni  the  vicinity  of 
Albany.  Xew  York,  traveling  hy  way  of  the  Mohawk  and  i^elawarc 
rivers.  These  are  Inrlieved  to  have  been  the  first  white  visitors  to  the 
locality  of  Philadelphia. 

The  Dntch  West  India  Company  was  chartered  in  1621.  Tt  was 
the  result  of  the  petition  of  llic  Puritans  (who  cvenlnally  colonized  New 
Fngland)  for  permission  to  settle  in  .\nierica,  coupled  with  the  im- 
pression that  the  English  were  about  to  found  a  permanent  colony  in  tlie 
territory  claimed  by  the  Hutch  as  a  part  of  their  discovered  jxjsscssions 
on  this  side  of  the  .\tlantic.  This  territory  extended  from  the  Delaware 
on  the  south  to  the  Hudson  on  the  north,  and  from  llic  .\tlantic  co.ist 
westward  almost  indefinitely,  although  the  Dutch  did  not  attempt  .my 
occupancy  of  the  Netherlands  farther  west  than  Schenectady  in  the 
colony  of  New  York.  In  the  early  part  of  1623  Captain  M«y  ascended 
the  Delaware  to  a  i)oint  fifty  miles  alwve  the  bay  and  built  I-'ort  Nassau, 
ne.'ir  the  site  of  Gloucester,  the  first  European  colony  on  the  Delaware. 
Port  Nassau  has  long  since  disajjpcared.  niore's  the  pit\.  Mey  made  it 
his  headrjuarters,  and  as  he  had  the  happy  art  of  knowing  how  to  culti- 
vate and  retain  the  friendship  of  the  red  man.  there  were  manv  pleasant 
.-.nd  profitable  trading  scenes  enacted  before  it  and  williin  for  several 
years.  "It  is  lictter  to  govern  by  love  and  friendship  tiian  by  force," 
Mey  once  wrote  to  the  directors  of  the  West  India  Comixmy,  and  tliat 
motto  seems  to  have  actuated  him  in  all  his  dealings  willi  the  aborigines, 
who  at  that  time  had  not  become  suspicious  of  the  lionesty  of  the  wliilc 
visitors,  which  afterwards  they  were  led  to  doubt  by  sad  experience. 
Had  the  rule  of  Mey  lasted  longer — it  ended  in  1625.  when  William 
Verhulst  assumed  authority  over  the  region — Fort  Nassau  mi<Tht  have 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  13 

been  tlie  fmindation  of  a  city  of  commanding  importance.  Mey's  suc- 
cessors were  not  as  sagacious  as  lie.  In  1630  an  association  of  patroons, 
resident  in  Amsterdam,  bought  from  the  Inchans  an  estate  on  tlie  west 
hank  of  tlie  ri\'er.  Here  a  colony  was  planted,  lint  it  was  only  short- 
lived; the  commander  of  the  fort  fell  into  a  needless  dispute  with  the 
Indians  over  a  jjiece  of  tin,  and  the  savage  anger  liecame  so  aroused 
that  the  entire  colony  of  whites  was  destroyed. 

Thus  failed  the  first  attempt  of  the  Dutch  to  found  a  permanent 
colony  on  the  Delaware.  The  results  thus  far  !iad  been  discouraging, 
and,  l)efore  they  were  fully  recovered  from  the  effects  of  the  destruction 
of  the  settlement  at  Swaanendael,  Peter  Minuet,  a  (jerman  of  Wesel, 
sailed  under  tlie  patronage  of  Sweden  and,  in  1638,  landed  a  little 
company  of  Swedes  and  Finlanders  near  Lewes,  on  tlie  Delaware.  The 
Swedes  built  a  fort  and  also  a  small  town.  To  the  fortress  and  the 
creek  on  which  it  was  erected  were  given  the  name  Christina,  in  honor 
of  the  young  Swedish  queen  who  had  succeeded  her  father  on  the 
throne.  The  Swedes  adopted  a  conciliatory  policy  in  their  dealings 
with  the  Indians,  and  thus  succeeded  in  securing  from  them  all  the 
lands  between  Cape  Henlopen  and  the  Falls  of  Trenton.  The  Dutch 
protested  against  this  accfuisition  of  territory  in  what  thev  claimed  as 
part  of  the  Netherlands,  hut  witlniut  efTect  or  remedy  until  1655,  when 
Peter  Stuy\esant,  the  Dutch  governor,  compelled  the  surrender  of  Fort 
Christina  and  Fort  Casimir.  and  put  rui  end  to  the  Swedish  power  on 
the  Delaware. 

The  Dutch  diil  not  attempt  to  drive  the  Swedes  from  the  country, 
but  permitted  them  to  remain ;  and  it  was  well,  for  they  were  indus- 
trious and  thrifty,  and  did  good  service  jn  the  development  of  the 
region.  Their  principal  settlements  were  at  Christina  Creek,  Upland, 
the  seat  of  government  during  their  ascendency,  and  at   Philadelphia, 


14        COMPENDIUM  ()!■  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

where  I'emi's  colonists  found  many  families  of  this  people  when  they 
began  to  arrive  tiiere  in  i6Sj.  The  Dntch  established  their  principal 
points  in  tiie  vicinity  (.f  Leueston  and  \e\v  Castle  (on  the  Delaware), 
and  were  afterward  more  careful  in  their  treatment  of  the  Indians. 
They  were  ix)or  colonizers  but  excellent  traders,  and  by  dispensing  gin 
and  firearms  to  the  natives  in  exchange  for  furs,  they  kept  peace  with 
them  fi>r  several  years. 

The  chief  cause  of  tlie  overthrow  of  llie  Dutch  power  in  .\nierica 
was  English  rivalry.  On  March  u,  1664.  Charles  II  of  England 
granted  by  letters  ])atent  to  his  iMoiiicr  jamcs,  Duke  of  York,  all  the 
country  from  the  river  St.  Croix  to  the  Kennebec  in  Maine,  together 
with  all  the  territory  from  the  west  bank  of  Connecticut  river  to  the 
east  side  of  Delaware  I'ay.  The  duke  sent  an  English  squadron  to 
secure  the  gift,  and  on  the  Stii  of  September  following  Governor 
Stuyvesant  capitulated,  being  constrained  to  that  course  by  the  Dutch 
colonists,  who  jireferred  jieace  with  the  same  privileges  accorded  tlic 
English  rather  than  a  ])rolonged  and  jierhaps  fruitless  contest.  The 
conc|uered  jjeople.  however,  did  not  withdraw  from  the  region,  but 
reinained  and  continued  to  trade  guns  and  gin  to  the  natives,  and  thus 
supplied  them  with  doubly  destructive  weapons. 

Upon  the  accession  of  the  English,  Colonel  Nicolls  was  appointed 
to  pnjceed  to  the  colonies  on  the  Delaware  "to  take  special  care  for  the 
good  government  of  said  jilace  "  etc.  New  Amstel  was  now  called 
New  Castle,  and  deputies  were  selected  to  care  for  the  welfare  of  such 
colonists  as  needed  assistance.  Nicolls  governed  for  nearly  three  years 
"with  justice  and  good  sense."  He  was  succeeded  in  May,  1667,  by 
Colonel  Francis  Lovelace,  who  required,  by  proclamation,  that  all 
patents  granted  by  the  Dutch  for  lands  on  the  Delaware  should  be 
renewed,  and  that  all  persons  holding  without  patents  should  take  out 


OF  THE  STATE  OP  PENNSYLVANIA. 


15 


GOV.   PETER  STUYVESANT. 


!•'•        COMl'IiXnirM  Ol-   IIISTOKY  AND  GENEALOGY 

titles  uiuler  Eii5,'lish  autlmiily.  He  alsii  imposed  many  hartlsliips  upon 
the  colonists,  particularly  those  wlio  held  under  Dutch  titles,  and  some 
of  his  actions  <lid  nut  receive  the  sanction  of  his  sovereign.  In  1673 
tile  Hutch  sent  out  a  strong  s(|uadr(in  and  recajUured  New  Amsterdam 
(New  York)  and  its  principal  dependencies,  hut  in  1674  the  English 
again  l)ecame  its  masters  and  secured  to  the  Duke  of  York  the  splendid 
gift  of  ten  years  hefore.  In  1674  ( Jmie  29)  a  new  charter  was  issued 
ti>  the  Duke  of  ^^lrk,  and  his  title  to  the  tcrrit'iry  previously  granted 
was  confiriued.  In  this  year  Sir  Edmund  Andros  was  appointed  gov- 
ernor of  the  duke's  proprietaries,  and  Captain  Edmund  Cantwell  and 
William  Tomm  were  authorized  to  take  possession  of  the  forts  and 
stores  at  New  Castle,  and  to  adopt  measures,  for  the  maintenance  of 
peace  and  good  order  in  the  possessions  on  the  Delaware. 

On  June  24,  1664,  the  Duke  of  York  granted  the  jirovince  of  New 
Jersey  to  Lord  Berkeley  and  Sir  George  Carteret.  The  latter  of  these 
grantees  died  in  1679,  and,  upon  the  sale  of  his  interests  and  estate, 
William  I'enn  hecame  one  of  the  new  proprietors.  Through  personal 
investigations  he  hecame  well  acquainted  with  th.e  quality  and  character 
of  the  lands  bordering  on  the  .Atlantic  seacoast  and  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  greater  rivers.  He  also  knew  something  of  the  tcniiier  and  char- 
acter of  the  American  Indians,  and  he  saw  that,  if  fairly  approached 
and  htmorably  treated,  they  could  he  easily  controlled.  While  thus 
interested  in  lands  in  the  colony  of  New  Jersey,  Penn  is  said  hy  his- 
torians to  have  conceived  the  idea  of  founding  a  colony,  as  principal 
city,  and  of  maintaining  a  proprietary  government  under  !iis  personal 
ownership  and  supervision. 

This  event  took  place  almost  two  and  one-quarter  centuries  ago, 
and  when  Penn  then  came  into  possession  of  a  vast  tract  of  country, 
amounting  almost  to  a  principality,  he  at  once  proceeded  with  practical 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PEXXSYLrAXIA.  17 

coiiinion  sense  and  suund  jiulgnient  t(.)  can'}-  ijut  his  ijlaiis.  The  coni- 
mmiwealth  of  Pennsylxania  and  the  city  of  Philadelphia  were  amon.si- 
the  more  imp(jrtant  of  his  achievements.  The  proprietor  himself  lived 
to  witness  the  founding  of  the  city  and  the  i>Ianting  of  numerous 
smaller  settlements  in  \-arious  portions  of  his  domain,  hut  he  did  nnt 
li\e  to  see  the  consummation  of  all  in  the  estaldishment  of  a  great  com- 
monwealth, the  state  of  Pennsylvania,  the  Ke_\-stone  State  of  the  Union. 
This  was  the  work  of  a  later  generation  of  factors,  composed  largelv 
nf  native  .\mericans.  yet  the  descendants  of  Dutch  and  Swede  and 
English  and  Quaker  and  Irisli  ancestors.  The  united  efforts  of  these 
descendants  in  all  generations  of  the  ])ast  since  the  |)lanting  of  the  tirst 
colony  on  the  hanks  of  the  Delaware  ha\'e  made  P'ennsylvania  what 
it  is  to-dav. 


WILLI.AM   FEXN. 


18        COMPENDIUM  Ol-  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

Pi;xNSvi.\AM.\    iiii:   (.  di.ii.w. 

"And  because  I  Inn'r  hrcii  sdiiicwiuit  c.wrciscil.  tit  liiiu's,  tihciit  llic 
luUiirc  (iiul  end  of  ^(n'cnniiciit.  it  is  rrasitiiablr  to  expect,  that  I  sliinihl 
ciidcai'OT  to  establish  a  just  and  riiiliteoiis  one.  that  others  may  take 
example  by  it; — truly  this  my  heart  desires.  *  *  *  /  ,/,,.  there- 
fore, desire  the  Lord's  leisdom  to  i^uide  uic.  and  t/iose  that  may  be 
conceriicd  with  me.  that  -iCe  do  the  thin;^  that  is  truly  Ti'mv  and  just." 

Tlicse  wurds  were  spuken  by  William  I'cnn  in  declaring  liis  pur- 
])oses  ill  iMunilinj;  a  onluiu-  in  America  iindor  liis  own  iinipricliirsliip. 
Vet  Penn's  nn«ti\c  in  ilnint;'  all  that  he  did  was  tlircefnld:  I'^irst,  he 
would  receive  ijavmcnl  in  lands  fiu"  an  indchtediKss  of  £16.000  due  his 
fatlicr.  Admiral  Sir  William  renii.  of  tlie'  Ensrlisli  navy,  for  money 
advanced  In-  liim  in  the  sea  service  and  for  arrearages  of  pay.  His 
second  purpose,  and.  to  himself  a  more  important  one.  was  the  cstab- 
lisliment  of  a  home  and  colony  for  his  brethren  of  the  .Societv  of 
l-'rieiids,  or  Quakers,  as  tliey  have  been  more  fre(|uentl\-  desit^nated. 
Peiiii  himself  was  ol  this  sect,  a  leader  .iniong  his  peojile.  .and  a  man 
free  from  ostentation  or  avarice.  His  tliiid  ])ur]>ose  and  ambition  was 
to  possess  a  considerable  tract  of  l.uid  in  America.  lie  already  knew 
sonietliiiig  of  the  character  of  the  territory  throuLjh  the  representations 
of  persons  with  whom  he  had  associated  in  the  West  Jersev  ])ro])rietarv. 
iiiid  the  ix).ssession  of  ;i  considerable  tract  i>f  Lmd  in  his  own  free  right 
would  enable  liim  to  carry  out  his  chief  jinrpose.  ,ind  also  would  satisfv 
the  debt  due  him  from  the  crown  on  account  of  his  father's  services. 

William  Penn.  founder  of  the  colony  .and  ])roprietor  of  the 
Province  of  Pennsylvania,  was  born  in  London.  October  14.  1644. 
While  a  student  at  O.xford  he  became  im])resscd  with  the  teachings  of 
the  Quaker  doctrine.     He  studied  law   at  Uncihrs   Inn,  but  on  reach- 


OF  THE  STATE  Of  PEXSSYLW-IXIA.  19 

ing  liis  majiirity  he  was  called  to  Ireland  to  the  care  of  an  estate  of 
his  father's.  That  he  was  not  now  fully  converli^d  to  Quaker  teachings 
is  evidenced  in  his  career  as  a  soldier,  for  he  won  fame  at  the  siege  of 
Carrickfergus.  and  afterward  caused  himself  to  he  painted  in  military 
costume.  He  soon  afterward  hecanie  a  con\ert  to  the  Society  of 
I'riends,  and  at  once  took  a  promip.ent  part  in  the  councils  of  that  sect. 
Some  of  the  more  arbitrary  teachings,  however,  he  did  not  fully  accept; 
he  was  in  a  measure  "conscientiously  scrupulous  of  Ijearing  arms."  yet, 
in  framing  a  form  of  government  for  his  people  in  the  Province  of 
Pennsyh'ania,  he  made  ])rovision  for  the  common  defense  against  its 
enemies,  both  by  sea  and  land.  At  a  Friends"  meeting  "in  Cork,  in 
1667.  Penn  was  arrested  and  imprisoned,  l)ut  upon  being  released 
through  the  influence  of  the  Earl  of  Orrery,  he  1>egan  to  preach  and  to 
te;ich.  His  pen.  too,  was  vigorous  in  the  new  cause,  and  for  his  work 
"The  Sandy  Foundation  Shaken,""  he  was  incarcerated  in  the  Tower: 
but  while  in  prison  he  wrote  the  celebrated  "Xo  Cross,  No  Crown.'" 
Through  the  influence  of  his  father  he  was  liberated  from  the  Tower, 
but  in  1670  he  was  sent  to  Newgate  prison  for  preaching  in  the  street. 
On  trial,  lie  pleaded  in  his  own  defense  and  with  such  logic  that  he  was 
acquittetl,  but  the  jiu'ors  were  fined  for  disregarding  the  instructions  of 
the  judge,  who  urged  a  conviction. 

In  1672  Penn  married  Gulielma  ^Nlaria  Springett.  who  bore  him 
seven  children.  His  second  wife  was  Hannah  Callowhill.  In  1074 
he  Avrote  "England's  Present  Interest  Considered,"  which  has  been  de- 
scribed as  "an  able  defense  of  freedom  of  conscience  and  the  rights  of 
Englishmen."  In  1676  he  first  became  interested  in  lands  in  America, 
when  he  was  part  proprietor  of  a  considerable  tract  in  the  jjrovince  of 
New  Jersey.  The  next  vear,  with  Barclay  and  others,  he  carried  the 
teachings  of  the  I'riends  into  Holk'nul  and  Cicmanv.      In   l()8o  he  peti- 


20        COMPEXDIUM  OF  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

tioned  Charles  II  of  England,  and  in  1681  the  charter  was  granted. 
ScKjn  after  ihis.  I'enu  i)ul)lished  and  distrilnUed  "A  Brief  Acomnt  of 
the  I'rovince  nf  I'enn.s)  h  ania."  in  which  sctllenient  was  invited  and 
the  conditions  of  purchase  were  made  known. 

Penii's  narrative  undoubtedly  was  the  first  history  of  Pennsyl- 
vania ever  written.  Later  efiforts  in  the  same  diiection  have  been  more 
elaborate,  but  it  is  doubtful  if  any  of  them  have  l^een  more  accurate. 
On  October  Jj.  i68j.  Peiui  arrived  in  tlie  Delaware  river,  remained 
about  two  years  in  tiie  ])rovince.  and  returned  to  England  in  1684. 
Through  his  intercession,  in  1680.  more  than  twelve  hundred  Quakers 
were  relea.sed  from  im])risonment.  and  in  1^)87  his  influence  secured 
the  passage  of  the  "Toleratinn  Act."  In  1688  he  was  tried  on  a  charge 
of  treason,  but  was  ac(|uitted.  In  idg'j  he  made  a  second  visit  to  his 
possessions  in  .America,  and  sailed  again  for  England  in  1701.  In 
1708,  on  accoinit  of  linancial  reverses  and  the  iirofligacy  of  a  nmiiher 
of  his  family,  he  was  reduced  to  straitened  circumstances,  and  was 
imprisoned  for  debt:  but  he  was  soon  released  dirough  the  intervention 
of  friends.      He  died  of  paralysis.  July  ^^o.   1718. 

Such,  in  brief,  are  some  of  the  principal  events  of  the  life  of  him 
to  wiinm  we  have  to  accord  the  honor  of  founding  Penns_\l\ania.  lie 
laiilded  well,  belter  than  he  knew,  and  those  who  succeeded  him  in  the 
proprietary  were  worthy  men,  although  their  jjart  in  the  government 
of  tiie  colony  was  less  conspicuous  than  that  of  the  founder  himself. 
Pennsylvania,  the  colony,  was  in  the  hands  of  the  proprietary  for 
nearly  one  hundred  years,  and  during  that  long  (jeriod  the  sure  founda- 
tions of  its  suljsecjuent  government  were  laid,  so  that,  when  it  became 
necessary  to  lay  aside  the  former  political  character  and  adopt  a  consti- 
tution, the  transition  occasioned  little  disturbance  to  the  inhabitants  and 
equally    little   embarrassment    to    established    institutions.      The    events 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PEXXSVU'AXIA.  21 

of  tliis  period  of  our  history,  although  they  covered  uearly  a  ceutury, 
may  be  briefly  narrated. 

As  has  l)een  stated.  .Admiral  Sir  William  Peun  was  an  oflicer  in 
the  British  navv.  and  as  such  he  was  at  the  time  of  his  death  the  creditor 
of  his  government  to  the  extent  of  fi6,ooo.  This  claim,  which  in- 
cluded both  arrearages  of  salary  and  advances  made,  descended  as  a 
legacy  to  William  Penn.  the  Friend,  the  founder  of  our  commonwealth. 
He  proposed,  in  lieu  of  ca.sh  payment,  to  accept  at  the  hands  of  his 
sovereign  a  grant  and  charter  for  a  considerable  tract  of  land  in  America, 
that  he,  like  the  Duke  of  York,  and  others  in  favor  with  the  king,  might 
set  up  a  proprietar^•  government,  to  be  administered  according  to  his 
own  ideas  and  desires,  and  subject  only  to  the  sanction  of  the  crown. 
His  purpose  in  this  step  is  declared  in  a  preceding  paragraph,  and  the 
underlying  motive  that  prompted  his  action  was  a  desire  to  relie\e  his 
own  religious  associates  from  the  oppressions  which  then  burdened  them 
in  Europe  on  account  of  the  relations  of  church  and  state  and  the  grow- 
ing desire  for  greater  freedom  in  the  exercise  of  religious  rights  and 
liberties. 

The  unfortunate  conilitions  then  existing  involved  not  only  the  so- 
called  Quakers,  but  other  sects  as  well,  and  as  each  of  them  continued 
to  increase  in  numbers  so.  correspondingly,  did  each  natnr.ally  and 
instinctivelv  oppose  the  existing  form  of  government.  Thus  alienated, 
they  were  verv  frequently  regarded  as  treasonable  subjects,  and  were 
jiersecuted  and  oppressed  according  as  they  were  deemed  offenders 
against  the  established  church,  and  therefore  against  the  government. 
On  this  point  Shim.mell  truthfully  says:  "As  these  sects  had  everything 
to  gain  and  nothing  to  lose,  they  grew  rapidly,  and  became  very  much 
liated  by  the  government.  When  it  was  found  that  they  could  not  be 
suppressed,  to  get  rid  of  them  they  were  allowed  to  settle  in  America. 


-•-'        COMPEXDIUM  or  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

Of  these  sects,  tlie  (ine  foiiiuliil  liy  (lemije  Fnx — llie  Oiiakers,  or  I'rieiuls 
-  -was  a  \ciy  acfi\c  one.  aiid.  mi  cuinint;;'  lierc.  tliey  opened  wide  the 
sates  I  if  Peniisyhaiiia  lor  the  sects  i>\  luirope.  As  a  unixcrsal  father, 
I'eiu^  iipened  his  arms  to  all  mankind,  without  distinction  of  sect  or 
IKirt)-." 

Havin_s;  determined  npi.n  a  course  of  action,  in  1680  Penn  pe- 
titioned liis  sovereign.  C'liarles  1!  ni  I".nnl;nid.  to  grant  him.  in  satisfac- 
tion of  tlie  del)t  (hie  from  the  go\einmcnt,  "letters-patent  fur  .1  tract  of 
land  in  America,  lying  north  of  Mrnyland,  on  the  east  hnunded  with 
Delaware  ri\er,  on  the  west  limited  as  Mar\land,  and  northward  to  ex- 
tend as  far  as  i)lantal)le."  Alter  having  consulted  with  the  ])ro])rictors 
and  governors  of  other  pro\  inces,  the  king,  on  March  4,  168 1,  ordered 
the  charter,  and  the  territory  embraced  within  its  honndaries  was  called 
J^ennsylvania. 

It  is  fretpiently  said  and  generally  snp])osed  that  Pennsylvania  was 
so  named  hy  the  proprietor  in  allusion  to  himself,  hut  such  is  not  the 
case,  as  the  following  extract  fn>m  a  letter  written  \)y  Penn  to  Robert 
Turner  will  clearly  show:  "1  clmse  Xew  Wales,  Ijeing,  as  this  is,  a 
])retty  hilly  country:  but  Penn.  being  Welsh  for  a  head,  as  Penman- 
moire,  in  Wales,  and  Penrith,  in  Cumberland,  and  Penn.  in  Bucking- 
hamshire, the  highest  land  in  England,  called  this  Pennsylvania,  which 
is  the  high  or  head  woodlands;  for  I  proposed,  when  the  secretary,  a 
Welshman,  refused  to  ha\e  it  called  Xew  Wales,  S\lz-ii>iia.  and  they 
:,ilded  /'(■;;)/  to  it,  and  though  I  much  opposed  it,  and  went  to  the  king  to 
have  it  struck  out  anrl  altered,  he  said  it  was  passed,  and  would  not 
lake  it  upon  him;  nor  could  twenty  guineas  move  the  under-secretary 
to  \ary  the  name,  for  f  feared  lest  it  should  be  looked  upon  as  a  \aiiit)' 
ni  me.  and  not  as  a  respect  in  the  king,  as  il  truly  was,  to  mv  father, 
whmn  he  nflen  mentioneil  with  praise." 


OF  THE  STATE  OP  PENXSYLJ-AXL-L  23 

The  charier  liy  its  prox'isioiis  vested  full  ami  cnniplete  nw  nershiii 
and  possession  in  the  proprietor,  and  authorized  him  to  govern  the  ter- 
ritory, make  such  laws  and  regulations  for  the  conduct  of  its  affairs 
as  should  he  just,  and  not  inconsistent  with  the  laws  of  Great  Britain. 
In  extent  the  pro\ince  was  three  degrees'  of  latitude  hy  ti\e  degrees 
of  longitude.  Its  eastern  boundary  was,  as  now,  the  Delaware  ri\-er,  the 
northern,  the  beginning  of  the  three  antl  fortieth  degree  of  northern 
Jatitutle,  and  on  the  south  a  circle  drawn  at  twelve  miles  di.stant  from 
Xew  Castle  northward  and  westward  into  the  beginning  of  the  fortieth 
degree  of  northern  latitude,  and  thence  l)y  a  straight  line  westward  to 
the  limits  of  longitude  above  mentioned.  The  counties  of  Kent  and 
Sussex,  with  the  district  of  Xew  Castle,  comprising  the  "Three  Lower 
Counties  on  the  Delaware,"  were  not  included  in  the  charter,  but  were 
acquired  in   1682  by  Penn  from  the  Duke  of  York 

After  coming  into  possession  of  this  vast  estate,  Penn  sold  large 
tracts  of  land  to  persons  in  London,  Liverpool  and  Bristol.  He  appointed 
William  Markham  deputy  governor,  and  sent  him  to  the  province  as  his 
personal  representatixe,  and  with  commissioners  to  treat  with  the  Indi- 
ans, arrange  a  peace  with  them,  ami  to  purchase  their  title  to  the  lands, 
on  such  generous  terms  as  would  satisfy  their  demands  without  attempt 
at  undue  ad\antage  on  the  part  of  the  ccimmissioners. 

Governor  Markham  arrived  in  the  province  aliout  the  first  of  Jul_\', 
1681,  and  was  soon  afterwards  followed  by  three  other  vessels  carrying 
emigrants,  one  from  Bristol,  and  two  from  London.  The  first  purchase 
of  land  from  the  Indians  was  made  July  15,  1682,  and  from  that  time 
until  17,36  there  were  numerous  sales  of  smaller  tracts;  but  at  the  council 
and  treaty  made  October  11.  of  the  year  last  mentioned,  the  Six  Na- 
tion Indians  seem  to  have  been  called  upon  to  settle  certain  questions 
disputed  by  the  chiefs  residing  within  the  province. 


'i4        COMPENDJIM  or  HISTORY  ASD  GENEALOGY 

It  will  he  rciiicnihcrcil  thai  the  l'"i\c  Xatinns  \\\w  lM\e  Xalidiis 
liecanie  tlie  Six  Xations  in  iju)  ci'iuiiuMt'd.  snl)jiigatecl  ami  made 
"wonicn"  of  the  Delawares  aiul  other  Indian  trilies  wlm  elainied  Lenni 
I.enape  descent,  and  hy  virtue  of  tiial  cmiciiiest  claimed  ownership  of 
ihe  entire  territory  of  I'enn's  purciiase.  The  sale  of  lands  made  in 
1736  was  made  by  the  chiefs  of  tiie  Six  Xations.  who,  after  n])l)raidin!:;: 
the  Delawares  for  having  presumed  to  sell  lands  without  consent,  con- 
firmed the  saies  previously  made.  Still  later  treaties  at  which  consider- 
able tracts  of  land  were  purchased  from  the  Indians  were  those  of  1749. 
1753.  1754.  175'*^.  '7<>4  and  1784.  Title  to  the  small  triangular  tract 
ii;  the  extreme  northwest  corner  of  the  state  was  ac(|uired  September 
4,  17SN.  by  an  act  of  Congress  by  which  the  L'liited  States  reliiKiuishcd 
to  Pcniis}l\ania  "all  right,  title  and  claim  to  the  government  ;md  juris- 
diction of  s.'iid  land  forever."  Without  this  valuable  acquisition  Penn- 
sylvania would  not  have  had  any  water  front  on  Lake  ICrie. 

lla\'ing  come  into  possession  of  his  \-ast  estate  in  America.  I'enn 
made  i)re]);u'ations  for  its  settlement  and  the  sale  of  portions  of  the  land. 
1  le  first  issued  an  address  descriptive  of  the  quality  of  the  proprietary, 
then  ]ircpar(.'d  a  form  of  goveriuucnt  for  its  inhabitants,  and,  as  soon 
as  circumstances  would  permit,  he  mrule  prejiarations  to  visit  the  coun- 
try. He  sailed  on  the  Welcome,  September  1,  1682.  the  shi])  carrying 
about  one  hundred  ])assengers,  chielly  Ouakers.  former  neighbiM's  of 
William  I'enn  in  Sussex,  about  thirty  of  whom  died  on  the  voyage, 
lie  landed  at  New  Castle  on  October  27,  and  on  the  following  day 
called  the  inhabitants  together  and  personally  gave  them  assurance  of 
religious  and  civil  freedom.  Later  on  he  went  to  L'pland,  a  former 
seat  of  power  during  the  Dutch  dominion.  I  lere  be  was  entertained  at 
the  house  of  Robert  Wade,  and,  on  subsequent  visits,  at  that  of  Caleb 
Pusev.     The  last  named  historic  edifice,  the  most  ancient  in  all   Pcnn- 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA. 


25 


svhania,  situated  a1)iiut  (uie  ami  "uv  half  miles  distant  frnm  the  City 
Hall  in  Chester,  is  yet  standin,^',  ke])t  in  onistanl  preservation  by  the 
owners,  the  Crozer  family,  as  a  ])ricc]ess  relic.  It  is  about  thirty  feet  in 
length,  fifteen  in  breadth  and  one  story  in  height,  crowned  with  a 
liipped  roof,  giving  it  the  appearance  of  a  story  and  a  half  building. 
The  walls  are  unusually  thick,  and  are  of  stone  and  brick.  The  floor 
is  of  broad  solid  oak. and  the  heavy  beams  supporting  the  roof  above  bear 


PUSEY  HOUSE. 


the  marks  of  the  broad-axe  with  which  they  were  hewn.  The  house  has 
two  di)ors  and  two  windows  in  the  front,  and  a  dormer  window  in  the 
roof.  The  building  is  enclosed  with  a  sti.>nc  wall,  wliicb  bears  a  tablet 
containing  the  following  inscription:  "House  built  Ijy  Caleb  Pusey  in 
the  year  1682,  and  occupied  by  William  I'enn  during  occasional  visits." 
During  his  stay  at  Chester.  I'enn  changed  the  name  of  the  infant 
town  of  L'pland  to  that  i>f  Chester.  Clarkson.  in  his  "Life  of  Penn.'" 
says  that  when  Penn  arri\e(l  at  L'pland  he  remarketl  to  his  friend  Pear- 
son, "Providence  has  brought  us  here  safe.     Thou  hast  been  the  com- 


2t'.        COMPRXnil-M  or  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

|>;mi(Hi  111'  niv  perils.  W'hal  will  tlum  ih;\t  I  should  call  this  place?" 
i.iid  that  Pearsdii  replied,  "Chester."  in  hnnDr  of  the  ]'"nnlish  cit_\' 
whence  he  came.  i''earson's  part  in  this  incident  is  questioned  by  Ash- 
niead.  nn  the  s^round  that  no  Pearson  came  with  I'enn  in  the  "'Wel- 
come," and  that  no  writer  before  Clarkson  makes  such  a  statement  as 
lie  <lid,  ;uid  that,  I'urtherninre,  C'larkson's  work  was  nnt  published  until 
iiearly  one  hundred  years  after  the  death  of  Penn.  It  is  presumed  tliat 
Fenn  gave  the  place  the  name  of  "Che.ster"  in  deference  to  the  desire 
of  the  Englisli  settlers  who  luul  "overrun"  tlie  town,  the  major  part  of 
whom  had  come  from  that  locality  (Chester)  in  England,  a  city  of 
most  ancient  and  honorable  fame,  it  has  been  a  matter  of  some  little 
controversy  whether  or  ntit  Penn  intended  this  or  the  Philadelphia  site 
to  be  the  capital  of  bis  pr<i\ince.  It  would  appear,  however,  in  the 
liglit  of  his  instructions  to  bis  commissioners,  Crispin,  Bezer  and  .\llen. 
that  he  had  determined  upon  L'i)land.  or  Chester,  and  only  departed 
from  his  intention  when  be  learned  that  Lord  Baltimore  was  determined 
upon  laying  claim  to  the  territory  in  whicli  that  settlement  was  sit- 
uated. 

While  at  Upland  (or  Chester,  as  it  will  henceforth  be  called),  Penn 
issued  a  call  for  the  Hrst  Cieneral  .Vssembly,  and  then  made  a  visit  to 
the  Indians  ;it  Sbackamaxon.  for  the  purpose,  first,  of  ratifving  the 
treaty  already  made  by  Deputy  Governor  Markbam,  and,  second,  that 
he  himself  might  meet  and  treat  with  the  natives,  antl  arrange  a  perma- 
nent friendship  with  them;  and  so  impressed  were  the  Indians  with  the 
evident  fairness  and  honesty  of  the  proprietor  that,  while  lie  lived,  not 
one  single  Quaker  came  to  his  death  at  their  hands.  This  was  one  of 
many  treaties  made  l)y  the  whites  with  the  Indians,  and  it  was  the 
only  one  which  was  scrupulously  observed  on  both  sides.  As  a  rule, 
the  faith  and  restraints  of  treaties  were  subordinate  to  the  lusts,  avarice 


OP  THE  STATE  Of  PES  NSY  I. VAN  I  A.  27 

Mill  p(i\ver.  luit  the  pmniises  made  liy  renii  were  faithfully  kept  by  his 
own  people,  while,  on  their  own  part,  the  Indians  stood  tinnly  by  all 
the  pledges  made  by  their  chiefs  and  sachems. 

The  first  General  As.sembly  of  Pennsylvania  met  at  Chester  on 
December  6,  1682,  clothed  with  jxiwer  to  administer  tlie  ci\il  and  polit- 
ical afifairs  of  the  Province.  When  the  treat}-  had  been  confirmed  previ- 
ously made  bv  Penn  with  the  Indians,  the  lands  thus  accjuired  were 
laid  off  into  the  three  counties  of  Philadelphia.  Bucks  and  Chester,  the 
two  last  named  ha\ing  definite  boiuidaries.  ancl  the  first  embracing  all 
the  lands  lying  l)etween  them.  On  the  third  day  of  the  session,  the 
Assembly  recei\ed  from  Penn  the  "Printed  Laws"  prepared  by  learned 
counsel  and  printed  in  England  and  the  "W'ritten  Laws  or  Constitu- 
tions." embracing  some  ninety  bills,  out  of  which  were  passed  the  sixty- 
one  chapters  of  "the  great  body  of  the  laws." 

The  earlier  historians  of  the  state  and  county  disagreed  as  to  the 
place  of  meeting  of  this  first  and  important  assembly.  Smith  and 
Martin  asserted  that  it  was  the  court  house,  "or  house  of  defense."  at 
Upland,  while  \\'atson  and  Day  asserted  the  place  to  be  the  first  meet- 
ing bouse  of  the  Friends.  Neither  of  these  authorities  was  correct,  as 
has  been  shown  at  a  comparati\ely  recent  date  by  Mr.  Henry  Graham 
Ashmead.  of  Chester,  a  most  industrious  and  careful  historian  and 
anti(|uarian.  Doubting  both  stories,  Mr.  Ashmead  undertook  an  in- 
vestigation, and  secured  e\idence  from  "The  Tra\elers'  Directory," 
published  in  1802.  and  from  other  authentic  sources,  that  the  place  of 
meeting  was  the  residence  of  James  Sandeland.  and  he  made  its  identi- 
fication the  subject  of  an  interesting  and  con\incing  paper  which  he 
read  before  the  Delaware  County  Historical  Society,  at  its  meeting  held 
in  Media,  September  26,  1901.  and  published  in  the  proceedings  of  that 
body. 


28        COMPENDIUM  OF  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

Frniii  tin's  it  appears  that  in  the  early  part  nf  the  eighteenth  cen- 
tury on  the  west  side  of  I'".il,<;nii)nl  avenue  helow  Third  street,  in  the 
citv  of  Chester,  conid  be  seen  the  foundations  of  an  old  building-,  which, 
in  the  peri(jd  associated  witli  Penn.  was  known  as  James  Sandeland's 
double  house.  Tt  was  the  most  imposing  building  in  I'pland  and  therein 
Penn  convened  the  first  general  assembly  that  ever  sat  in  the  province 
of  Pennsylvania.  The  house  had  been  built  with  mortar  made  of 
oyster  shell  lime,  which  proved  so  utterly  worthless,  probably  because 
of  defective  burning,  that  in  the  course  of  twenty  odd  years  the  struc- 
ture showed  such  signs  of  decay  that  it  liccame  untenantable,  fell  into 
ruins,  and  gradually  the  materials  used  in  its  construction  were  re- 
mo\ed.  Shortly  after  1800,  even-the  foundations  were  buried  in  the 
accumulation  of  soil  that  has  taken  place  during  a  century.  In  lime  its 
verv  existence  was  forgotten,  hence  tradition  for  many  years  gave  credit 
to  the  Friends'  old  meeting  house  which  .stocKl  on  the  adjoining  lot  as 
the  place  where  the  first  assembly  met. 

On  July  14,  1893.  while  exca\ations  were  being  made  for  the 
cellars  of  a  row  of  commission  stores,  the  foundations  of  Sandclind's 
double  house  were  unearthed.  An  accurate  sur\ey  of  them  was  made  by 
Walter  Wood,  assistant  city  engineer,  giving  the  precise  size  of  the 
old  structure  and  the  distance  from  the  intersection  of  Third  and  Edg- 
niont  streets.  William  B.  Broomall,  Esq.,  had  Mr.  Xymetz  take  a  photo- 
graph, which  shows  the  appearance  of  the  unearthed  walls.  The 
foundations  were  in  a  gocxl  state  of  preservation,  and  indicated  that 
the  building  had  a  frontage  of  fifty  feet  on  Edgmont  avenue,  with  two 
entrances,  the  steps  for  which  were  found,  and  extended  back  toward 
Chester  creek,  a  distance  of  forty-two  and  a  half  feet.  An  addition. 
fourteen  by  thirty-four  feet,  was  also  shown.  An  old  corner  stone  was 
found,  and  under  it  were  a  number  of  paper  documents  which  crumbled 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  29 

to  dust  at  the  moment  they  were  exposed  to  the  air.  and  from  which 
nothinij  was  to  be  learned.  An  old  coin  was  also  found.  Imt  so  corroded 
that  nothing  could  he  seen  of  the  mintage.  The  bricks  of  the  old  edi- 
fice, so  say  local  annalists,  were  brought  from  a  Swede's  brickyard 
on  the  site  of  New  Castle,  Delaware.  The  building  was  erected  prior 
to  1675,  by  the  Sandeland  famil\-,  who  were  among  the  earliest  settlers 
on  the  site  of  Chester.  In  1673  it  was  used  by  James  Sandeland  as 
a  taxern,  for  the  pretentious  word  "hotel"  had  not  yet  found  its  way 
into  the  English  language.  Here  occurred  the  first  tragedy  in  the  com- 
monwealth of  which  there  is  authentic  record.  In  1675  Sandeland 
ejected  from  his  premises  a  drunken  Indian  who  subsequently  died. 
.Sandeland  was  brought  to  trial  before  a  special  court,  under  charge 
of  murder,  and  was  acquitted. 

Having  organized  the  government  of  his  prox'ince.  established 
courts  of  justice,  and  made  a  peace  with  the  Indians  which  promised 
to  be  permanent.  Pcnu  made  preiiarations  to  return  to  England.  He 
\iewed  with  e\ident  satisfaction  the  work-  alrearh'  accomplished,  and, 
\,ith  feelings  of  gratificatif)n  at  the  result,  he  said:  "I  must,  without 
vanity,  say  that  I  ha\e  led  the  greatest  colony  into  .\merica  that  ever 
any  man  did  u]ion  ])ri\-ate  credit,  and  the  most  prosperous  beginnings 
that  e\er  were  made  anywhere  are  to  be  found  among  us."  \\'ith  this 
great  interest  and  pardon.ible  pride  in  his  pri>\ince,  he  expressed  his 
regard  for  its  inhabitants,  a  mixed  ]5e<iple — Friends,  Dutch  and  English 
— all  determined  upon  establishing  perm;ment  homes  in  the  new  coun- 
try and  building  up  a  prosperous  condition  of  domestic  life  for  the 
welfare  of  their   families  and  descendants. 

If  any  one  i)lace  more  than  another  was  especially  favt>red  by 
I'enn,  it  was  Philadelphia,  the  "Citv  of  Brotherly  Love,"  founded  in 
KiHj,  and  at  the  l)egiuning  of  the  twentieth  century  ranking  with  the 


30        COMPENDIUM  OP  HISTORY  AXD  GENEALOGY 

foremnst  cities  of  tlic  world.  It  was  even  then  tlie  principal  city  of 
the  province,  a  nourishing  town,  regularly  laid  out  witli  streets  of 
ami)le  width,  with  provision  for  inihlic  sepiares.  or  parks,  in  each  cpiar- 
tcr.  Charging  his  deputy  governor  with  the  faithful  and  ecpiitable 
discharge  of  his  duties,  in  August,  16S4.  tlic  proprietor  sailed  for  Eng- 
land. On  his  de])arture  he  is  said  to  have  given  voice  to  his  feelings 
of  love  and  regard  in  these  words:  "And  thou.  Philadelphia,  the  virgin 
settlement  of  this  ])ro\incc,  my  soul  jirav's  io  (jod  for  thee,  that  thou 
mayest  stand  in  the  day  of  trial,  ;uid  that  thy  children  may  1)C  blessed." 
Penn  did  not  live  to  see  the  "da_\-  of  trial"  in  the  history  of  the  city,  hut 
that  day  came  and  ])assed  awa}'.  came  again  and  again  passed  away, 
but  its  sure  foundations  withstood  tiie  storms  and  di.sa.sters  of  war  dur- 
ing the  .\merican  Rex'olution,  during  the  second  war  with  Great  Britain, 
and  during  the  visitation  of  pestilence  and  fc\er  which  threatened  its 
people  with  destruction  in  the  early  years  of  the  nineteenth  centur}-. 

Penn  left  in  PennsyKania  a  healthful,  growing  CLilony,  and,  on 
his  return  to  the  province  in  1699,  he  was  suq)rised  at  the  changes 
which  had  been  made  in  his  absence,  at  the  remarkalile  increase  in  po])u- 
lation  in  Philadelphia,  which  then  contained  more  than  two  thousand 
dwelling  houses  and  was  a  city  of  much  commercial  importance.  Soon 
after  his  departure  in  1684,  political  troubles  arose  in  the  province;  the 
assembly  and  the  executive  branches  became  involved  in  a  controversy, 
and  even  the  judiciary  was  not  wholly  free  from  its  disturbing  effects. 
In  themselves  and  in  their  relati<jn  to  the  ])ublic  welfare,  these  troubles 
in  official  circles  worked  injuriously,  but  notwithstanding  them  the 
province  steadily  increased  in  population,  and  new  settlements  began  to 
extend  themselves  into  hitherto  remote  parts.  The  b'riends  came  in 
the  greatest  numbers  previous  to  1700,  but  in  the  meantime  other  sects 
had  begun  to  rival  them  in  innnerical  strength.     But  there  was  no  con- 


OF  THE  STATE  OT  PENNSYLVANIA.  31 

test  between  sects  or  nationalities:  tlie  doors  of  the  province  were  freely 
opened  to  whosoever  would  come  and  pinxhase,  settle  and  develop  the 
resources  of  the  region,  and  the  only  requirement  was  that  the  settlers 
obey  the  laws.  As  early  as  1681  a  number  of  Englishmen  had  estab- 
lished themselves  in  the  \-icinity  of  Philadelphia,  and  in  1^195  Christ 
church  was  founded.  Pre\ious  to  1700  the  German  settlers  in  the 
province  were  drawn  largelv  through  Pcnn's  trax'els  and  teachings  in 
Germany,  Ijut  after  that  time  their  immigration  was  influenced  by  the 
English  government,  to  the  end  that  the  French  in  Canada  should  not 
outnumlier  other  nationalities  or  gain  a  powerful  foothold  in  America. 

During  Queen  Anne's  reign  every  encouragement  was  offered  to 
German  settlers  in  the  province,  and  by  the  year  1725  fift\-  thousand 
of  that  people  had  crossed  the  Atlantic  and  made  homes  in  the  new 
country.  With  many  of  them  Pennsyhania  was  the  colony  most  fav- 
ored, and  by  1750  one-third  of  the  entire  population  was  composed  of 
persons  of  that  nationality.  Like  the  Friends,  or  Quakers,  the  German 
settlers  were  at  first  opposed  to  bearing  arms  or  going  to  war,  no  matter 
how  great  the  provocation.  Conscquentl}-,  when  it  became  necessary  to 
provide  for  a  military  establishment  in  the  province,  the  suggestion  met 
with  serious  opposition  from  Friends  and  Germans  alike.  This  subject, 
howexer,  will  be  more  fully  discussed  in  a  later  chapter  of  this  work. 

In  1699  I'cnn  made  a  second  visit  to  his  proprietary,  this  time  being- 
accompanied  with  his  second  wife  and  children.  Pie  found  a  healthful 
condition  in  the  jirovince,  but,  having  been  informed  concerning  the 
political  trouI)lcs  jireviously  existing  and  not  then  fully  quieted,  he 
brought  a  new  form  of  government,  "free  from  the  defects  of  the 
former  ones,  and  calculated  to  impart  strength  and  unity  to  the  ad- 
ministration." He  called  the  assembly  in  C-Xtranrdinary  session,  and 
offered  the  new  cliarter  for  adoption,  but  instead  of  accepting  it  at  once 


32        COMPENDIUM  OF  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

the  members  reserved  action  for  a  future  occasion.  The  opposition 
came  chietls'  frcini  the  Inwer  counties  on  tlie  Delaware,  whose  rejire- 
sentatives  asked  for  a  separate  and  independent  j^nvcrnnient,  clainiini:;- 
tiiat  tlieir  interests  were  not  identical  witli  tliosc  of  tlie  province  west  oi 
tlie  ri\er. 

In  their  endeavors  tlie  lower  counties  were  finally  successful,  and 
in  the  lattei"  part  of  1701  a  conditional  scjiaration  was  agreed  upon. 
On  October  _'S.  of  the  same  _\ear.  after  basing  been  under  consideration 
for  more  than  eighteen  nionlhs,  the  new  charter  was  adopted,  it  was 
as  1)roa(l  and  comprehensi\-e  on  the  subject  of  civil  and  religious  liberty 
as  was  its  predecessor,  and  while  it  secured  l)v  general  provisions  the 
more  im])ortant  of  human  rights,  it  left  minor  subjects  to  be  pro\ided 
for  and  enforced  by  laws  to  be  enacted  by  the  assemljly. 

Thei-e  was  also  established,  by  letters-patent,  under  the  great  seal,  a 
c<juncil.  composed  of  ten  members,  chielly  h^riends  ;in<l  intimate  asso- 
ciates ot  the  proprietor,  whose  especial  office  was  "to  consult  and  assist. 
with  the  best  of  their  advice,  the  ])roprietor  himself  or  his  deiiulics,  in 
all  ])ublic  affairs  and  matters  relating  to  the  go\ennnent."  .\nd  it 
was  ])ro\ided  that  in  the  absence  of  the  ])roprietor,  the  governor,  or  in 
the  event  of  the  death  or  inca])acity  to  act  of  his  deinitv,  the  councillors, 
or  an_\-  li\e  ot  them,  were  authorized  to  exercise  proprietarx-  powers  in 
the  administration  of  the  go\ernment,  1"he  councillors  were  to  be 
a])poiined  by  the  governor,  and  were  removable  bv  him  at  his  ])leasure. 

Having  appointed  AiKh'ew  ilamiltou  deputy  go\ernor.  and  James 
Logan  provincial  secretary  and  clerk  of  the  council,  Governor  IViin 
.sailed  for  England,  and  arrixed  at  Portsmouth  about  the  nuddle  of 
December.  His  departure  fi'om  the  province  was  hastened  by  intelli- 
gence from  l-'.ngland  that  caused  him  much  anxiety  for  a  crisis  had 
arrived   which   for  a   time  threatened   the  safety   of  his  possessions  in 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  33 

America.  Tliere  was  manifested  a  (lispi)sitioii  (ni  tlie  ]>arl  of  tiie  crown 
to  revoke  tlie  proprietary  charters  and  resohe  tiie  American  ilependencies 
into  ro}ai  proxinces.  Penn  was  not  one  of  the  especial  favorites  of 
King  WilHam.  and,  abo\e  ail  other  things,  he  just  then  would  have 
disliked  to  part  with  his  possessions,  even  for  ample  compensation.  He 
was  urged  to  return  to  Ivngland  and  defend  his  estate,  but  the  pressing 
matters  of  the  new  charter  and  the  demands  of  the  lower  counties  kept 
him  in  the  province;  and  had  it  not  been  that  his  return  to  England 
was  imperative,  the  Delaware  counties  would  not  have  fared  so  well, 
nor  would  the  proprietor  have  yielded  so  much  to  the  demands  of  the 
assembly  in  settling  the  provisions  of  the  new  charter.  However,  on 
his  arrival  in  Kngiand  Penn  found  the  bill  for  reducing  the  proprietary 
into  royal  charters  had  been  dropped.  Soon  afterward,  on  the  i8th  of 
the  first  month,  1701-OJ,  King  William  died,  and  Queen  Anne  succeeded 
him  on  the  Firitish  throne. 

Following  Anne's  accession,  England  and  France  and  Spain 
were  involved  in  a  war  which  was  waged  chiefly  in  Euroiie,  although 
its  effects  were  felt  in  the  .\merican  colonies.  At  this  time  Jnhn  Evans 
was  deputy  gtjvernor,  having  succeeded  Andrew  Hamilton,  who  died 
April  20,  1703.  Previ<^us  to  his  appointment,  Evans  was  an  officer  of 
the  queen's  household,  hence  was  a  creature  of  royalty.  .\t  the  order  of 
his  sovereign  he  attempted  to  raise  an  armed  force  in  the  province  for 
service  during  the  war,  but  his  endea\i)rs  were  unsuccessful. 

'l"he  l'~riends  then  were  a  ddminant  power  in  the  affairs  of  tlie 
province  and  thcw  on  principle,  were  scruinilous  abdut  bearing  arms;  and 
the}'  were  supportetl  by  the  ( lerman  clement  nf  populatinu.  who  were  op- 
loosed  to  bearing  arms  in  part  because  thc\  had  left  a  Cduntry  where  army 
service  w;is  exacletl  l)v  the  goxernmcnt.  and  \.o  escai)e  its  hardships  they 
had  come  to  .Xmerica.    I'ailing  in  his  attempt,  Evans  treated  the  I'riends 


34        COMPENDIUM  OP  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

witli  cunlenipt,  and  succccilccl  in  drawing-  upon  himself  the  (hsrespect 
of  the  people  of  Philadelphia.  Jlc  allied  himself  to  the  lower  counties 
and,  so  far  as  he  could,  showed  them  marked  favor.  He  authorized  the 
separate  assembly  at  Xew  Castle  to  build  a  fort  near  the  town,  and 
for  its  maintenance  he  permitted  the  levy  of  a  half  pound  of  [wwder 
for  each  ti>n  of  measurement  upon  incoming  vessels  not  owned  by  resi- 
dents of  the  district. 

In  1709  Evans  was  succeeded  by  Charles  Gookin.  a  native  wf  Ire- 
land, and  a  captain  in  luule's  Royal  Regiment.  He  was  a  capable 
officer,  and  came  to  the  province  with  the  determination  to  accomplish 
much  good;  but  no  sooner  was  he  arrived  than  the  assembly,  then  in 
session,  began  to  l.)esiege  him  w  ith  proi)ositit)ns  to  undo  many  things  done 
by  Evans,  and  demanded  immediate  satisfaction  at  the  hands  of  the 
new  deputy.  As  a  result  the  assembly  and  the  lieutenant-governor  were 
almost  constantly  at  variance,  the  fault  being  w  ith  the  legislative  branch. 
Under  such  circumstances  jinblic  interests  were  neglected,  and  sufifered 
in  consequence.  About  this  time,  too,  Penn  was  in  seri(nisly  embar- 
rassed circumstances,  and  to  relieve  himself  was  obliged  to  encumber 
his  proprietary  to  the  extent  of  £6,600.  In  a  measure  he  was  now  put 
on  the  defensive  with  his  provincial  assembly,  who  laid  exactions  upon 
him  and  showed  a  di.sposition  to  still  further  embarrass  the  governor 
by  attempts  to  curtail  his  revenues  at  a  time  when  he  was  most  in 
need  of  them. 

In  this  emergency  Penn  was  urged  to  sell  his  province  to  the  crow-n. 
He  was  averse  to  such  a  ccnn'se.  but  the  urgency  of  the  occasion  de- 
manded that  something  be  done  to  relieve  his  pressing  wants.  ]\Iore- 
over.  the  go\ernment  needed  the  aid  of  the  province  in  carrying  on 
the  war  against  France,  and  particularly  in  the  conquest  of  the  Canadas, 
the  French  stronghold  in  America.      In  this  contest  Pennsyhania  was 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  35 

requifed  to  arm  ami  maintain  one  Inindred  and  titty  men.  the  expense 
of  whicii  was  estimated  at  about  £4.000.  Instead,  the  assembly  re- 
luctantly voted  a  free  gift  to  the  queen  of  £800.  and  also  £joo  for  the 
governor's  salar\'.  ^\■hicll.  however,  it  was  proposed  not  to  allow  until 
the  executive  shoidd  approve  certain  bills  already  passed,  which  were 
objectionable  to  him,  and  should  redress  certain  grievances  growing 
out  of  the  retention  of  Logan.  Avho  had  incurred  the  displeasure  of  the 
legislature.  When  Logan  was  about  to  \isit  England  the  assembly  di- 
rected the  sheriff  to  take  him  into  custody,  hut  the  governor's  supersedeas 
prevented  such  action,  and  at  the  same  time  so  angered  the  assembly 
that  all  its  business  was  stopped,  while  the  govenn^r's  course  was  de- 
nounced as  arbitrary  and  illegal.  Logan,  however,  went  to  England, 
justified  his  action  and  returned  to  the  province  confirmed  in  his  office. 

The  unpleasant  conditions  in  the  province  called  forth  a  strong 
letter  from  Penn  himself  to  the  assembly,  and  it  was  i)lainly  intimated 
that  if  the  latter  slvnild  persist  in  its  unwarranted  opposition  to  his 
interests  and  government,  he  must  seriously  consider  what  should  be 
done  in  reganl  to  his  province,  and  that  the  future  conduct  of  that  body 
would  largely  determine  his  course.  This  was  a  direct  intimation  on 
the  part  of  Penn  that  unless  matters  in  control  of  the  assembly  were 
changed,  he  would  l)e  inclined  to  dispose  of  his  ])rovince  to  the  crown  or 
to  other  proprietors.  In  fact,  the  ])ro])rietor  did,  in  171J.  negotiate  a 
sale  of  the  province  to  Queen  Anne  for  the  sum  of  £iJ.ooo,  and  a  part 
of  the  purchase  price  was  paid;  but  the  sudden  illness  of  the  proprietor 
occasioned  a  delay,  and  the  requirements  of  the  law  and  sale  were  never 
completed.  In  1714  the  queen  died,  and  was  succeeded  on  the  throne 
by  George  the  First. 

This  action  by  Penn  was  the  occasion  of  much  anxiety  through- 
out the  province,  for  the  transformation  of  the  proprietary  into  a  royal 


3R        COMPENDIUM  OP  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

guvenunent  was  nut  faxorcd  cillicr  by  the  asscinbly  vr  the  inhahitants. 
Hitlierto  the  assemlji}',  in  a  great  measure,  had  dominated  tlie  pro- 
prietor himself,  liad  interjjreted  tiie  i)ro\isions  of  tlie  cliarter  to  suit 
provincial  conditions,  frecjuently  to  gratify  tlie  legislative  anihition,  had 
made  new  laws,  and  controlled  the  ])olicy  of  the  government.  With 
PennsyUania  a  royal  i)ri>\ince.  the  go\ernor  would  he  nothing  more 
than  the  creature  of  the  crown,  and  the  assemblv  could  enact  only  such 
laws  as  the  executive  should  appro\e.  and  the  coiuicil  would  he  simply 
the  obedient  fullowers  of  the  go\ernor.  Therefore  Penn's  proposed 
sale  of  the  ])rovince  w;is  well  calcidated  to  create  uneasiness  in  official 
circles  and  also  among  the  peo]>le.  for  now  their  liberties  were  threat- 
ened. 

\\'hate\cr  the  provocation,  and  the  abuses  of  power  which  provoked 
it,  I'enn's  negotiations  f()r  the  sale  of  the  pr(i\ince  had  its  effect  on  the 
assembly  and  the  ])eoi)le.  for  at  the  election  in  1710  the  composition  of 
the  legislature  was  materially  changed  and  harmony  between  the  lieu- 
tenant governor  and  that  body  was  restored.  The  proper  organization 
of  the  courts  was  effected,  and  the  sum  of  fj.ooo  was  voted  for  tlie 
queen's  use,  although  the  re])rescntatives  in  the  assembly,  a  majority  of 
whom  were  Friends,  knew  that  the  money  woidd  be  used  in  waging 
war  against  I'Tance.  Those  of  the  settlers  who  chose  to  take  ])art  in 
the  war  w'ere  permitted  to  do  so,  but  the  Quakers  steadfastly  refused 
to  sanction  the  organization  of  a  military  branch  in  the  province,  and 
the  result  was  that  during  the  early  wars  between  luigland  and  France 
the  Pennsylvania  contribution  of  troojjs  and  means  was  exceedingly 
small. 

During  the  latter  part  of  his  lieutenant  g(jvernur,ship.  Ciookin  in- 
curred the  displeasure  of  the  b'riends,  which  action  marred  his  other- 
wise successful  adminislratiiin.     In  attem!)ting  to  justify  his  course  he 


OF  THE  STATE  OP  PENNSYLVANIA.  37 

disregarded  good  sense,  aiul  on  the  presentation  of  the  council  lie  was 
recalled,  and  was  succeeded,  in  May,  i/i/.  hy  Sir  William  Keith.  For 
the  welfare  of  the  province  and  its  inhahitants,  Keith's  appointment 
was  fortunate.  He  had  served  in  an  official  capacity  in  the  lower 
counties,  and  was  well  acciuainted  with  the  needs  of  the  people  in  every 
localitv.  In  his  first  address  to  the  assembly  he  plainly  outlined  his 
policv,  which  was  entirely  favorable  to  local  interests,  and  afterward 
he  had  the  good  sense  to  carry  out  what  he  had  promised.  He  corrected 
many  former  almses.  inaugurated  new  and  approved  measures,  and 
otherwise  sought  to  establish  prosperous  conditions  among  tiie  people. 
On  its  own  part,  the  assembly  received  his  suggestions  with  approval, 
and  dealt  generously  with  him.  ^•oting  a  grant  of  £550  from  the  first 
monevs  received  in  the  treasury,  and  replenished  the  latter  with  an  ad- 
ditional supply  Ijill.  Keith's  governorship  was  a  success.  He  felt  it  a 
duty  to  administer  the  laws  in  the  interest  of  the  province  rather  than 
the  proprietor  or  e\en  the  crown :  but  neither  of  the  latter  was  offended 
by  his  course.  His  first  term  in  office  ended  at  the  death  of  Penn,  and 
under  the  successors  of  the  latter  he  resumed  *!ie  lieutenant-governor- 
ship, serving  in  that  cajiacity  until  July,   1726. 

William  Penn.  fomider  and  proprietor  of  Penns_\-|\ania.  governor 
of  the  ])rovince  from  1681  to  July  30,  1718,  died  on  the  date  last  noted, 
at  Rushcombe,  near  Turyford.  in  P>uckinghamshire,  I'jigland,  at  the 
age  of  seventy-four  years.  His  loss  was  se\'erely  felt  in  the  iiro\-ince,  for 
he  had  established  a  i^roprictary  go\'ernment  which  then  ranked  almost 
first  among  all  the  ])r(>\inccs  in  America,  ^'et  there  were  those  to 
come  after  him  who  coidd  govern  with  the  same  spirit  of  toleration  and 
fairness  that  he  always  manifested  in  behalf  of  those  whom  he  regarded 
as  his  especial  dependencies.  .\t  the  time  of  his  death  the  ]irovince  was 
encumberetl  with  an  indebtedness  of  £12,000,  and  the  incomplete  con- 


38        COMFEXDIUM  OF  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

tract  of  sale  to  tlic  crown.  Ilis  will  provided  for  the  issue  of  liis  first 
marriage  1)\'  tlie  devise  of  his  estates  in  England  and  [reland,  which 
yielded  an  annual  revenue  of  £1.500.  and  were  regarded  as  of  greater 
value  than  his  American  ])roperties.  fmni  which  provision  was  made 
for  the  pavmcnt  of  his  debts,  and  also  for  his  widow  and  the  children 
of  his  second  marriage.  The  government  of  the  ])roviuce  and  territories 
he  willed  to  "the  Karls  of  Oxford,  Mortimer,  and  Pawlet,  in  trust,  to 
sell  to  the  crown,  or  to  any  other  person  or  persons;  and  his  right  and 
estate  in  the  soil  he  dexised  to  other  trustees,  to  sell  such  portion  thereof 
as  should  he  necessary  for  the  payment  of  his  debts;  to  assign  to  his 
daughter  Letitia.  and  the  three  children  of  his  son  William,  f  10.000 
each;  and  to  con\ey  the  reiuainder,  at  the  discretion  of  his  widow,  to 
her  children,  subject  to  an  annuity  to  herself  of  £300." 

Some  of  the  close  questions  of  Peiui's  will  were  the  occasion  of  a 
prolonged  contest,  and  lin.ally.  in  1727.  the  matters  in  dispute  were 
amicably  compromised;  but  it  was  determined  in  chancery  that  the  tes- 
tator's di.sposition  of  his  right  to  govern  the  province  of  Pennsylvania 
was  void,  from  his  inability  to  make  a  i)roper  surrender  of  the  govern- 
ment. Therefore,  u]ion  the  death  of  the  younger  William  Penn,  and  of 
Springett  Penn.  his  son.  the  government  of  the  province  descended  to 
and  devolved  upon  John,  Thomas  and  Ricliard  Penn.  Their  proprietor- 
ship continued  from  1718  to  1746.  Keith  retained  the  lieutenant- 
governorship,  and  proved  in  all  respects  a  faithful  public  servant.  In- 
deed, he  so  ingratiated  himself  in  the  confidence  of  the  people,  and  of 
their  representatives  in  the  assembly,  that  he  succeeded  in  establishing 
a  court  of  chancery  in  the  province,  and  also  secured  the  organi?;ation 
of  an  efficient  body  of  militia. 

The  remaining  years  of  Keith's  administration  were  marked  with 
events  of  importance,  and  he  acquitted   himself  with  credit  and  good 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  39 

judgment.  However,  in  }J22.  on  account  of  In's  altitude  in  relation  to 
the  currency  l)ill.  he  drew  upon  himself  the  displeasure  of  the  so-called 
proprietary  party,  of  which  James  Logan  was  the  leader.  Logan  was 
a  power  in  go\ernment  circles,  and  a  man  of  influence  among  the  people. 
With  Logan  as  an  enemy,  and  Lloyd  also  against  him,  Keith  was  doomed 
to  downfall.  He  was  renio\-ed  from  office  in  July.  1726,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded hy  Patrick  Gordon.  One  of  the  best  commentaries  on  his  per- 
sonal and  official  career  was  that  which  came  from  the  pen  of  Franklin. 
in  these  words;  "Differing  from  the  great  tody  cf  the  people  whom  he 
go\-erned,  in  religion  and  manners,  he  acquired  their  esteem  and  con- 
fidence. If  he  sought  pn|)ularity.  he  promoted  the  public  happiness: 
and  his  courage  in  resisting  the  demands  of  the  family  may  be  ascribed 
to  a  higher  motive  than  private  interest.  The  conduct  of  the  assembly 
toward  him  was  neither  honoral)le  nor  politic:  for  his  sins  against  his 
principles  were  virtues  to  the  people,  with  whom  he  was  deservedly 
a  fa\-orite:  and  the  house  shouki  ha\-e  given  him  such  substantial  marks 
of  their  gratitude  as  would  have  tempted  his  successors  to  walk  in  his 
steps.  But  fear  of  further  offense  to  the  proprietary  family,  the  in- 
fluence of  Logan,  and  a  quarrel  between  the  Governor  and  Lloyd,  turned 
their  attention  from  him  to  his  successor."  After  his  removal  Keith 
lived  for  some  time  in  the  pro\ince,  and  was  elected  to  the  assemblv. 
Soon  afterward  he  returned  to  Englaufl,  where  he  died  November  17, 
1749. 

In  1726  Patrick  Gordon  was  appointed  lieutenant-governor.  He 
was  of  English-  birth,  and  was  "bred  to  arms,"  having  served  from  his 
youth  to  about  the  close  of  Queen  Anne's  reign,  and  having  won  a  high 
reputation  as  a  soldier  and  officer.  At  the  time  of  his  appointment, 
Gordon's  military  serxice  was  not  counted  upon  as  of  any  considerable 
value  in  the  administration  of  afY;iirs  in  the  province,  but  he  was  expected 


4u        COMPENDIUM  OF  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

to  nil  pre  clnselv  reiiresent  the  Interests  of  the  cnnvn,  and  particnlarly 
tlie  interests  of  tl.e  new  proprietors,  than  his  predecessor.  Nor  was  he 
conversant  witli  needs  of  tlie  peojile  in  llie  jjrovinoe.  Init  even  tliat  fpiah- 
fication  was  not  considered  necessary,  as  one  of  tlie  Pcnns  was  expected 
to  live  in  .\merica.  and  Gordon  was  merely  the  instrument  in  carrying 
out  the  plans  of  his  superiors,  without  annoying-  iheni  with  the  cares  of 
official  life.  Yet,  during  his  ten  years  in  office,  (lordon  accomplished 
good  works,  and  deserved  credit  therefor.  Death  cut  oft  his  career,  as 
he  died  in  Philadelphia.  August  5,  1736. 

When  Gordon  came  into  the  life  of  the  province  that  which  caused 
the  greatest  anxiety  to  the  proprietors  was  the  rajiid  increase  in  the 
nuinher  of  German  immigrants.  They  were  chiefly  from  the  Palatine 
regions,  and  while  tliev  were  industrious  .and  law-.ahiding.  their  numhcr 
was  so  great  that  the  Quaker  element  feared  lest  their  own  power  and 
influence  in  ]mhlic  affairs  would  he  lost,  and  that  unless  in  some  manner 
restrained  Pennsylvania  would  liccome  a  colony  of  aliens.  Several  years 
before  this  time  the  assembly  had  become  alarmed  at  the  increase  in 
foreign  ])0])ulation.  and  had  devised  measures  to  meet  the  occasion,  but 
now  the  situation  seemed  to  call  for  more  decisive  action.  Under  in- 
structions from  the  ministry,  the  assembly  passed  the  "impolitic  act," 
which  imposed  a  duty  of  forty  shillings  ]5er  capita  on  all  foreigners 
coining  into  the  province.  However,  the  rapid  immigration  of  the 
Scotch-Irish  had  the  effect  to  turn  the  course  of  Quaker  opposition  to 
the  Swiss  and  Germans,  "for  the  interests  and  dispositions  of  the  former 
being  ever  antagonistic  to  the  hViends.  the  'foreigners'  were  more  readily 
cajoled,  and  the  odious  law  was  repealed."  P.y  this  means  the  Quakers 
retained  their  suiiremacy  in  the  legislature  far  longer  than  they  other- 
wise could  have  done. 

The  current  of  German  immigration  settled  itself  first  in  the  city 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  41 

of  Philadel])lii;i,  lutt  soon  iH-gan  Ui  rcacli  out  t<>  nmre  remote  ])arts.  The 
colony  at  Cierniantnw  n  has  been  nicntioned.  ami  was  the  first  and  most 
important  seat  of  settlement.  Later  on  this  people  branched  out  into  the 
Lehigh  and  Scliuvlkill  \alle\'s.  establishing  themseh'es  in  numbers  in 
Easton.  Allentown.  l,el)anon,  Ivcading,  T-ancaster,  and  other  places.  Still 
later  they  spread  out  to  the  westward,  into  the  .'^usr|uelianna  valley  and 
beyond  it,  wherever  a  fair  reward  promised  a  return  for  ]iatient  toil. 
As  has  been  mentioned,  as  early  as  1725  there  were  fifty  thousand  Ger- 
man settlers  in  the  province,  and  twenty-five  years  later  they  consti- 
tuted one-third  of  its  entire  ])oindation.  Tn  subsefpieut  years  they  in- 
creased and  multiplied  until  they  became  a  controlling  ])ower  in  ]iolitical 
affairs:  not  that  they  were  much  disposed  to  seek  preferment  in  that 
direction  until  within  the  last  few  score  vears,  but  were  a  balance  of 
power  whose  allegiance  was  much  sought  by  the  great  political  ]iarties. 

For  many  years  it  was  a  common  remark  that  "as  the  (iermans 
vote,  so  goes  the  state,"  and  to  a  great  extent  this  is  still  true.  But  it 
must  be  said  that  in  wb;ite\er  period  in  the  historv  of  the  commonwealth, 
the  influence  of  the  (ierman  element  always  has  been  for  the  public 
welfare.  In  early  times  thev  were  averse  to  participation  in  political 
affairs,  and  were  in  a  measure  depri\ed  of  some  of  the  privileges  enjoyed 
by  settlers  from  England.  The  Quakers  felt  it  incumbent  upon  them- 
selves to  retain  a  dominant  influence  and  power  in  the  province,  and 
it  was  not  until  about  the  close  of  the  long  scries  of  I'rench  .and  F.nglish 
wars  that  they  yielded  their  jiolitical  power  into  the  hands  f)f  others. 

The  first  Scotch-Irish  settlers  began  to  ;irri\e  in  Pennsylvania  soon 
after  1700,  and  from  that  time  their  settlements  increased  rapidlv.  Thev 
were  chielly  Presbyterians  in  religious  belief,  and  farmers  by  occupa- 
tion. They  were  al.so  a  hardy,  aggressive  people  and  frequently  found 
themselves  in  collision  with  the  Germans.     For  this  reason  tliey  were 


42      coMPP.xmrM  or  iustory  and  genealogy 

encouraged  hv  tlic  ]ii-nprictary  to  settle  in  tlie  more  western  localities, 
where  they  grew  up  large  and  ihril'ty  families.  When  the  country  west 
of  the  Alleghanies  was  oi)cned  fur  settlement  the  Scntch-lrish  carried 
civilization  into  that  region;  and  they  were  alile  of  their  own  native 
strength  to  withstand  the  hardships  of  pioneer  life,  and  also,  on  occa- 
sion, to  successfully  resist  the  Indian  attacks  on  the  fmnticr.  Oiu'ing 
the  French  and  English  wars,  their  service  on  the  western  Ixirder  was 
of  great  vrduc  to  the  welfare  of  the  colonists  eastward  of  them.  They 
wei"e  nt)t  ])i>rn  lighters,  as  some  writers  woukl  ha\-e  us  understand,  hut 
if  occasion  offered,  they  were  crpial  to  almost  any  emergency,  whether 
in  aggressive  or  defensive  contest.  Because  they  could  fight,  and  on 
sufficient  pro\-ocation  would  fighl,  ihcy  were  disliked  hy  the  Quakers, 
and  as  ])eoples  of  opposite  characters  there  was  little  in  common  be- 
tween them. 

In  the  history  of  Pennsylvania  subsequent  to  1725,  and  from 
that  to  the  present  time,  the  Scotch-Irish  have  held  an  important  place, 
and  always  ha\e  been  regarded  as  factors  for  good.  Their  services 
during  the  I'rench  ;md  English  wars,  and  during  the  American  Revolu- 
tion, can  never  be  forgotten;  and  during  the  war  of  IcS6t-65  their  de- 
sccnd;uUs  acquitted  themseh'cs  with  honor  on  manv  fields  of  b;ittlc. 
In  all  generations  of  the  ]>ast  this  jieople  has  lieen  noted  for  independ- 
ence, self-reliance,  and  straightforward  honesty.  Its  represent.atives  have 
earned  places  of  distinguished  prominence  in  the  legislative  halls  of 
the  state,  and  nation,  in  the  learned  professions,  and  in  the  boundless 
fields  of  literature,  science,  and  the  arts. 

The  Friends,  or  Quakers,  as  they  were  frequently  known,  con- 
stituted a  large  and  infiuential  element  of  provincial  population  at  the 
time  of  which  we  write,  .\lthough  the  governor's  welcome  was  ex- 
tended to  all  sects  and  nation.'dities,  the  I'riends  were  alwavs  regarded 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  43 

as  the  especial  charges  of  the  ])ropriet(ir  and  his  successors.  He  was  of 
them,  and  dhc  nf  llieni.  and  natnrall_\-  the  high  places  and  offices  of  trust 
were  to  a  great  extent  fdlefl  by  them.  In  a  measure  tiiev  kept  aloof 
from  otiier  sects,  yet  never  held  themselves  alxive  their  neighbors,  what- 
e\'er  the  creed  of  the  latter  might  he.  Their  influence  alwavs  was  for 
good,  their  institutions  always  were  of  a  high  order,  a'.id  the}'  ruled 
not  with  a  high  hand,  hut  always  that  the  right  might  prevail  and  that 
peace  might  reign  on  every  hand.  They  were  progressive,  in  a  liberal 
sense,  yet  the  goxernment  nf  the  ])ro\ince  made  slow  progress  under 
their  ministrations.  They  held  a  majorit}'  in  the  assemblv  for  manv 
years,  and  it  was  only  upon  the  request  of  the  proprietarv  that  they 
yielded  their  strength  to  others  and  accepted  a  minority  in  the  legisla- 
tive l)ody.  They  opposed  going  to  war  with  enemies,  ami  through  their 
refusal  to  establish  a  militia,  or  properly  defend  the  frontiers  in  time 
of  attack,  the  westward  tide  of  settlement  was  much  delayed. 

But  notwithstanding  the  widely  differing  character  of  settlers  who 
peopled  PennsyKania  during  the  first  half  of  the  eighteenth  century, 
substantial  jirogress  was  made,  and  the  population  rapidh-  increased. 
In  1729  Chester  county  was  dixidcd  and  Laticaster  was  organized. 
Twenty  years  passed  before  another  division  of  the  territorv  was  made, 
and  then,  in  1741).  ^'ork  county  was  set  off  from  Lancaster.  In  17^0 
Cumberland  county  was  created  from  Lancaster,  and  in  ij^J  Berks  and 
Xortham|)ti>n  were  formed:  the  former  from  Philadelphia,  Bucks,  and 
Lancaster,  and  the  latter  from  Rucks,  Xext  came  Bedford,  from  Ctmi- 
berland.  in  1771,  follnwed  bv  Xcirthumberland,  from  parts  of  Lan- 
caster, Cumberland,  Berks,  Bedford.  an<l  Xortl'.amptcm  in  1772  and 
Westmoreland  frc^m  jiart  of  Bedford  in   1773. 

In  1732  Thomas  Penn  .-u"ri\ed  in  the  province  and  remained  until 
1741,   living   fashiLinably  after  the  manner  of  an  English  country  gen- 


44        COMPB-XDIl'M  or  HISTORY  .IXD  GEXEALOGY 

tlcman.  hut  did  not  associate  imicli  witli  tlic  colonists,  wlio  o^rew  to  dis- 
like him.  John  Penn,  elder  hrother  of  Thomas,  came  in  1734.  and 
returned  to  luigland  in  1735.  I'rom  tliis  time  on,  the  jirnprietors  hetjan 
to  lose  popularity  in  the  pro\ince,  and  never  were  they  shown  the  respect 
the  founder  had  received.  The  successors  affected  English  manners, 
and  ai)peared  to  regard  the  province  simply  as  an  estate — a  source  of 
revenue.  They  took  little  interest  in  pnhlic  affairs,  and  generally  re- 
ferred all  matters  to  their  representative,  the  lieutenant  governor. 

Alx)ut  this  time.  howe\er,  ])ul)lic  attention  was  drawn  in  another 
direction.  The  ri\alry  which  long  had  existed  hetween  England  and 
France  was  beginning  to  assume  a  serious  as])ect  in  tlieir  American 
colonies,  and  already  the  wily  iMcnchmeii,  through  the  zealous  labors 
of  the  Jesuit  fathers,  were  extending  their  influence  to  the  Indian  occu- 
pants of  the  territory  south  of  lakes  Ontario  and  Erie  and  the  St.  Law- 
rence ri\-er.  In  1733  they  had  established  trading  posts  on  the  upjier 
waters  of  the  Allegheny  and  Ohio,  with  the  evident  design  to  alienate 
the  Indians  from  the  English.  Their  endeavors,  however,  were  not  fully 
successful,  as  the  Six  Nations  were  at  enmity  with  the  Canadian  Indians, 
the  latter  l)eing  allies  of  the  I'rcnch.  Champlain  had  long  before  made 
the  Iroquois  acciuainted  with  the  murderous  cfYects  of  firearms,  and 
the  whole  people  of  the  Long  House  afterward  hated  l)oth  the  French 
and  their  allies.  However,  the  intrusions  of  the  French  nito  the  territory 
of  Pennsylvania  seemed  to  demand  attention,  and  the  treaty  held  at  Phila- 
delphia in   1733  with  the  Six  Nations  was  the  result. 

Besides  the  threatening  attitude  of  the  French  and  their  attempts 
to  win  favor  with  the  Indian  tribes  in  the  western  ]jart  of  the  ]irovince, 
the  pro])rietors  and  the  assembly  were  much  annoyed  by  the  serious 
tiuMi  in  affairs  regarding  the  southern  buundary  of  Pennsyl\-ania,  and 
the  unwarranted  action  of  Lord   1 '.alt  inn  ire  in  assuming  a  more  north- 


OF  THE  STATE  OE  PE\'XSYE]\IMA.  45 

ward  I)oun(lary  line  fur  liis  own  jjrovince  of  Maryland.  'l"o  settle  this 
question  various  cxjiedients  were  resorted  to,  Init  abuses  and  violence 
continued  notwithstanding  the  vigilance  of  Pennsylvania  officers.  In 
this  controversv  I.oiil  lialtimore  sought  chiefly  to  acquire  territory, 
and  whether  it  came  from  the  lower  counties  comprising  the  Delaware 
district,  or  from  rennsvhania,  was  quite  immaterial  to  him.  On  the 
other  hand.  I'ennsyKania  had  an  interest  in  retaining  a  water  front  on 
Chesapeake  Bay.  Delaware  sought  only  to  retain  the  territory  right- 
fully belonging  to  that  district,  which  then  was  under  the  gcjvernment 
of  Penns\lvania.  Without  assuming  to  discuss  in  detail  the  merits  of 
this  dispute,  or  to  narrate  at  length  the  numerous  acts  of  aggression 
(some  individual,  and  others  instigated  l)y  ]\Iaryland  authorities)  and 
the  measures  taken  to  repel  them,  it  is  sufficient  \v  state  that  the  con- 
troversy dragged  along  throughi'ut  an  entire  period  of  fourscore  year.-., 
and  was  not  finally  settled  until  1761. 

It  will  be  rcmemberetl  that  under  Penn's  charter  his  i)ro\iuce  was 
to  be  bounded  south  bv  "the  circumference  of  a  circle  whose  center  was 
Xew  Castle  and  whose  radius  was  twelve  miles  in  length,  to  l)e  drawn 
from  north  to  west  till  it  reached  "the  beginning  of  the  fortieth  degree"; 
and  thence  the  line  was  to  extend  westward  five  degrees  of  longitude." 
.\ccording  to  Lord  l!altimore"s  charter,  the  ncirthern  Ixumdary  of  his 
territory  was  to  extend  west  from  that  part  of  Delaware  Day  "which 
licth  under  the  fortieth  degree  of  latitude."  Jn  some  respects  this  dif- 
ference in  location  of  l)(_)undaries  was  an  honest  one.  yet  the  means 
taken  to  enforce  the  claims,  especially  on  Baltimore's  part,  were  not  jus- 
tiliable.  However,  the  matter  was  finally  settled  in  chancery  court  in 
17(11.  when  a  decree  was  rendered  in  fa\or  of  horizontal  measurement. 
Charles  Mason  and  Jeremiah  Dixon,  both  skilled  English  surveyors, 
were  appointed  to  run  the  line.     Their  work  established  what  afterward 


46        COMPENDIUM  OF  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

was  kiKiwn  as  "MasDu  and  DImhi's  line" — the  dixision  line  in  later 
years  hctween  the  tree  and  sla\e  states. 

\\'liile  tliese  forces  frdin  without  tlic  ])ro\iiice  were  (hsturhing  tlie 
peace  and  liarnion\-  witliin.  otlier  important  events  were  takin.^"  place. 
From  1718  to  \jTf2  the  proprietary  land  othce  was  closed,  owing  to 
the  fact  that  neither  Richard  nor  Thomas  I'enn  had  attained  his  legal 
niajorit}'.  hence  could  not  con\e\-  land>.  In  the  meantime  large  num- 
bers of  settlers  had  come  in  and  seated  themselves  on  such  lands  as  were 
unoccu])ied  and  hest  suited  them.  Sa_\s  Egle:  "The  number  of  settlers 
of  this  kind  entitled  them  to  great  consideration.  Their  rights  accru- 
ing b\-  priorit}'  of  settlement  were  recognized  by  the  public,  and  passed, 
with  then'  im])ro\'ements,  through  man\-  hands,  in  confidence  that  they 
would  receive  the  proprietary  sanction.  Much  agitation  was  produced 
when  a  pro\incial  proclamation  required  all  who  had  not  oljtained  anil 
paid  for  warrants,  to  pay  to  the  recei\er-general.  within  four  months, 
the  sums  due  for  their  lands,  under  ])enalty  of  ejectment.  As  a  conse- 
(|uence  great  difliculties  arose:  the  assenilily  sought  to  coni])romise  the 
matter  by  postponing  payment  of  tlie  i)urchase  money  for  several  years." 

Again,  upon  the  death  of  Hannah  I'enn.  and  Springett  Penn,  the 
assembly  assumed  that  (i(>rdon  s  ;uithority  as  lieutenant-governor  was 
terminated,  and  therefore  declined  to  act  on  a  message  he  had  sent  t(j 
that  body.  I'.ut  (iordon  was  immediately  reappointed  by  John.  Thomas, 
and  Rich.ard  I'enn,  and  was  continued  in  office  until  his  tleath.  in  Au,gust, 
1736,  after  having  served  a  little  more  than  ten  years  with  much  credit 
to  himself,  and  without  ha\ing  antagonized  an_\-  of  the  elements  of 
the  province,  llis  successor  was  not  immediately  appointed,  and  during 
the  interim  the  council,  headed  by  I.ogan,  its  president,  performed  the 
duties  devolving  upon  the  executixe. 

Sir  George  Thomas  became  lieutenant-go\ernor  of  Pennsylvania, 


OF  THE  STATE  OE  I'ENNSYEl'AMA.  47 

by  apiioiiilnicnt,  in  Anj^ust,  173S,  and  scrxcd  in  tliat  capacity  until  May, 
1747.  Thomas  was  Imrn  at  Antit^ua  about  1700,  and  was  a  nianter  and 
the  son  of  a  planter.  iM'nni  1752  to  1766  he  was  governor  of  the  Lee- 
ward and  Carriliee  islands.  He  was  made  a  baronet  in  17O6.  and  died 
in  London  in  January,  1773.  On  assuming  the  duties  of  oftice  in  Penu- 
syhania,  Thomas  undertndk  a  settlement  of  the  boundary  dispute  with 
Maryland,  but  witlmut  materia!  results  other  than  the  mutual  agreement 
that  the  respective  proprietaries  should  hnld  and  exercise  jurisdiction  over 
the  lauds  occupied  by  tlicmsehes  and  their  tenr.nts  at  the  date  of  the 
agreement.  During  Thomas"  term,  too,  the  minor  matter  of  land  titles 
growing  out  of  s(|uatter  settlements  was  adjusted. 

The  must  impurtant  e\ent  during  Governi  t  Thomas'  term  was 
the  o])en  rupture  between  (ireat  Britain  on  the  one  side  and  b'rance  and 
Spain  on  the  other.  For  many  years  the  ri\alrv  of  these  jiowers  for 
supremac}'  in  America  had  led  to  hostilities  in  their  colonies,  but  before 
this  time  I'ennsyh-ania  had  been  practically  exempt  fmm  their  disastrous 
effects.  'J  he  dcclar.-'.tion  nf  war  between  England  and  Spain  in  1 7,V; 
(France  as  an  ally  of  S])aiu  was  drawn  into  the  contest)  made  it  neces- 
sary for  Penusyh;mi;i  to  adopt  se\ere  measures  for  both  ofTcusive  ;md 
defeusi\-e  operations;  and  the  go\  crnor  iir(imptlv  urged  upon  the  assem- 
bly the  necessity  of  organizing  a  I'orcc  of  militia,  'i'o  this  the  Quakers, 
who  held  the  legislative  majoi-ity.  wnuld  not  consent,  pleading  in  justi- 
fication of  their  refusal  "their  charter  .and  their  consciences."  In  other 
words,  they  were  "conscientiously  scrui)ulous  of  bearing  .arms"  them- 
sebes,  and  they  would  not  sanction  the  prosecution  i\\  w.ar  measures 
by  voting  an  api)ro])riati<  m  for  that  purpose  to  be  used  bv  persons  other 
than  of  their  .sect.  Tu  this  obstiu.ate  determination  the  (}uakers  were 
supported  by  certain  of  the  (German  clement,  and   between   them  tliev 


48        COMPENDIUM  OF  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

lieltl  the  power:  Init   it   was  cliiefly  tlie  Quakers  wlio  persisted  in  tlie 
refusal  to  support  tlie  militia  project. 

I-'ailing  with  the  assenihly.  Thomas  determined  upon  personal  effort, 
and  by  his  own  exertions  in  the  space  of  three  months  he  raised  the 
entire  (|Uota  of  four  hundred  troojjs  for  the  kin!4's  ser\'ice.  .Many  of 
the  men.  liowe\er.  were  bontl-servants,  hut  they  were  strons.;'  and  ahle- 
Ixjdied,  "and  were  willing  to  exchange  tlieir  service  and  freedom  dues 
for  nijuiinal  lihert\  and  soldier's  pay."  l!ut  the  occasion  passed  without 
serious  warfare  in  the  colonies  until  li\e  years  later,  when  England  and 
hrrmce  hegan  their  series  of  wars  which  entled  in  the  oxerthrow  of 
the  I'rench  ])ower  in  .\merica. 

On  the  present  occasion,  however,  it  was  not  only  the  aggression.s 
of  the  I'rench  that  caused  anxiet\'  in  the  province,  hut  the  uneasy  atti- 
tude of  the  Indians  on  the  western  frontier,  with  others  nearer  the 
eastern  settled  localities.  T'or  many  years  the  natives  had  complained 
th;it  they  were  not  fairly  treated  in  the  purchase  of  their  lands,  and 
on  some  occasions  they  assumed  a  threatening  attitude,  F,vidently. 
Penn's  policy  in  treating  with  them  was  not  fidly  carried  out  by  the 
agents  of  his  successors  in  the  proprietary.  !\ioreover.  many  of  those 
who  had  traded  among  the  Indians  had  found  intoxicating  licpiors  a 
potent  agent  in  prosecuting  their  Iraflic  ami  swaving  the  savage  mind. 
and  they  used  it  all  too  freely  notwithstanding  the  pmhibitiou  ])Ut  upon 
the  practice.  The  somewhat  famous  "Indian  Walk"  was  performed  in 
1737.  and  by  it  the  i)roprietors  secured  a  large  and  valuable  tract  of 
land  at  a  very  moderate  compensation.  The  use  of  rum  on  this  (xxa- 
sion  was  not  charged,  hut  the  Indians  claimed  to  have  been  "cheated" 
in  the  transaction. 

The  ])resent  writer  never  has  ])Iaced  a  high  estimate  on  the  Indian 
character,  and,  in  whatever  age  or  condition,  has  regarded  the  average 


OF  THE  STATE  OP  PENNSYLVANIA.  49 

of  that  race  as  little  less  than  haibarians.  But  in  justice  to  the  aboriginal 
occupants  of  the  territory  it  may  be  said  that.  Ioav  as  the  latter  may  have 
been  in  the  scale  of  intelligence  and  humanity  and  wicked  as  may  have 
been  many  of  their  suhsequent  deeds,  it  cannot  be  claimed  that  their 
early  treatment  by  the  wliites  on  several  occasions  was  calculated  to 
foster  in  the  savage  breast  any  other  than  feelings  of  the  l)itterest  hos- 
tility. Whether  much  importance  should  attach  to  the  treaties  in  which 
the  untutored  savages  were  pitted  against  the  Europeans,  of  whatever 
nation,  is  sometimes  (jucstionable:  especially  when  we  consider  the  meth- 
ods often  resorted  to  to  induce  the  Indians  to  sign  away  their  domain. 

In  relati(jn  to  the  "Walking  Purchase."  which  was  long  delayed, 
one  reiial)le  writer  (Shimmell)  says:  "The  Delawares  complained  that 
the  walk  was  not  fair;  that  instead  of  by  the  compass  across  the  country, 
it  should  ha\e  l)cen  up  the  Delaware  by  the  nearest  i)ath,  as  was  done 
by  William  Penn  and  their  fathers  when  they  tramped  leisurely  together 
for  a  day  and  a  half  to  determine  the  northern  limit  of  Markham"s  pur- 
chase of  1682.  The  Indians  in  the  jiarty  also  objected  to  the  pace  of 
the  white  walkers,  frequently  calling  to  the  latte;  to  i^'alk,  not  to  run." 
The  walking  purchase  included  nearl\-  all  of  Northampton  county,  and 
a  portion  of  I'ucks,  Carluni,  Monroe,  and  Pike  counties,  in  all  an  area 
of  not  less  than  twcKe  hundred  square  miles.  It  is  said  that  four  days 
were  required  by  the  surxeyor-general  to  walk  over  the  same  ground 
that  Edward  Marshal!  co\ered  in  a  da\  and  a  half:  and  also  that  Jen- 
nings and  Yeates.  who  set  out  on  the  j(nuney  with  him.  were  supposed 
to  ha\e  died  from  the  over-exertion  of  that  occasion. 

I'^om  this  lime  the  eastern  tribes  of  the  Uelawares  were  restive, 
and  were  held  in  restraint  onl\-  by  the  dominating  IrcKpiois  spirit  of 
loyalty  to  the  English.  At  the  request  of  Governor  Thomas,  in  1742, 
the  Iroquois  compelled  the  Delawares  to  remove  to  the  Susquehanna 


50        COMPEXDICM  OF  HISTORY  AXD  GENEALOGY 

\alley.  This  pru\e(l  unfurtunatc.  f'H"  in  llial  remote  rcgiun  they  were 
brought  more  easih-  under  tlie  I'reuch  pcrsuasinus :  and  when  tlie  English 
and  French  wars  were  begun  they  allied  themselves  to  the  cause  of 
I'rance,  and  spread  desolation  and  death  alnng  the  western  frontier. 
In  justice,  hnwcxer,  to  the  proprietors  (if  I'ennsyhania.  it  may  be  stated 
that  there  was  far  less  cause  for  cf)m])laint  on  the  part  ol"  the  Indians  in 
this  pro\ince  than  in  a  majority  of  the  nther  .\merican  colonies.  If 
the  agents  and  commissioners  of  the  proprietors  in  Pennsylvania  were 
chargeable  with  fault  in  dealing  with  the  nati\'es,  there  was  shown  by 
the  higher  authorities  a  disposition  to  right  the  wrong.  .\s  evidence  of 
this  si)irit  of  fairness  it  may  be  said  that  wlien  it  was  known  that  undue 
advantage  had  l)een  taken  in  the  walking  purchase  and  other  similar 
transactions,  reparation  was  made  by  the  proper  authorities.  .At  the 
council  at  Easton  in  1758.  a  considerable  tract  of  land  on  the  Ohio, 
Allegheny,  Suscjuehanna,  and  Juniata  rivers,  which  had  been  purchased 
in  1754.  was  restored  to  the  Indians.  This,  bowexer.  was  not  done 
until  after  the  peace  of  1756,  but  had  ihe  wrong  l^een  righted  earlier, 
"the  blood  of  Braddock's  soldiers  would  not  have  Ijeen  added  to  the  price 
of  the  land." 


or  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  51 


CHAPTER  II. 

From  the  Begixmng  of  thk  P'rexch  and  English  Wars  to  the 

Revolution'. 

Pre\ious  tn  the  declaration  nf  war  Ijetwcen  England  and  France 
in  1744.  tiiere  were  nnmerous  ruptures  of  a  similar  character  on  their 
own  side  of  the  Atlantic,  l)iit  no  really  serious  outbreaks  in  their  Ameri- 
can colonies.  In  March  oi  the  }ear  mentioned,  war  was  formally  de- 
clared, and  then  was  begun  the  tinal  struggle  for  supremacy  in  America 
of  those  great  European  [xiwers.  h'rench  influence  was  craftily  em- 
ployed to  alienate  the  \arious  triljcs  of  the  Delaware  nation  of  Indians 
who  inhabited  the  interior  regions  of  Pennsylvania  and  to  a  certain 
extent  their  efiforts  met  with  success.  On  the  other  hand,  the  authorities 
of  Pennsylvania  scjught  to  make  and  maintain  a  permanent  peace  with 
the  Indians,  but  with  only  partial  success,  until  the  chiefs  and  sachems 
of  the  Si.x  .X'ations  (the  Iroquois)  were  assembled  in  a  council  at  Lan- 
caster on  June  22.  The  conference  was  continued  until  July  4.  and 
was  attended  by  Governor  Thomas  in  person,  and  by  commissioners 
representing  Virginia  and  Maryland.  The  Delawares,  also,  were  present, 
but  under  the  restraining  power  of  the  Si.x  Nations  they  were  kept 
silent,  b'ar  better  would  it  have  l)cen  if  the  government  of  the  province 
bad  recognized  the  Delawares  in  some  manner,  and  placated  them, 
listened  to  their  recital  of  grievance,  and  by  some  substantial  token  bad 
given  them  good  assurance  of  friendship.  But  it  was  with  the  mighty 
Iro(|uois  confederacy  that  the  white  men  ditl  treat  directly.  True,  they 
were  the  dominant  Indian  power  in  America  .it  that  time,  and  hcM 
the  Delaw  are  Indians  in  perfect  subjection,  but  in  the  latter  was  a  hidden 


52        COMPENDIUM  OF  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

volcanic  force,  waiting-  only  an  opporUinity  to  break  fdrlli  and  spread 
desolation  all  through  the  frontier  settlements. 

At  tlie  council  all  matters  in  dispute  between  the  Iroquois  and  the 
provincial  officials,  growing  out  of  land  treaties  and  other  dealings, 
were  satisfactorily  settled,  and  the  Indians  jiromised  to  guard  the  north- 
ern frontier  and  ]5re\'ent  an  in\-asion  of  PennsyK-ania  territory  by  the 
French  and  their  Indian  allies:  but  the  Inxiuois  did  not  engage  to  pre- 
vent an  uprising  of  the  Delawares  ag.iinst  the  I'jiglish :  they  had  no 
suspicion  that  such  action  was  possible,  but  almost  at  that  very  time 
emissaries  of  the  l-rench  were  at  work  among  the  Delawares.  sowing 
the  seed  of  dissension,  magnifying  the  wrongs  alleged  to  ha\c  been  put 
upon  them  by  the  whites,  and  promising  thcni  the  most  desirable  hunt- 
ing and  fishing  grounds  in  all  the  territory  when  the  dominitju  of  h'rance 
should  be  established  in  America. 

For  an  aggressive  campaign  against  the  I'rench  stronghold  at  Cape 
Breton,  Governor  Shirley  of  Massachusetts  attempted  to  unite  the  forces 
of  all  the  colonies,  but  the  asseriibl\-  of  Pcnnsyhania  at  first  declined  to 
furnish  its  quota  of  men,  on  the  alleged  ground  that  it  had  not  been 
consulted,  but  in  reality  because  the  Quaker  majority  was  opposed  to 
war:  but  when  the  plan  was  approved  by  the  British  ministry,  directions 
w'cre  sent  to  the  ]iro\incial  authorities  to  furnish  the  necessary  men  and 
provisi(jns  for  the  expedition.  Then  the  assembly  \oted  the  sum  of 
i4.ooo  for  the  purchase  of  bread,  beef.  pork,  flour,  wheat,  or  other  grains. 
The  "other  grains"  in  fact  meant  grains  of  gunpowder.  The  majority 
in  the  assembly  would  not  openly  consent  to  the  purchase  of  munitions 
of  war,  nor  the  organization  of  an  armed  force,  but  did  evade  their 
scruples  by  authorizing  the  purchase  of  "other  grains." 

In  1745  an  attempt  was  made  to  enlist  the  services  of  the  Iroquois 
on  the  side  of  the  English,  but  without  much  success,  except  with  the 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA,  53 

Moliawks,  wlio  were  under  tlie  influence  of  Colonel  William  Johnson. 
The  Shawnees  on  the  Ohio  were  allied  to  the  French,  and  showed  open 
hostility  to  the  English.  In  1746  it  was  determined  to  attempt  the  con- 
quest of  Canada,  and,  at  the  solicitation  of  Governor  Thomas,  the  as- 
sembly voted  £5,000,  but  would  furnish  no  men  by  direct  provision. 
This  was  done,  however,  by  the  go\ernor,  and  four  companies  of  one 
hundred  men  each  were  sent  at  once  to  Albany.  The  Canada  campaign 
was  abandoned,  but  the  men  were  held  on  the  frontier  nearly  eighteen 
months. 

In  1748  the  war  was  closed  by  the  ineffectual  antl  useless  treaty  of 
Aix-la-Chapelle.  During  the  eight  years  of  nominal  peace  that  fol- 
lowed, lK)th  the  French  and  tiie  English  made  every  effort  to  extend 
their  frontier  possessions  and  influence,  the  former  with  the  greater  suc- 
cess. In  addition  to  their  already  established  forts  at  Niagara  and  De- 
troit, they  added  rrcsque  Isle  (Erie),  \'enango,  at  Au  Boeuf,  at  the 
mouth  of  French  creek,  and  tinall}'  built  Fort  Duquesne  on  the  site  of 
Pittsburg,  with  the  e\i(lent  design  to  establish  a  line  of  fortifications 
from  the  lakes  to  the  Ohio,  and  thence  to  the  Mississippi.  Frequent  de- 
tachments of  French  tr(X>ps  and  their  Indian  allies  passed  through  along 
this  line  from  Xiagara  to  Presque  Isle,  and  thence  to  Venango  and 
Duquesne.  Dark-gowned  Jesuits  hastened  to  and  fro,  everywhere  re- 
ceiving tlie  resj^ect  of  the  red  men,  and  using  all  their  art  to  magnify 
the  jKiwer  of  Rome  and  France. 

While  these  events  were  taking  place,  a  change  had  come  in  the 
civil  affairs  of  the  pmvince.  On  ]May  5,  1747,  the  governor  informed 
the  assembly  of  the  death  of  John  Penn,  one  of  the  proprietors,  and  of 
his  own  determination  to  resign  his  office  on  account  of  ill  health.  The 
executive  duties  then  devolved  upon  the  coimcil,  of  which  Anthony 
Palmer  was  president,   until   the  arri\al   of  James   Hamilton    (son  of 


64        COMPENDIUM  OF  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

Aiuliew  ]  lamiliiiii ).  wlmsc  cdiiiniissinii  as  lieutenant-governor  was  dated 
Xoveniber  J3.  IJ4^.  Hamjlton  lield  otTice  until  October,  1754.  a 
period  oi  almost  six  years,  and  an  era  in  which  ])eace  and  plenty  i)re- 
vailed  nn  e\cry  hand.  It  was  the  calm,  howexer,  which  precedes  a 
storm,  and  at  its  end  the  I'rench  and  I'.ns^Iish  strui^t^le  fur  the  mastery 
was  begun  in  earnest. 

The  i)in'chase  of  ij-io  bad  added  a  considerable  tract  to  the  .avail- 
able lands  of  tbc  jiroxince,  yet  f.ir  beyond  its  bomidaries  the  frontier 
settlements  were  already  established.  "The  progress  of  white  jiopnla- 
tion,"  says  Gordon,  "towards  the  west  continued  to  alarm  and  irritate 
the  Indians.  The  new  settlers,  imjiatient  of  the  delays  of  the  land  otilice, 
or  nn.able  or  unwilling  to  ])av  for  their  lands,  or  in  search  of  richer  soils, 
sought  homes  in  districts  to  which  the  Indian  title  had  not  been  extin- 
guished. Espcciall\-  was  this  the  case  with  the  Scotch-Irish,  who  seated 
themselves  on  the  west  of  the  Susrptebanna.  on  the  Juni;ita  and  its  trib- 
utaries, in  tbc  Tuscarora  valley,  in  tlie  dreat  and  Little  co\cs  tormcd 
by  the  Kitt;uinn\-  and  Tuscarora  hills,  .and  ;it  the  Rig  and  Little  Con- 
nolloways.  Some  of  these  settlements  were  begun  before  1740,  and  in- 
creased r;i|)idly  despite  the  comi)l;iints  of  the  Indi.ans,  the  laws  of  the 
prcuince,  or  the  iirocl.'unations  of  the  government."     (  b'gle. ) 

It  was  not  alone  the  advance  of  the  Scotch-Irish  into  territor\'  of 
the  Indi.ans  that  disturbed  the  pro\inci,-d  government,  .\bout  the  same 
time  a  considerable  colony  of  Xew  b^nglanders,  claiming  under  the  char- 
ter of  Connecticut,  were  invading  the  northern  borders  of  I'ennsyKania, 
and  came  pre]>ared  to  defend  their  possessions  against  the  claims  of 
the  Lenn  charter,  .asserting  that  the  territory  of  Cc.mnecticut  extended 
westward  from  Xarragansett  Hay  to  the  Pacific  ocean.  In  1733  an 
association,  called  the  Susfpiehanna  Company,  was  formed  for  the  pur- 
pose of  founding  a  settlement  in  the  Susrpiehanna  \:dley  alxjve  the  Blue 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  55 

mountains,  and  at  a  council  with  the  Six  Nations  held  in  Albany,  these 
pretenders  purchased  a  large  tract  of  land  from  the  Indians.  But  the 
known  hostility  of  the  Shawnees.  the  unfriendliness  of  the  Delawares 
and  the  uncertaint)'  as  to  the  attitude  of  the  Six  Nations  in  the  impend- 
ing war.  was  sufficient  reason  for  delay  in  protesting  against  the  action 
of  the  Yankee  claimants. 

In  June.  1754.  a  convention  of  delegates  from  all  the  colonial  as- 
semblies was  held  at  Alban\-,  the  principal  object  of  which  was  to  secure 
a  continued  alliance  with  all  the  Six  Nations.  Goxernor  Delancey,  of 
New  York,  presided,  and  made  a  speech  to  the  Indians  who  were  present, 
(iovernor  Flamilton.  of  Pennsyhania,  was  unable  to  be  present,  but  he 
Commissioned  John  Penn  anrl  Richard  Peters,  of  the  council,  and  Isaac 
Norris  and  Benjamin  Franklin,  of  the  assembly,  to  represent  that  prov- 
ince at  the  conference.  These  commissioners  carried  with  them  £500 
as  a  pro\incial  present  to  the  Indians.  .\t  the  suggestion  of  Massa- 
chusetts delegates,  a  proposition  for  the  union  of  the  colonies  was  taken 
into  consideration,  and  a  committee  ijf  one  frouT  each  colonv  was  ap- 
pointed to  pre])are  plans  for  this  purpose,  the  fertile  mind  of  Benjamin 
hranklin  having  already  suggested  that  which  \\-as  finally  adopted.  It 
was  the  forerunner  of  our  federal  constitution ;  but  the  assemblies  re- 
jected it  on  the  ground  tliat  it  encroached  on  their  liberties,  while  the 
crown  rejected  it,  claiming  that  it  curtailed  the  royal  prerogative  and 
granted  too  much  power  to  the  people. 

A  crisis  was  now  at  hand.  \\'hilc  F.ngland  and  Prance  were 
nominally  at  ]ieacc,  the  American  frontier  was  constantl)-  harassed  by 
hordes  of  Indians  let  loose  by  the  French,  and  the  colonies  continued 
their  appeals  to  the  ministry.  \\'hile  the  latter  was  hesitating,  the  Duke 
of  Cumberland,  early  in  1755.  sent  over  General  Edward  Braddock 
with  a  detachment  from  the  armv  in  Ireland.     Braddock  met  the  colonial 


56        COMPENDIUM  Of  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

governors  at  Alexandria,  and  adopted  measures  for  the  protection  of 
the  colonies.  Four  expethtions  were  planned.  I'irst.  tlic  reduction  of 
Xova  Scotia;  second,  the  recovery  of  tlie  Ohio  valley;  tiiird.  the  ex- 
pulsion of  tlie  French  from  I'ort  Niagara :  and  fnurtli.  tlie  capture  of 
Crown  Point.  Tlie  first  of  tliese  expeditions  was  entirely  successful ; 
the  second,  under  coiuniand  of  Braddock.  Jiimself,  was  disastrous  in 
the  extreme.  He  neglected  Wasiiington's  advice  to  send  out  scouts, 
and  when  witliiu  a  few  miles  of  Fort  nuf|ucsiic  his  army  was  surprised 
by  the  concealed  enemy  and  was  only  saved  from  annihilation  1)\  W'asli- 
ington.  who.  upon  the  fall  of  Braddock.  assumed  command  and  con- 
ducted the  retreat.  The  expedition  against  Xiagara  was  also  unsuc- 
cessful, luany  of  Shirley's  men  leaving  him  alter  learning  of  Braddock's 
defeat.  The  army  gathered  for  the  attack  upon  Crown  Point  was  only 
partially  successful.  On  the  whole,  the  entire  cam])aign  of  the  year 
was  di.sastrous  to  the  English. 

The  action  of  Pennsylvania  in  the  contest  thus  far  progressed  was 
in  every  way  honorable  and  commend;il)le.  The  element  that  chiefly 
dominated  its  jiolitical  coinse  was  now  beginning  to  lose  something 
fjf  its  influence  and  strength.  Xew  forces  and  new  elements  were  alxiut 
to  evolve  from  the  luasses  of  provincial  poj)ulation.  and  the  material 
for  leadership  and  safe  control  of  afifairs — civil,  political  ,tnd  military — 
was  scattered  in  abundance  throughout  the  region.  The  seat  of  pro- 
vincial operations  was  at  Philadelphia,  then  and  for  many  years  after- 
ward the  largest  and  most  wealthy  municipality  in  America.  When  it 
became  known  that  Pennsylvania  was  in  full  sympatliy  with  the  cause 
for  which  the  colonies  were  contending,  and  that  the  intluences  which 
dominated  its  policy  were  waning,  the  whole  country  naturally  turned 
in  the  direction  of  the  great  city  for  advice  and  leadership  in  the  struggle 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  57 

which  ultimately  was  to  result  iu  absolute  freedom  for  America,  and 
the  establishment  of  an  indeiwudent  republic. 

The  con\'ention  of  the  colonies  at  Albany  in  the  summer  of  1754 
was  an  auspicious  occasiou  in  the  history  of  Pennsyh-ania.  Mutual 
pledges  of  support  were  oi\en.  and  the  delegates  froui  other  colouies 
were  assurerl  beyoud  question  that  this  pro\-ince  could  be  depended  u])on 
in  the  emergency  of  war.  John  Penn  and  Richard  Peters  could  sjjeak 
for  the  executive,  while  Franklin  and  Xorris  were  the  representatives 
of  the  lcgislati\c  lirancb  of  the  [jroN'incial  go\-ernment.  .\t  this  time, 
however.  Quaker  influence  was  still  the  dominating  power  in  the  legis- 
lature, and  to  an  extent  swayed  the  action  of  the  executi\'e:  but  now 
an  emergency  was  at  hand.  It  was  not  a  question  whether  the  (juakers 
should  retain  control  of  the  gcnernment,  but  whether  Pennsyhania  ter- 
ritory should  lie  overrun  bv  a  horde  of  murderous  Indians  and  French 
soldiery.  The  proprietary  itself,  notwitlistanding  Quaker  leanings, 
favored  aggressive  and  defeusi\e  warfare.  The  great  masses  of  the 
inhabitants  were  anxious  for  an  opportunity  to  take  up  arms.  The  un- 
prejudiced men  of  wealth,  the  business  men.  and  those  engaged  in  com- 
mercial ]nn'suits.  were  willing  to  contribute  time  and  means  for  the  prose- 
cution of  the  war:  but  ihe  dominant  influence  in  the  assemblv  was  stub- 
i)ornly  inclined  to  shieUl  itself  liebind  its  "conscientious  scruples"  and 
turn  awa\-  from  the  demands  of  the  people  and  the  best  interests  of 
the  ])rovincc.  This  spirit  was  persisted  in  until  the  Penns  required  that 
the  Quakers  yield  the  legislati\e  majority  into  otlier  hands. 

Hamilton  retained  the  lieutenant-go\ernorship  until  October.  1754. 
when  he  resigned,  lie  had  been  an  efiicient  otticer  in  times  of  peace, 
and  when  the  war  came  he  joined  with  the  clement  that  favored  vigorous 
measures  for  the  support  of  the  colonies;  but  ad\'ise  as  he  would,  he 
could  neither  control  the  assemblv  nor  influence  its  action.      When  in 


58      coMrnxnii'M  or  ihstorv  axp  cr.xn.ii.ocv 

this  year  a  l)0(ly  of  \'irgiiiia  troops  had  liccn  (hi\fn  tr<iiii  I'ennsyhania 
territory  and  tlieir  place  occupied  liy  llic  I'rcncli.  1  lamilton  strongly 
urged  the  assembly  to  organize  a  militia  in  aid  of  Governor  Dinwiddie 
ni  the  expulsion  of  the  enemy  fmni  the  region,  hut  the  assenihly  (|ues- 
tioned  the  invasion,  evaded  the  governor's  requests,  and  adjoiuMied  its 
sitting  rather  than  take  the  necessary  action. 

Virginia  then  undertook  the  work  alone,  and  sent  Colonel  Fry 
p.nd  Lieutenant-Colonel  \\'ashington  with  a  force  of  three  hundred  men 
to  dislodge  the  French.  They  met  a  strong  detachment  of  the  enemy, 
who  had  l)een  sent  out  to  intercept  their  advance,  near  the  Great  Mead- 
ows, an.d  defeated  them,  but  the  victory  was  won  at  the  cost  of  Fry's 
life.  Washington  then  took  command,  built  Fort  Necessity,  and  with 
his  force,  now  strengthened  by  two  companies  of  regulars,  marched 
forward  to  attack  the  ImcucIi  in  Fort  Duquesne,  which  hatl  recently 
been  l)uilt.  Washington  himself,  opposed  with  a  stronger  force  than 
his  own.  consequently  fell  back  to  F'ort  Necessity  and  proceeded  to 
strengthen  it.  Before  this  was  done.  howc\er.  he  was  attacked  by  the 
French  and  after  a  short,  hard  battle  was  compelled  to  surrender.  When 
the  news  of  the  defeat  reached  Hamilton,  he  convened  the  assembly  in 
special  session  on  August  6,  and  again  asked  for  the  establishment  of 
an  armed  force  for  the  protection  of  the  province,  but  the  assembly  again 
declined  to  act. 

In  October.  Hamilton  was  succeeded  by  Robert  Hunter  ^^lrris, 
eldest  son  of  Lewis  Morris,  chief  justice  of  New  ^'ork  and  New  Jersey. 
Morris,  on  assuming  the  duties  of  his  office,  met  a  new  assembly,  to 
which  he  communicated  the  crown's  order  that  tliat  body  act  in  con- 
cert with  the  other  colonies  in  repelling  the  advancing  columns  of  the 
French,  .\cting  on  the  royal  suggestion,  the  assembly  did  prepare  a 
bill  for  the  issue  of  £40,000  currency,  one-half  of  which  was  for  "the 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  59 

king's  use,"  but  no  ])ro\-ision  was  made  fi>r  tlie  organi/.atinn  (if  a  militia 
force.  The  liill,  linwex-er.  was  so  unsatisfactory  in  sfime  of  its  provi- 
sions tliat  tlie  go\ernor  could  not  sanction  it  unless  modified,  Ijut  his 
propositions  were  rejected  and  nothing  was  gained. 

AI)out  this  time  the  British  government  determined  to  take  an 
active  part  in  the  ojierations  against  the  French  in  America,  and  give 
the  colonies  more  earnest  support.  To  this  end  two  regiments  of  troops 
from  the  arm\-  in  Ireland  were  sent  over  and  all  the  colonies  were  called 
upon  to  raise  men  and  means  for  vigorous  oi>erations.  Pcnnsyh-ania 
was  required  to  cnllcct  three  thousand  men  for  enlistment  "to  he  placed 
at  the  disposal  of  a  comman<ler-in-chief  of  rank  and  caiiacitv" ;  "to  sup- 
ply the  Irish  troo])s  ^vith  ])rovisions,  and  to  furnish  all  the  necessaries 
for  the  .soldiers  landed  or  raised  within  the  ])ro\ince;  to  provide  the 
officers  with  the  means  of  tra\-eling,  for  impressing  carriages,  and  quar- 
tering tmops.  .\nd  as  tliere  were  'local  matters,  arising  entirely  within 
her  government,  his  majesty  expected  the  charges  thereof  to  be  borne 
by  his  subjects  within  the  pro\-ince.  whilst  articles  of  more  general  con- 
cern would  be  charged  upon  a  common  fund  t(T  be  raised  from  all  the 
colonies  of  North  America."  " 

Tliis  expression  of  his  majesty  was  a  direct  intimation  that  the 
expenses  of  the  French  and  F.nglish  war  were  ultimately  to  be  charged 
upon  the  .\merican  colonies,  but  little  attention  was  given  the  matter  at 
that  time.  The  recpiiremcnt  for  the  occasion  was  sufficient  to  arouse  a 
bitter  feeling  between  th.e  lieuten;uit-go\ernoi-  and  the  assembly,  .-md 
in  this  case  the  refu.sal  of  the  executive  to  lay  before  that  bodv  the 
royal  instructions  placed  the  fault  at  his  door,  nither  than  with  the  legis- 
lature. There  was  an  evident  lack  of  faith  between  the  assembh-  and 
the  executi\e.  and  the  breacli  w;is  widened  by  the  refusal  of  the  latter 
to  comply  with  a  just  demand  upou  him.     The  assembly  purported  to, 


60        COMPF.XniCM  or  IIISTOKY  .!.\f)  GEXEALOGY 

ami  ill  fact  did,  represent  the  pe()i)le  and  interests  ni  the  province,  while 
the  lieutenant-governor  was  merely  ;ui  instrunicnt  in  the  hands  df  the 
proprietors  to  carry  out  their  own  desires  and  the  wishes  of  the  crown. 

H.ivinq-  l)een  refused  the  privilege  to  examine  the  crown's  direc- 
tions to  the  governor,  the  assembly  asked  for  projirietary  instructions, 
Imt  Morris  denied  the  right  to  do  this,  ami  ga\c  that  hody  no  satisfac- 
tion whatever.  Still,  as  e\idence  that  the  assembly  was  disposed  to 
obey  the  royal  orders  "in  all  things  not  forbidden  by  their  consciences," 
that  Ixidy  resolved  to  borrow,  on  the  credit  of  the  house,  the  sum  of 
£5,000  to  Ije  used  in  the  purchase  of  jirovisions  for  the  king's  troops 
on  their  arrival ;  but  no  provision  was  made  for  the  organization  of  a 
militia  force.  The  assembly  was  still  "conscientiously  scrupulous"  on 
that  iMiint,  and  adhered  to  the  princijjle  with  remarkable  if  not  com- 
mendalile  persistence.  These  were  some  of  the  conditions  which  pre- 
vailed in  Pennsylvania  at  the  outbreak  of  the  war,  and  they  account 
in  a  measure  for  the  seeming  neglect  on  the  part  of  the  province  to 
furnish  men  and  means  and  give  ])roper  defense  to  its  territory  during 
the  early  years  of  the  struggle. 

It  must  not  be  inferred,  however,  from  wh.it  has  been  narrated 
in  ])receding  paragraphs  that  the  [x-ople  of  Pennsylvania  were  utterly 
neglectful  in  protecting  the  province  when  its  territory  was  invaded  by 
an  armed  foe.  Personal  patriotism  was  never  more  clearly  shown  than 
during  this  trying  time  of  adversity — perhaps  perversity  would  more 
accurately  describe  the  actions  of  the  executive  and  the  assembly  in  con- 
tinually quarreling  when  the  very  safety  of  the  province  was  threatened. 
Dining  this  time  many  independent  companies  were  organized,  armed 
and  equipped  for  the  public  defense,  and  that  splendid  body  of  defend- 
ers known  as  the  "associators"  was  beginning  to  take  material  form. 
These  companies  were  prepared  for  service  at  private  expense,  through 


OF  THE  STATE  Of  PENNSYI.VAXIA.  61 

inoti\cs  (if  pure  Inyalty  aii<l  patricitisin,  ami  when  occasion  offered  they 
i^ave  good  account  of  tliemsehes  on  the  field  of  hattlc.  They  were  con- 
stantly on  the  frontier:  some  of  them  served  with  Braddock's  ill-fated 
exijeditiim.  and  others  with  the  troops  in  New-  York  and  Virginia. 

'Idle  e\ents  in  detail  of  Bradd(jck's  exjiedition  against  Fort  Du- 
rpiesne  are  not  necessar_\-  here.  It  was  planned  with  care,  hut  hy  recently 
arri\cd  officers,  who  knew  little  of  the  geographical  conditions  in  the 
])rf)\ince.  and  still  less  of  methcKls  of  warfare  adopted  iiy  the  French 
and  Indians.  Braddock  had  heen  told  this,  but  he  ignored  all  advice, 
and  was  more  solicitous  concerning  the  carriages  and  other  conxeniences 
of  tra\e]  for  his  officers  than  in  accepting  information  from  jirovincials. 
Franklin  succeeded  in  (juieting  the  apprehensions  regarding  means  of 
conveyance,  and  in  two  weeks'  time  provided  all  the  wagons  and  pack- 
horses  needed  for  the  movements  of  the  army.  In  doing  this  Franklin 
was  compelled  to  resort  to  strategy,  and  to  flatter  the  British  com- 
mander into  good  humor;  and  Franklin  possessed  the  necessarv  tact  for 
the  occasion,  secured  all  the  conveyances  that  were  rerpiiretl,  and  caused 
a  good  amount  of  currency  to  he  circulateti  in  the  province. 

\\  hen  Braddock's  armv  arri\ed  in  Pennsyhania  the  adjutant  gen- 
eral re(piired  that  roads  be  cut  to  facilitate  the  moxement  of  trcKips  and 
supplies  into  the  western  region,  and  Braddock  himself  demanded  the 
establishmcnl  of  a  i>ost  between  I'hiladelphia  and  Winchester,  the  quota 
<if  men  called  for  fnmi  I'ennsybania,  and  als(j  ;i  portion  of  the  general 
nind  raised  for  the  public  service.  To  meet  this  unusual  though  not 
unexpected  demand,  the  assembly  met  on  March  17  and  made  i)rovision 
lor  the  establishment  of  a  mail  route,  the  opening  of  roads,  and  ajiplied 
themselves  to  work  of  raising  funds,  hut  gave  no  direct  encouragement 
to  the  organization  of  a  military  force. 

Braddock   established   militarx-   lieadquarters  at   Fort    Cumberland, 


62        COMPENDIUM  OF  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

i>n  Wills  creek,  and  tn>m  tlicre  hct^aii  his  advance  on  I'mt  l)u(|ucsne 
on  I  line  8.  0\\  iiij^-  tn  mmierous  delays  the  l)attlc  was  not  nijcned  until 
July  ().  ami  then,  having'  disregarded  the  atl\  ice  of  the  ])r()vincial  nlli- 
cers.  his  attacking  forces  were  drawn  into  an  anil)uscade  and  suhjccted 
1(^  a  terrihl)-  destructive  tire  from  the  concealed  I'rench  tmops.  and  tiie 
merciless  nnslauglits  of  their  Indian  allies.  The  result  w;is  hurnhle. 
and  the  sacrifice  of  life  without  i)arallel  in  warfare  ;it  that  time.  The 
provincial  triuips  had  hecunie  scattered  through  the  dense  woods,  and  hy 
resorting  to  methods  employed  hy  the  enemy,  lighting  at  will,  from  he- 
hind  trees  and  logs,  did  some  effective  work.  After  the  f.dl  of  IJrad- 
duck,  Washington  covered  the  retreat,  and  saved  the  remnant  of  the 
armv    from  certain  annihikition. 

.\ftcr  the  defeat,  Dunhar.  in  command  of  the  llritish  forces,  pro- 
]ioseil  to  return  with  his  troops  to  l'hiladel])hi;L.  hut  at  the  urgent  re- 
quest of  the  assemljh'  consented  to  remain  on  the  frontier.  ( iovernor 
Shirley,  on  succeeding  to  the  conimaud  of  all  the  forces  in  the  colonics, 
at  first  ordered  Dunhar  to  strengthen  his  army  and  renew  the  attack  on 
Fort  Duciuesnc.  hut  afterward  withdrew  the  troops  from  rennsvlvania, 
thus  leaving  this  province,  also  .Marvland  and  \'irgini;i.  open  to  the 
attacks  of  the  enemy.  Xtiw  left  defenseless,  the  Pennsylvania  assemhiy 
was  forced  to  act.  and  iironi])tly  voted  a  levy  of  £50.000  for  the  king's 
nse  by  a  tax  on  all  estates,  including  the  proprietor's.  This  was  not 
relislieil  1)y  the  governor,  not  being  in  accordance  with  the  i)ropriet.'iry 
will,  hence  the  bill  was  returned. 

The  I'rench  had  expected  another  attack  and  were  sm'prised  to 
'earn  that  the  liritish  tnxjps  had  been  withdrawn  from  the  i)rov?nce. 
The  frontier  was  now  miprotected  and  the  enemy  (pncklv  took  advan- 
tage of  the  opixirtumty.  ravaging  the  lK)rder  settlements,  carrying  their 
depredations   into  the   Susquehanna   valley,   and   even   threatening   the 


OF  THE  STATE  Of  PEXXSVLJ-AXL4.  63 

iiKirc  iMipuluus  districts  farther  cast.  By  Xuvember  they  had  forced  a 
passage  across  the  Blue  mountains  into  Lancaster,  Berks,  and  Nortli- 
anipton  enmities,  and  still  the  assembly  had  refused  to  vote  an  appro- 
priation fur  the  defense  of  the  province.  In  this  emergency  the  pro- 
].rietarv  uffered  £5,000  for  the  cumnmn  defense,  to  be  collected  In  mi 
liie  (piit-rents.  but  this  the  assembly  declined  except  as  a  free  gift.  That 
bixh-  did  now  tardily  vote  an  issue  of  £30,000  in  bills  of  credit,  based 
upon  the  excise,  and  this  was  approved  by  the  goxernor. 

In  the  meantime  the  manifest  indifference  of  the  assembly  had 
aroused  the  indignation  of  the  people  who  were  willing  to  defend  the 
territory  and  honor  of  Pennsylvania,  Many  public  meetings  were  held 
in  the  counties  bordering  on  the  frontier.  In  some  places  the  assembly 
niajoritv  was  held  up  to  public  ridicule,  and  resolutions  were  passed 
proposing  by  personal  force  to  compel  that  body  to  adopt  suitable  meas- 
ures for  the  coiumon  defense.  Indeed,  on  one  occasion  the  dead  ixidies 
of  \-ictims  of  Indian  rapacit\-  were  hauled  about  the  streets  of  Phila- 
delphia, and  were  placed  in  doorways  of  the  house  of  assembly,  placard- 
ed to  the  effect  that  they  were  "the  victims  of  the  Quaker  polic_\-  of  non- 
resistance." 

In  their  jjolicy  the  Quakers  were  not  wholly  to  blame.  They  were 
not  altogether  un\\illing  to  defend  the  proxince,  f<_)r  there  were  among 
them  nwniv  men  as  lova!  and  patriotic  as  those  of  an_\'  other  creed:  but 
the  assembly  did  hope  and  had  the  right  to  expect  that  the  proprietary 
itself  would  bear  at  least  a  small  part  of  the  Ijurden  of  expense  without 
an  ultimate  tax  on  the  resources  of  the  people,  E\en  now  the  pro- 
prietary interests  were  ecjual  to  all  others  and  it  was  only  fair  that  their 
owners  should  be  chargeable  with  a  part  of  the  cost  of  the  war. 

This  was  the  view  of  the  assembly,  but  it  was  nf>t  a  full  justifica- 
tion for  refusal  to  act  when  the  safety  of  the  province  was  threatened. 


'<4        COMPENDIIM  OP  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

HnweNcr.  after  much  delay  and  Idss  nf  iJicpcriy  and  life,  tlic  asseinlilv 
did  establish,  at  an  eNjicnse  of  £85,000,  a  ciiain  of  tdris  and  miIkt  ijc- 
fenses  from  tiie  Delaware  river  id  tiie  Maryland  line,  fiilliiwinf,^  the 
course  of  the  Kiitatinny  hilN.  The  defenses  were  erected  at  the  prin- 
cipal mountain  passes  and  each  was  garrisoned  with  \ulunteers.  These 
measures  jirotected  the  eastern  portions  of  the  pro\  ince.  hut  the  frontiers 
were  left  to  care  for  themselves.  The  Mora\ians  fortitied  their  nwn 
principal  towns  and  took  u|)  arms  in  their  defense,  while  the  Scntch- 
Irisii  settlers  down  in  the  southern  localities  alwaxs  were  .ihle  tn  care  fnr 
Iheinselves.  The  (ierman  element  along  the  fmntier  letired  to  the  pro- 
tected localities  nr  withstood  as  best  they  cnuld  the  ra\a!;es  nf  the  In- 
dians. 

Tiie  condition  of  affairs  in  l'enns\  hania  at  the  close  ot  1755  was 
not  specially  gratifying,  hut  ])ri\ate  enterprise  and  personal  patriotism 
had  accom])IisIie(l  many  things  which  slmuld  have  been  dune  by  the 
authorities.  Goxernor  Morris  .and  the  assembl\-  were  still  at  variance, 
and  the  province  reallv  had  dnnc  little  in  its  own  defense.  In  the  spring 
of  1756  Morris  issued  a  ])ri»claniatiou  offering  a  reward  fur  each  Indian 
captured  and  delivered  over  at  any  of  the  forts.  an<l  for  scaljjs  taken. 
whether  of  males  or  females.  This  was  regarded  as  a  measure  of  neces- 
sity, but  it  gave  ofTense  to  the  assembly,  being  the  very  reverse  of  the 
treatment  the  Quakers  would  have  given  the  ofYending  Indians.  The 
measure  was  generally  approved,  however,  as  it  stinudated  more  <Ie- 
termined  action  among  the  frontier  rangers,  but  it  did  not  adil  to  the 
governor's  jiopularity. 

\\"hile  still  in  ofiTice,  Governor  Morris,  with  the  aid  of  Colonel  John 
.Armstrong,  planned  an  attack  upon  the  Indian  town  of  Kittanning.  a 
noted  stronghold  and  one  from  which  numerous  war  parties  h;id  been 
sent  out  against  the  white  settlements.     The  details  of  the  expedition 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PEXXSYU'AXLl.  65 

were  carried  out  witli  ,^n'cat  secrecy,  and  were  under  tlie  cliarge  of  Crjlonel 
Armstrong,  Captains  Hamilton,  Mercer,  \\'ard  and  Potter  and  a  force 
of  three  hundred  elhcient  \olunteer  riHemen.  On  September  8  Arm- 
strong's men  attacked  and  destroyed  the  place,  killed  many  of  its  occu- 
pants and  made  se\'eral  captives.  It  was  the  first  salutary  lesson  taught 
the  dusky  enemies  of  the  i)rn\  ince  and  ga\e  them  an  excellent  under- 
standing of  the  true  fighting  qualities  of  Penns_\l\ania  troops.  Captain 
Mercer  (afterwards  General)  was  severely  wounded,  but  was  carried 
away  safely  liy  his  men.  Philadelphia  was  much  elated  by  this  victory 
and  regarded  it  as  the  especial  achievement  of  its  own  people.  Arm- 
strong was  made  the  recipient  of  many  congralidations  and  was  pre- 
sented with  a  medal  by  the  c(.)rporation  of  the  city. 

The  destruction  of  Kittanning  was  a  serious  blow  to  the  Indians, 
and  the  few  who  escaped  fled  for  protection  to  I'ort  Ducpiesne.  The 
e\ent  also  encoiu'aged  siiuilar  attacks  in  other  directions  until  the  sa\'- 
ages  were  dri\en  back  to  the  borders.  C)n  Xoxember  (S  f(jllo\\ing  a 
council  was  held  at  I'.;iston.  lasting  nine  (la_\s,  and  the  matters  in  differ- 
ence between  the  whites  and  the  Indians  were  discussed  and  settled. 
Had  this  been  done  a  little  earlier,  and  the  Indians  placated  as  they 
then  were.  ni;in\-  of  the  frontier  depredations  would  not  ha\e  been  coni- 
mitted. 

William  Denny  succeeded  Morris  as  lieutcnant-go\-ernor  in  .\ugust. 
1756.  The  change  was  at  first  welcomed  by  the  i)e<ii)le.  but  when  the 
new  incumbent  declared  his  purpose  to  adhere  to  ])roi)riel;n_\  in>truc- 
tions  the  Iriendl}-  feeling  was  aliruptl}-  ended.  Huring  hi>  two  years 
in  ofifice  Denny  accom])lished  much  good,  .and  under  him  ;uid  the  pro- 
vincial commissioners  an  army  of  1.400  men  was  raised  and  ecpuppetl 
for  active  service,  .and  this  ])ractically  witlioiu  ;iid  fidui  the  assembly. 
This  f(jrcc  comprised  twenty-fix e  companies  of  whicli   eight   were  sta- 


M      coMrnxnnwi  or  history  axd  gemialogy 

tinned  at  Fort  Augusta,  under  command  of  Major  James  Burd.  Tliis 
was  known  as  tlie  "Augusta  regiment.  "  Tlie  Second  Battalion,  so 
called,  comprisetl  eight  companies  under  Lieutenant-Colonel  Armstrong, 
and  was  assigned  to  tll(^  territory  west  of  tlie  Susquehanna  river,  where 
the  command  was  tlividol  and  >tationcd  at  convenient  ])oinl>  for  i)ro- 
tecting  liiat  region,  'liie  Tliird  P)aUa]ion  coni])rised  nine  companies 
under  Lieutenant-Colonel  Conr.id  Wciser,  and  was  in  like  manner 
divided  and  stationed  where  its  services  were  most  re(|uirc(l. 

The  year  1757  witnessed  many  events  of  imixirtance  in  the  liistory 
of  Pennsylvania,  yet  the  hostile  relations  of  England  and  hrance,  with 
t!ie  Indian  de])redations  within  the  province,  were  tlie  principal  sub- 
jects for  discussion  and  action  among  the  inlial)itaiUs.  'Die  military 
force  organized  tlic  previous  year  in  a  measure  restrained  the  Indians, 
hut  the  council  held  at  L;incastcr  in  May  did  not  restore  jjcace  on  the 
border.  CumlKrIand,  Berks.  L;incastcr  and  Xoiihaniptoii  counties  were 
subject  to  frequent  invasion  during  the  spring  and  suninier  months,  and 
on  one  occasion  a  party  of  Indians  and  a  few  I"reiich  succeeded  in  carry- 
ing their  depredations  within  thirty  miles  of  riiiladelphia.  During  this 
period  business  was  almost  at  a  standstill,  travel  was  abandoned  and 
the  hardy  farmer  in  the  fields  performed  his  accustomed  labors  with 
his  rifle  within  reach. 

Gcjrdon,  in  commenting  on  the  prevailing  conditions  at  this  time, 
savs  there  was  a  want  of  abilitv  and  energv  in  the  constituted  aulliorities 
and  tlie  ])eo])le  of  the  prc^vince;  but  the  peo])le  laid  llic  fault  at  tlie  dr>fjr 
of  the  as.senibly;  the  assembly  found  fault  with  the  executive,  while 
the  British  government,  having  .serious  troubles  at  home,  charged  all  the 
colonies  with  lack  of  luyalty  to  the  cause  for  which  ICngland  was  con- 
tending, (lordon  also  says  that  "united  councils  and  well-directed  efforts 
might  have  driven  the  barbarians  to  their  savage  haunts,  but  that  im- 


OF  THE  STATE  OT  I'EXXSYLl'AXI.l.  t')7 

becility  distinguisljed  tlie  Britisli  ministers  and  officers  and  discord 
paralyzed  tlie  efforts  of  tiie  provinces,  especially  that  of  Pennsylvania.'' 

In  1738  William  Pitt  entered  the  councils  of  George  II  as  actual 
though  not'niiminal  chief  of  the  ministr}-.  and  tlien  England  tlung  her- 
self in  deadl\-  earnest  into  tlie  contest.  In  that  year  Fi>rt  Duquesne  was 
captured  by  an  English  and  prcnincial  army,  its  garrison  ha\ing  re- 
treated befcjre  the  resistless  force  of  determined  men  from  Pennsylvania 
and  the  lower  counties.  Maryland.  Virginia  and  Xorth  Carolina.  North- 
ward, I'^ort  Frontenac  was  siezed  liy  Colonel  Uradstreet  and  other  \  ic- 
tories  jirepared  the  way  for  grander  success  in  1759.  The  cortlon  was 
broken  but  P'nrt  Niagara  still  held  nut  for  ]''rance :  still  the  messengers 
ran  lorwarcl  and  backward,  to  ami  fmni  Presque  Isle  an<l  Venango. 

By  far  the  most  important  contest  of  the  \ear  was  the  western  ex- 
pedition against  I-'ort  Duquesne  under  command  of  General  John 
I'orbes.  whose  army  consisted  of  nearly  nine  tliousand  men.  including 
the  British  regulars.  The  troops  from  the  lower  counties  and  the  prov- 
inces rendez\<)used  at  Winchester,  while  the  Pennsxhanians.  under  Col- 
onel Boquet.  assembled  at  Ra_\stown.  When  the  plans  f(jr  the  expe- 
dition were  perfected,  the  army  proceeded  to  invest  the  country  so 
recently  overrun  with  French  soldiers  and  maramling  Indians,  but  owing 
to  various  causes  the  advance  was  slow. 

.\boiit  the  middle  of  September  the  ])rovincial  troops  under  Colonel 
Washington  joined  the  main  army  and  at  Lo\alhanna  Boquet  erected 
a  fort.  From  this  ])oint  Major  (irant  was  sent  forward  with  a  detach- 
ment of  eight  hundred  riflemen  to  ascertain  the  position  and  strength 
of  the  enemy.  an<l  on  the  morning  of  September  21st  his  forces  were 
unexpectedly  attacked  In*  an  o\erpowering  numljer  of  the  enemy.  The 
men  fought  fiercely  but  were  forced  b.ackward  before  the  terrible  rush 
of  the   French    and    Indians,   and   the   ;irri\al   of   reinforcements   un'^'-r 


68        COMPEXOnM  O/-  HISTORY  AXD  GENEALOGY 

Major  Grant  was  not  sufficient  tQ  check  tlieir  progress.  Fur  the  time 
tlie  Frencli  were  successful,  hut  they  ihd  not  follow  up  iheir  \ictory. 
When  Forbes  and  his  army  reached  Loyalhanna  lie  at  once  pressed  on 
towaril  I'ort  -Duquesne  and  when  within  a  few  miles  nf  that  i)lace  he 
was  chagrined  to  learn  that  the  ItcikIi  had  destroyed  tlieir  works, 
abandoned  their  ijositiou  and  retired  before  his  approach.  I'our  days 
later  the  llritish  and  provincials  took  possession  oi  the  place,  and  on 
the  charred  ruins  of  F~ort  l)ui|uesne.  I-ort  I'itt  was  built. 

The  fall  of  F'ort  l)u((uesnc  ended  t.he  contest  in  the  \ alley  of  the 
Ohio,  but  Venango  and  l'res(|ue  Isle  were  ^till  held  by  the  I'rcnch. 
With  the  retirement  of  the  iMench  their  Indian  allies  withdrew  Ihcm- 
selves  to  other  localities.  In  October  another  treaty  was  held  at  Easton 
between  the  Si.\  Nations  ;uid  the  Delawares.  and  connnissioners  from 
Pennsylvania  and  New  Jeisey.  (jeorge  Crogan,  who  li\ed  with  -Sir 
William  Johnson  among  the  Mohawks,  also  was  present.  The  object 
of  this  conference  was  to  arrange  a  peace  with  Delawares  and  ( )hio 
river  Indians,  rather  than  the  acipiisition  of  more  of  their  lands,  and 
it  was  hoi)ed  that  the  inlluence  of  the  Six  Nations  with  the  Delawares 
was  still  strong  enough  to  restrain  the  Latter  in  their  disposition  to  wage 
war  upon  the  English.  .\t  the  council.  Teedxuscung.  who  sjxike  for 
the  Indians  of  this  pro\iiice.  is  said  to  ha\e  "supported  his  position  Avith 
digmtv  and  lirniness."  in  answer  to  the  alleged  insults  ol  the  Six  .Na- 
tions, but  in  f;ict  the  wily  chieftain  ;i'-sunicd  that  his  peojile  were  now- 
freed  from  their  obligations  to  the  lro(|nois.  and  no  longer  subject  to 
their  dictation,  as  they  were  remo\ed  to  the  regions  soiUh  of  the  country 
of  the  Senecas  and  in  a  measure  were  protected  b\'  the  latter.  1  he 
Senecas  were  the  most  warlike  and  the  most  powerful  of  all  the  Six 
Nations  and  were  much  inclined  to  take  u])  arms  under  the  F'rench 
standard.      They   were   restrained    from   doing  so   only    from    the   fact 


O/'   TIUl  STATE  or  I'E.WMl.r.lM.L  «9 

that  tliev  coulil  imt  make  war  upon  their  brethren  of  the  Iroquois  con- 
federacy. The  treaty,  however,  acconiphshcd  good  results  and  the 
western  Jmhans  ])romised  to  remain  neutral  and  not  again  take  up  arms 
against  the  English. 

In  1730  still  heavier  hlows  were  struck.  Wolfe  assailed  Ouel)ec. 
the  strongest  of  all  the  h^rench  strongholds.  Almost  at  the  same  time 
Prideaux.  with  two  thousand  British  and  provincial  troops,  accompanied 
bv  Sir  \\'ilhnm  Johnson  with  one  thousand  of  his  faithful  Iroquois, 
sailed  up  Lake  Ontario  and  laid  siege  to  Fort  Xiagara.  .Soon  the  life- 
bought  victory  of  Wolfe  gax'e  Quebec  to  the  triumphant  Britons. 

Still  the  French  clung  to  their  colonies  with  desperate  but  failing 
grasp,  and  it  was  not  until  September,  1760.  that  Vaudreuil  surrendered 
Montreal,  and  with  it  Detroit.  Venango.  Presque  Isle  and  all  the  other 
posts  within  his  jurisdiction.  This  surrender  was  ratified  liy  the  treat)" 
of  peace  between  England  and  France  in  February.  I7''),v  which  ceded 
Canada  to  the  tcjrmer  power.  The  struggle  was  o\er.  Forever  de- 
stroyed was  the  prospect  of  a  French  peasantrv  inhabiting  the  productive 
valleys  of  Pennsylvania;  of  baronial  castles  crowning  its  mountain 
heights:  of  a  gay  French  city  o\-crlooking  the  lake  or  the  great  river  of 
the  pro\-ince. 

In  October.  1759.  James  Hamilton  succeeded  Denny  as  lieutenant- 
governor  of  Pennsylvania.  lie  was  a  native  of  Philadelphia  and  a  son 
of  .\ndrew  Hamilton.  It  was  expected  that  he  would  represent  the  pro- 
prietors with  greater  firmness  than  his  iiredecessor.  who  had  yielded 
to  the  demand  of  the  asseml)ly  and  approved  the  currency  bill,  thus 
making  it  possible  for  the  pro\-ince  to  organize  and  arm  troops  for 
service  during  the  later  years  of  the  war. 

With  peace  once  more  restored  within  our  l)orders  Prfjnns\l\-ania 
entered  upon  a  new  era  in  its  history.     The  frequent  passage  of  troops 


T"      coMPr.xmrM  or  history  .ixn  cr.xn.ii.oc)- 

across  tlie  tenitDvy  in  all  diroctions  had  acciiiaintcd  tlic  people  with  the 
\ast  extent  of  land  within  the  pr(>\ince.  and  also  had  made  known  to 
tliein  the  ((uality  of  the  soil  in  the  nnnierons  river  \  alleys  \\\ng  to  thf 
westward.  It  was  then  that  the  po])nl<ius  districts  of  the  east  l)egan 
to  branch  out  toward  the  west,  the  ->ettlers  traveling-  sometimes  in  fam- 
ilies and  again  in  colonies  of  adventurou'^  peo])le  <letern)incil  n])on  maknig 
lioines  in  the  new  regions.  There  was  no  longer  an\  iiecil  for  a  large 
armed  force  and  the  iiumher  of  men  was  soon  reduced  froni  more  than 
two  tho\isan(l  se\'en  h\indiod  to  niie  hnndred  and  lifts-.  iiichi<ling  oiru'crs. 
These  were  employed  in  trans])orling  provision'^  hum  I'ort  Xiagara 
and  in  garrison  dnty  at  Presciue  Isle  and  l.er.ofuf.  at  h'ort  .\llen  and 
{•"ort  .\ngiista. 

The  ])cace  which  followed  the  war  hetwcen  h.n^land  rmd  I'lance 
wa-i  brief.  In  iy(>J  war  with  Spain  was  declared  and  llie  satety  of  the 
province  was  again  threatened.  In  the  general  al.nin  which  followed 
the  assemhK'  convened  and  voted  an  a])]iropriation  of  £3.000  I'or  the  con- 
strnction  of  a  U:vi  on  Mnd  Island.  nc;\y  the  month  of  Schuylkill,  on 
the  site  where  hdrt  Mifllin  was  ,'iftcrw  ,ird  Imilt.  This  ]ieriod  passed, 
however,  withont  serious  results.  .\  ))eace  was  .soon  arranged  .and  the 
people  of  l'ennsylvani;i  h;id  only  to  give  .attention  to  the  increasing  un- 
easiness of  the  western  Indians  who  hovered  on  the  borders  and  evi- 
dently were  planning  an  outbreak. 

Xotwithstanding  the  tlisai)])earance  of  the  I'rench  these  tribes  re- 
membered them  with  affection,  and  were  still  disposed  to  wage  war 
upon  the  luiglish.  The  celebrated  I'ontiac,  of  the  Ottawas,  and  Kiya- 
suta.  of  tiie  Senecas,  united  nearly  all  of  these  tribes  in  a  league  against 
the  red-coats,  immediately  after  the  advent  of  the  latter,  and  as  no  such 
confederation  had  been  formed  ,'igainst  the  French,  the  action  must  be 
assigned  to  some  cause  other  than  mere  hatred  of  all  civ  ili/.ed  intruders. 


OF  THE  STATE  01'  PEXXSYLr.-lXLI.  Tl 

In  May,  ij^vl'  ''i<^'  league  sur])risecl  nine  out  of  twelve  English  posts  and 
massacred  their  garrisons.  Detroit,  h'ort  Pitt  and  Xiagara  alone  es- 
caped surprise  and  each  successfullv  resisted  a  siege,  in  which  branch 
of  war  the  Indians  were  almost  certain  to  fail.  Venango,  LeBoeuf 
and  Presque  Isle,  with  the  chain  of  stockades  west  of  the  Ohio,  fell  he- 
fore  the  merciless  attack  of  the  savages. 

The  ravages  of  the  Indians  called  for  prompt  action  on  the'part 
of  the  authorities  to  suppress  them.  About  the  last  of  .\ugust  the 
Lancaster  county  volunteers  met  and  defeated  a  party  of  savages  at 
JMuncey  Creek  hill.  About  the  s;une  time  Colonel  .\rmstrong  with  three 
hundred  volunteers  destroyed  two  Indian  villages  and  drove  their  occu- 
pants from  the  regiim.  Colonel  Boquet  with  about  five  hundred  regi- 
mental soldiers,  and  six  companies  of  Lancaster  and  Cumlierland  county 
rangers,  about  two  thousand  in  all,  was  sent  to  the  relief  of  P'ort  Pitt. 
While  working  his  way  through  the  rough  country  he  drove  the  Indians 
from  Fort  Ligonier  and  then  set  out  to  Fort  Bedford,  where  his  arrival 
was  welcomed  b\'  the  distressed  families  gathered  there.  The  relief  of 
Fort  Pitt  was  more  diflicult,  for  Roquet  was  to  give  battle  to  a  strong 
force  of  sa\ages  and  overcome  Indian  cunning  with  jirovincial  strategy. 
This  he  did,  but  with  a  loss  of  about  fifty  of  his  own  men.  In  a  fierce 
battle  he  defeated  the  besieging  party  and  drove  them  bevond  the  Ohio 
river,  but  as  one  l)li>ckhonse  or  settlement  was  relieved  another  would 
be  attacked  until  the  entire  western  portion  of  the  pro\ince  seemed  com- 
pletely overrun  with  murderous  bands  of  savages.  The  assembly  was 
slow  to  act  and  by  its  delay  many  lives  were  lost  and  much  property 
was  destroyed. 

The  situation  at  length  became  desperate,  and  in  each  countv  men 
were  compelled  to  organize  themsehes  into  companies  for  the  defense 
of  their  homes  and  li\es.    All  appeals  to  the  assembly  and  the  projirietary 


7'2      coMPn\'nir}t  or  nisTOh-v  .i\n  c:r.\r..u.ocv 

hail  been  in  vain.  General  Anilier'^t's  rehnke  and  severe  criticism  upon 
that  l)0(lv  was  \vaste<l  trntli  I"ur  two  inn^-  years  the  "especial  wards" 
ui  llie  Quakers  were  penuitled  td  maiu  ruthlessly  M\er  the  territory  and 
wreak  venj^jeance  upon  defenseless  homes  without  one  action  on  the  jiart 
of  the  provincial  jjnvernment.  exce])t  a  stream  of  cxplanatirms  in  excuse 
for  its  conduct. 

At  last  other  forces  and  powers  were  compelled  to  act  in  the  interest 
of  humanitv.  Generals  Gajje  and  Rratlstreet  were  directed  to  sweep 
the  infested  territory  with  a  force  sufficient  to  carrc  terror  into  the  savage 
heart  and  stav  the  murderous  horde.  In  Au.qust.  17^)4.  Rradstreet's 
armv  proceeded  into  the  western  countr\-  ;uid  hy  :\  show  of  force,  coupled 
with  a  determined  attitude,  and  almost  without  the  discharec  of  a  gun. 
hrought  the  Indians  to  terms.  This  could  hax'e  been  accomi)lished  hy 
the  Peunsvl\-ania  assembly  and  pio])ru'tary  had  there  been  a  concert  of 
action  .nnd  h;n"mony  of  interest  between  them.  It  could  have  been  almost 
done  by  the  Scotch-Frish  inlluence,  the  \olunteer  rangers,  .and  the  fight- 
ing Ciermans.  had  they  been  gi\en  any  encouragement  whate\er  from 
the  powers  in  control;  but  the\'  were  embarrassed,  and  confused,  and 
almost  distracted  by  the  inaction  of  those  who  should  have  been  fore- 
most in  pro\i(ling  means  for  the  jirotection  of  the  ])ro\iuce  and  its 
inhabitants. 

The  suppression  of  P(jutiac"s  league  was  the  cli>sing  of  an  era  in 
the  ci\il  history  of  Penusyl\-ania.  The  people  wh-)  bore  the  burden 
of  war  and  taxation  during  the  preceding  \'ears  had  lost  confidence  in 
their  prdpriet.ary  and  the  assembly:  and  now  that  ])eace  was  restored 
they  began  to  look  for  relief  fn)m  the  oppressions  md  unoti  them  by 
an  unsympathetic  goxcrnment  at  home  and  abro.-td.  The  means  by 
which  this  could  i)e  accomplished  had  not  been  determined,  had  not 
become  visible,  but  it  was  at  hand  within  a   few   years  of  its  develop- 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PEXXSVLJ '.1X1.4.  7?, 

nient  into  org'anisni.  It  bad  hccii  hinted  at  in  the  rnval  instrnctions  for 
provincial  go\ernnient  at  an  earlier  time.  l>nt  m.t  until  the  fall  nt  1764 
did  Great  Britain  oijenly  declare  the  ])(ilicy  which  was  c\entnall\-  to  free 
Pennsylvania  from  proprietary  rule  and  the  "religious  scruples"  of  a 
misguided  assembly  majority. 


COMPENDIUM  OF  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 


CHAPTER  III. 

TrOI'BLES    \\ITII    CON'XKCTICrT. 

After  the  nvertlifow  of  tlie  Frcncli  dominion  in  America,  and  after 
tlie  final  expulsion  of  the  Indians  from  PennsyKani.i  ,is  the  closing 
chapter  in  Pontiac's  war.  the  scttl'^rs  wlm  had  hecn  comijcllcd  to  tlce 
for  safetv  rctnrned  to  their  ahandoned  homes  and  resnmed  the  arts  of 
peace.  Thev  hafl  suffered  much  from  the  recent  distnrhances,  and 
had  much  to  recover.  P.ut  theirs  was  virgin  soil,  and  waited  onl_\'  the 
])aticnt  effort  of  the  hushandman  to  yield  a  ncl".  return  for  his  laters. 
Peace  and  prosperity  seemed  to  prevail  on  every  hand,  and  so  far  as 
their  world  of  domestic  action  was  conccrncii.  no  cloud  dimmed  the 
horizon. 

The  next  few  vears  following;  the  principal  events  referred  to.  wit- 
nessed a  marvelous  growth  in  population  in  the  province,  and  in  that 
time  the  outposts  of  civilized  settlement  were  extended  almost  into  its 
remotest  corners.  From  the  eastward  the  settlers  were  largely  from 
this  province  and  the  lower  counties:  on  the  south  they  came  from  Mary- 
land and  \'irginia.  while  from  the  north  and  northeast  they  came  from 
Xew  \'ork  and  Xew  England.  The  so-called  Connecticut  colony  was 
the  occasion  of  considerahle  disturhance  in  Pennsyl\ania  history  ahout 
this  time,  and  resulted  in  what  was  Unown  as  the  "Pennamite  and  \'ankee 
war." 

It  must  lie  assumed  that  the  contention  of  the  Connecticut  was 
based  on  the  honest  helief  that  the  lands  they  occupied  .and  accpiired 
from  the  Indians  were  a  part  of  Connecticut  territory,  but  at  the  same 
time  they  must  ha\e  known  that  the  lands  were  held  and  claimed  under 


or  TUP.  STATE  OT  PEXXS)- f.r.lM.l.  7.5 

tlie  king's  grant  to  William  Pcnn.  And  they  must  have  known,  also, 
that  ill  order  to  reach  those  lands  the\'  must  cross  the  territory  of  the 
province  of  Xew  "S'ork.  Conflicting  charter  rights  were  causes  of  fre- 
quent contnix'ersy  hetwecn  the  pro\  inces,  and  hr.d  then'  origin  in  the 
want  of  geographical  knowledge  of  tlie  American  continent  on  the  part 
of  the  British  goxcrnment.  ("harters  were  grantcfl  liy  the  king  on  the 
mere  ahstract  understanding  that  America  began  on  the  Atlantic  coast 
and  extended  tlience  west  indefinitely,  terminating  on  the  Pacific  coast. 
The  charter  of  Connecticut,  like  that  of  ^rassachusetts%  mentioned  as  its 
western  hi>undar\'  the  Pacific  r)cean. 

When  these  controversies  arose,  thev  were  usually  settlerl  hy  the 
provinces  themselves,  hut  it  was  not  until  after  tlie  Revolution  that  the 
states  began  looking  carefully  after  their  lunindary  lines.  At  an  earlier 
period,  however,  (."onnecticut  had  a  houndarv  dispute  with  Massachu- 
setts, and  als(T  with  Xew  ^'ork.  It  appeared  unreasonable  to  her  pro- 
prietors that  the  territory  could  he  so  limited,  while  that  of  neighboring 
provinces  was  so  great,  and  some  of  her  inhahilants  sought  to  extend 
the  Connecticut  ]xissessions  by  crossing  over  Xew  York  territory  and 
taking  \\]i  lands  in  Pennsylvania.  They  did  this  with  knowledge  of 
Penn's  charter,  hut  the  pr<]prictary  of  this  i^roxince  was  not  consulted 
in  the  proceedings.  Their  only  justification  lav  in  the  fact  that  the  Con- 
necticut charter  antedated  that  of  Pennsylvania.  The  smith  l>oiindary  of 
Connecticut,  under  the  charter,  began  at  the  nvnitli  of  Xarragan.sett  bay 
and  extended  thence  in  a  straight  line  west  to  the  Pacific  ocean.  The 
north  I)oundar\-  fixed  in  Penn's  charter  itf  Pennsvlvania  was  the  fi^rtv- 
second  degree  of  latitude.  The  former,  erctcnded  \vest.  would  have 
entered  Pennsyhania  near  Strondshnrg  and  crossed  the  Susquehanna  at 
Bloomsburg. 

As  early  as  1753,  an  association  of  Xew  Englanders  (chiefly  from 


Tf.      CDMpr.xnirM  or  history  axd  cexrai-Ogy 

Connecticut)  cal'cd  the  Sus(|iicli.inn;i  Cunipanx.  was  furnicil  I'di'  the 
jiurpiisc  I  if  jilanlini;  a  culnny  in  I 'onnsyl\-ania  "cnilc  )ry,  tlicn  claimed 
as  a  \y,w\  nf  ( 'i  mnccticnt.  In  '754  'I'c  C(ini])any  ]inrcliascil  rvMin  ilie  Six 
Nations  all  the  lands  cm  the  Sns(|nehanna  mirth  if  the  I'.hie  nmnntains. 
a  reg^inn  known  as  the  Wvomint;  \alle\'.  now  ime  "f  the  most  deliijhtfnl 
and  liistoric  localities  of  this  state.  Xatnrnlly.  the  pi''  inietovs  of  I'enn- 
svK.'uiia  exclaimeil  a,i;ain-t  this  nnwarranlcd  imrchasi^  of  their  lands, 
and  the  methods  ado])ted  to  sccr.re  tlieni.  lint  the  iimtesl  was  not  vigor- 
nnslv  nr^ed.  fidm  the  fact  that  the  conference  at  .\lhan\-.  where  the 
])nrchase  was  made,  had  heen  called  to  effect  a  nninii  'A  the  cnldnies 
against  the  I'rench,  and  the  Pennsylvania  delegates  were  nnwillini^;  to 
intro(hK-e  jir^  iprietary  orievances  as  a  suhject  ol  discussinn  on  that  oc- 
casion. 

Dnring-  the  latter  p:nn  of  the  hrench  an<l  I'.nt^lish  war.  a  colony  of 
Connecticnt  settlers  jilantcd  themselves  in  the  Wynmin;^-  valley,  cleared 
some  of  the  land  and  sowed  it  with  wheat.  In  the  winter  they  relnrned 
t(i  the  cast,  lint  came  again  in  increased  nnmhers  in  the  sjirint;'  of  i/f^i.^ 
The  Xorthampton  coinit\'  iiiyuials  ]irciiested  as^ainst  the  intrnsinn.  lint 
withcint  effect,  and  settlements  were  funnded  at  Wilkesilarrc  Kingsti  in, 
l'l\ni(inth.  and  I  lanover.  I  lowe\er.  in  ()ctiil)er  f<illiiwiny  the  Indians 
fell  upon  the  settlements  and  killed  aliout  twenty  of  their  inhahitants. 
Of  those  who  escaped  many  retmaied  to  Connecticut  and  a  few  fomid 
refuge  in  Xew  ^"l  irk. 

Tn  1/68  the  pi'djirietors  of  Pennsylvania  inn'chased  fiMm  the  .Six 
Xatiiins  at  a  treaty  held  at  j-'urt  Stanwi.x,  a  large  tract  of  land,  includ- 
ing the  \\'vomin,g  \alle\'  and  the  territory  recenth'  held  h\'  the  Susque- 
hanna CdUipany.  They  then  laid  nut  twn  manors,  one  on  each  side  of  the 
ri\er.  and  otherwise  slrengtliened  their  right  to  possession.  In  the 
early   part   (jf    1769   the  Yankees,    turty    in   nnmher,    relnrned    to   claim 


nr  Tim  state  of  pewsyij-axia.  77 

their  lands.  Tliey  settled  at  Kingstun,  and  Imilt  "I'orty  Vorx"  (so  named 
in  allusion  to  their  own  uuniher)  as  a  measure  of  protection.  In  Octo- 
ber following  they  were  arrested  as  trespassers  by  the  sherifi"  of  Xorth- 
anipton  count),  and  were  placed  in  the  jail  at  Easton.  This  precipitated 
a  war  between  the  claimants  under  Connecticut  and  those  who  were 
sent  to  occu|)\'  the  land  under  PennsyKania  titles,  h'orts  and  blockhouses 
were  built,  ])ersonal  encounters  were  fre(|uent,  and  loud  "wars  (jf  words'" 
were  of  almost  daily  occurrence.  The  Connecticut  settlers  had  organ- 
ized a  ci\il  go\ernment  of  their  own,  made  laws,  and  chosen  juclges  and 
other  officers.  It  is  said  that  they  ultimately  intended  to  form  an  inde- 
pendent colony,  but  finding  themsehes  unable  to  cope  with  the  superior 
force  of  PennsyKania  in.  1774,  they  attached  their  territory  to  Litchfield 
county  in  Connecticut  as  the  town  of  W'estmoreland, 

Thus  this  embryo  warfare  up  in  the  now  peaceful  vallev  of  the 
Susquehanna  was  waged  with  considerable  energ\-  on  both  sides  until 
the  greater  struggle  for  American  independence  temjjorarily  put  an  end 
to  the  contest.  The  "N'ankees  had  proved  their  (nudity  in  holding  their 
lands  against  greater  odds,  and  when  the  storm  of  the  Rcxolution  was 
about  to  break,  they  held  a  public  meeting  and  declared  "ihat  we  will 
unanimousl}-  join  our  brethren  of  .\merica  in  the  common  cause  of  de- 
fending our  lil)erty."  Two  companies  of  good  fighting  men  were  raised 
in  Wyoming  \  alley  and  joined  the  continental  ariiiy  as  pai't  of  the  Con- 
necticut  line. 

.\t  the  close  of  the  war  the  trouble  was  renewed  with  increased 
vigor  on  both  sides,  and  the  feuil  became  luore  bitter  ami  widespread 
through  the  greater  number  of  ])ersons  invohed  in  it.  llowexer,  the 
contestaiUs  no  longer  h;td  a  ])ro])rietar\'  go\ernment  with  which  to  deal. 
Penns)l\ania  h.id  become  a  state,  one  of  the  states  of  the  federal  union, 
;uid  although   in\ol\-ed   in  a   serious  struggle  herself,   lawlessness  could 


T8        COMPEXDfCM  OP  HISTORY  AXD  GEXEALOGV 

not  be  tolerated  within  lier  InJideis  TIk-  fcileral  t^nvcrmiK'nt  was  ap- 
pealed to.  and  Congress  referred  the  matter  to  a  commission  apixunted 
for  that  i)nrpose.  It  met  at  Trcnti'n  in  178J  and  after  a  (lela\'  of  live 
weeks  decided  against  the  claims  of  Connecticut  and  tlie  settlers  under 
that  jurisdiction. 

rile  change  in  jiuisdiction  was  salislactor\-  to  the  settlers,  l^ut 
when  the  I'cnnsyhania  authorities  attempted  to  e\ict  them  aiul  enforce 
preem])tion  rights  another  outbreak  followed  of  a  character  so  serious 
that  the  militia  was  (jrdercd  out  to  sujjpress  it.  llowc\cr.  in  1799.  after 
almost  forty  years  of  disturbance,  strife  and  disorder,  the  matter  was 
amicably  adjusted.  Ihe  C<innccticut  claimants  were  (juieted  in  their 
possession  on  the  ])aymcnt  of  a  small  ])rice  i)er  acre  for  their  lands. 
or  in  case  they  were  compelled  to  yield  possession  other  huuls  of  c(pial 
\alue  were  given  them  in  e.xchange. 


OF  THE. STATE  OF  PEXXSVLJ'AXIA. 


CHAPTER  IV. 

The  Period  of  the  Revohtion. 
The  policy  and  practice  ct  taking  tlie  American  colonies  hy  the 
nKither  conntrv  reall\-  hegan  almost  as  far  hack  as  the  time  of  the  o\-er- 
throw  i)f  the  Dutch  power,  for  it  seems  to  have  heen  the  crown's  de- 
terminatif>n  to  mak'c  the  colonies  self-supp<ii'tin.t;'  withont  any  hnrden 
whatever  upon  the  JKjme  goxernment.  The  hurden  of  debt  u])on  (ireat 
Britain  was.  of  course.  \er\'  heav\'.  l>ut  it  had  iieen  chiefly  created  hy 
wars  in  which  she  had  engaged  on  her  own  side  of  the  Atlantic.  The 
])ortion.  ho\ve\er.  incui'red  hv  wars  on  this  side  slie  proposed  should  be 
paid  l)v  the  colonies  alone,  notwithstanding  the  vast  increase  in  her 
domain  as  their  resnlt.  lUit  the  time  at  length  arrived  when  lame  sub- 
mission to  the  measures  ])roposed  could  no  longer  be  endured.  The 
colonies  themselves  were  heavily  burdened  with  the  c.\i>enses  of  the 
French  wars,  vet  almost  l)efore  the  smoke  of  battle  had  cleared  away 
the  ministry  began  devising  means  to  tax  tiieni  without  the  bare  foniial- 
ity  of  asking  their  consent. 

In  1764  a  proposition  was  submitted  in  the  Commons  for  raising 
ly  rcxenue  in  the  colonies  h_\-  the  sale  of  stanijjs  and  a  liill  to  that  effect 
was  ])assed  in  March,  \j('^.  It  was  bitterly  denounced  in  the  colonies, 
especially  in  Philadelphia.  Xew  ^'ork  and  I  Boston,  and  the  Sons  of 
Liberty  were  organized  to  oppose  it.  So  great  was  the  pojjular  indig- 
nation that  parliament  finally  repealed  the  act.  but  in  its  stead  were 
enacted  other  oppressive  laws,  une  of  which  re(|uired  the  colonies  to 
pay   for  the  sup^wrt  of  the   British   soldiery    in   Xew    York   City,   and 


80        COMPEXDICM  OF  IIISTORV  AND  GEXEALOGV 

when  the  i>ni\incc  ni  Xew  \'(irk  refused  to  c<ini])ly  with  llic  i)rovisioiis 
(if  tlic  act.  parhaiiieiit  in  retaliation  anuullecl  its  legislative  iiowers. 

Dr.  l'"raiiklin  was  in  l-jiiiland  when  the  faninus  "Stanii)  .\ct"  was 
under  ennsideratioii.  and  l.ahured  with  all  his  nii.^ht  and  intluence.  hut 
in  \ain.  to  ])revent  its  passage.  After  the  hill  heeanie  a  law  l'"rauklin 
said.  "England  was  ])n>\()ke(l  by  .\nieriean  claims  ui  independence  and 
all  parties  joined  in  resoKing  hv  this  act  to  settle  that  point":  hut  it 
may  he  remarked  here,  casually  jjcrhaps.  that  inasmuch  as  the  colonies 
were  not  a  party  to  the  resolution  the\'  did  not  feel  hound  l)v  its  pro- 
visions, hence  the  re\()lutiouar\-  spirit  so  early  and  so  unmistakably 
manifested  iu  oiijxisitiou  to  the  enforced  doctrine  ot  "ta.xation  without 
representation." 

.\hout  the  same  time.  l''rankliu  in  a  letter  to  Charles  Thomson 
said:  "The  sun  of  lihert_\-  is  set:  you  must  light  up  the  candles  of  in- 
dustry and  economw"  hy  which  assertion  the  great  economist  gave  to 
Philadelphia  an  intimation  that  their  op])osition  to  the  odious  acts 
of  ]jarliameut  must  he  shown  iu  the  jiraciice  of  domestic  frugality  and 
as  far  as  possible  in  refusing  the  use  of  any  other  than  domestic  manu- 
factures. 'i"he  letter  undoubtedly  w.is  written  after  the  re])eal  of  the 
s<an)])  act  (March  iS,  1766),  and  after  the  passage  of  the  "declaratory 
act."  which  .'illirmed  the  parliamentary  right  "to  bind  the  cokiuies  in  all 
cases  whatsoever."  lUit  e\en  this  measure  did  not  ha\e  the  elTect  to 
carry  dismav  and  a  s])irit  of  ipiiet  subuussion  into  the  hearts  of  the 
-\mericans:  they  had  for  _\ears  battled  against  adversity  as  well  as  armed 
foes,  and  the  attemjited  enforcement  of  unjust  ami  .arbitrary  laws  of 
taxation,  while  annoying,  was  not  difficult  to  overcome. 

When  the  news  of  the  stani])  act  reached  America,  the  authorities 
of  the  several  colonies  were  natur;illy  drawn  closer  together,  feeling 
their  need   of  united   and   harmonious  action.      It   was   then   that   J<»hn 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  81 

Dickinson,  of  Pliiladelpliia,  prepared  wliat  afterward  was  known  as  llie 
first  "American  Bill  of  Rights."  In  the  city  and  tlnonghont  the  popu- 
lous jxij'ts  of  Pcnns\l\ania  the  Sons  of  Liljerty  exerted  their  influence 
iri  opposition  to  the  ])ro\isions  of  the  stamp  act.  The  same  means  were 
adopted  in  the  other  proA  inces,  and  hy  them  all  jieopie  were  urged 
to  unite  in  opposing  the  burdens  put  upon  them  hy  the  mother  country. 
When  the  act  was  finally  rejiealed  Franklin  was  instrumental  in  ac- 
complishing that  lesult.  hut  he  cautioned  the  jieople  in  the  colonies  "not 
to  be  too  demonstratixe,  lest   l-'ngland  take  offense." 

The  re^ieal  of  the  stam]!  act  was  welcomed  h\-  the  colonies,  cspeci- 
allx-  in  Roston.  Xcw  \o\k  and  Philadelphia:  but  iMigland  was  not  in- 
clined to  let  her  .\nierican  dependencies  esca])e  without  taxation.  In 
i7f)7  anoiher  hill  imposed  a  dut\'  on  wine.  tea.  oil.  glass,  lead,  paper  and 
]ainters'  colors  ini]jorted  into  the  colonies,  which  so  aroused  indignation 
tliat  organizations  were  formed  to  o])pose  the  measure.  In  Pliiladelpliia 
non-im])ortati<in  agreements  were  accepted  In-  the  merchants,  and  pro- 
tests were  sent  to  the  king  and  to  iiarliament.  At  the  same  time,  John 
Dickinson  stirred  the  people,  and  especiallv  the  farmers,  with  the  "sim- 
ple an<i  irresistible  logic"  of  his  "Letters  of  a  PennsyKani.a  I'armcr." 
These  were  circulated  throughout  the  colonies,  from  Xew  Hampshire 
to  Georgia,  and  had  much  to  do  with  artnising  a  sentiment  of  opposi- 
tion to  the  duties.  At  a  i  uhlic  meeting  in  Boston  such  prominent  charac- 
ters in  revoluti(jnary  history  as  Hancock,  Adams,  Warren  and  otiiers  were 
appointed  a  committee  to  do  honor  to  Dickinson,  and  salute  "the  Farmer 
as  the  friend  of  .\mericans  and  the  common  benefactor  of  mankind." 

In  cousecjuence  of  the  opiwsition  to  the  "duties  act"  commercial  in- 
terests in  London  suffered  serious  losses,  aiul  to  relie\e  ihcm,  rather  than 
tilt  colonies,  in  177(1  the  tax  was  aliated  on  all  cnmmodiiies  except  tea. 
which  was  taxed  at  three  ijence  per  pound.     The  modified  bill  found 


R2        COMPENDIUM  OF  lUSTORY  ASD  GENEALOGY 

little  favor  in  tlie  colonics,  and  the  faninus  "Boston  Tea  I 'arty"  so 
offended  tlie  I'iriiisli  t;(i\ernnient  tlial  the  liarhnr  ot'  tliat  eity  was  closed. 
In  IVnns_\!\ania  tlic  tea-laden  ships  did  not  .^et  into' the  harhnr.  ha\'ini^ 
heen  met  at  (iloncester  Point  by  a  eoniinittee  t'rcMn  a  mass  meeting  (if 
eight  thonsand  indignant  eiti'zens,  who  warned  them  n<it  tu  cmne  ne;ner 
the  citv.  The  ea])tain  in\  estigated.  and  ])rndently  decided  nut  to  enter 
the  harhor   and   atlem|)t   to  land   his  cargo. 

When  the  I>riiish  ministr_\-,  excited  h\  the  action  of  the  fioston  lea 
Part}-,  retaliated  upon  the  Xew  luiglaaid.ers  by  cl<ising  the  ports  of  Bos- 
ton, the  .action  aroused  general  indign.ition.  .and  was  the  occasion  of 
jiublic  meetings,  resulting  in  the  assembling  of  the  first  "Conlinent.al 
Congress."  The  \  irginia  assembly  passed  a  resolution  setting  apart 
the  day  on  which  the  lioston  Port  I'.ill  \v;is  to  go  into  effect  as  a  day 
of  "fasting,  humiliation  and  pr.ayer."  \'irgini:i.  too.  h;id  been  deprived 
of  her  lil)erties,  and.  like  .Mass.achusetts,  had  been  made  to  feel  the 
oppressor's  rod;  therefore,  she  fullv  s\  nii)athized  with  the  distressed 
Yankees,  "and  was  ripe  for  united  effort  to  regain  what  she  had  lost." 

New  York  felt  the  hea\\'  h.and  m  .i  different  way.  ller  legis- 
lali\e  ])owers  were  annulled,  but  the  represent;iti\cs  gave  little  heed  to 
the  roval  injimction.  and  that  notwithst.anding  the  fact  th.it  Xew  York 
was  a  royal  pro\inee.  its  go\ernor  being  the  mere  creature  of  the  king. 
while  the  councillors  were  the  obedient  followers  of  the  e\eciui\e.  On 
the  other  hand.  Pennsylvania  was  a  ])roi)rielar\  ,go\enimeiU.  with  charter 
jirivileges  more  liberal  than  almost  any  other  i)ro\ince.  and  was  there- 
fore (subject  to  the  caprices  of  her  exccutixe  and  assembly)  compara- 
tively exemjjt  from  the  ills  of  government  that  bore  so  heavily  elsewhere. 
As  a  result,  when  the  first  stei)s  were  taken  to  resist  the  mother  coiuitrv. 
a  conservative  sentiment  was  manifesteil  b\-  ;i  stron.g  element  of  her 
)ieople;  but  it  was  a  modified  and  much  tempered  form  of  the  influential 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PEXKSYLVANIA.  83 

u!tra-conser\;iti\e  element  that  duniiiiated  tiie  |)'ilicy  and  the  <^'>\-eninient 
of  Pennsyl\ania  from  tlie  fnuiuhns  "f  the  cnluiiy  U)  the  time  when 
tlic  majiiritv  in  tlie  as^en;bly  was  reduced  to  niinoritx-  at  the  suggestion 
(if  tlie  priiprietary. 

In  Pcnnsvhania  tliere  was  no  laci<  eitlier  of  loxaltv  or  patri(jtism 
at  tliis  time.  In  the  great  city  of  Pliiladelpliia  tlicrc  hved  tlie  strongest 
minds  rnu!  characters  the  country  could  then  boast,  and  naturally  the 
people  (jf  other  colonies  turned  in  that  direction  for  suggestion,  advice 
and  guidance  during  the  \ears  iiuniediately  preceding  the  Revolution 
and  during  the  struggle  for  independence  which  followed.  Xext  to 
Virginia,  and  equal  to  Massachusetts,  in  poijulation,  it  was  important 
that  Pennsylvania  answer  prom])tly  and  unreservedly  the  appeals  which 
came  from  the  princi])al  cit}-  of  Xew  England,  "that,  if  the  other  colonies 
would  unite  with  them  to  sto])  all  imiHirtation  from  (ireat  Britain  and 
the  West  Indies  until  that  act  should  he  repealed,  it  would  pro\e  the 
salvatirin  of  Xorth  America  and  her  liberties:  but  should  they  continue 
their  exports  and  imjxirts.  there  was  reason  to  fear  that  fraud.  ]>o\ver. 
and  the  most  odious  o])]iression  would  i)re\ail  o\er  justice,  right,  social 
li.-i|)])iness.  and  freedom." 

Out  of  this  ajipeal  grew  the  suggestion  for  the  first  provincial 
congress,  and  Phil.-idelphia  was  chosen  as  the  place  of  meeting.  The 
situation  was  both  interesting  and  serious.  In  May.  1774.  Paul  Revere 
visited  PIiiladel])hia  to  discuss  a  plan  of  action,  and  was  received  by 
Jo.sei)h  Reed.  Thomas  Mil^lin  anrl  Charles  Thou\son.  The  next  day  a 
public  meeting  w'as  held,  and  addresses  were  made  by  Reed.  Miftlin. 
Thom.son  and  Dickinson.  Dr.  William  Smith,  provost  of  Philadelphia 
Orllege.  prejjarcd  a  letter  to  be  taken  by  Revere  to  Boston,  and  accom- 
panying it  were  resolutions  defending  the  right  of  the  colonies  "to  give 
and  grant  their  own  money  through  their  own  assemblies:"  denouncing 


^*   COMPENDIUM  01-  insrORY  AM)  GENEALOGY 

the  Boston  Port  Bill,  iiiul  expressing  synii)atliy  witli  distressed  Massa- 
iluisetts,  and  recommending  a  colonial  congress. 

In  tlie  meantime  the  Sons  of  Lihertx-  and  their  co-workers  in 
I'hiladclpliia  were  not  idle.  Ivarly  in  June  the  "cdmmittee  of  cor- 
respondence" sent  a  circular  to  citizens  in  all  the  counties  (H  the 
province  in  order  "to  take  the  sentiments  of  the  inhabitants."  and  to  in- 
vite the  attendance  of  delegates  from  each  at  a  meeting  to  be  held  at  the 
state  hoiise  in  Philadelphia.  In  piuMiance  of  the  suggestions,  meetings 
were  lield  in  e\ery  part  of  the  province.  esj)eciall}'  in  the  middle  and 
western  counties,  where  the  Scotch-Trish  were  most  active.  Deputies 
were  cho.'^en  from  every  district  to  attend  a  general  meeting  in  Phila- 
delphia on  Jnl\-  15.  Hie  meeting  was  held  on  the  day  app<jinted,  and 
was  the  finst  assemblage  of  its  kind  in  PennsyKania.  li\ery  cfnmty 
was  represented,  and  reports  indicate  entire  unanimity  in  the  proceedings 
;'nd  resokitions  adopted. 

Tlie  convention  acknowledged  allegiance  to  his  Britannic  majesty 
George  the  Third;  \ie\ved  the  unhappy  differences  between  Great  I'ritain 
.nxl  the  colonies  with  deejj  tlistress  and  anxietv;  exjiressed  a  ilesire  for 
a  restoration  of  harmony  with  tlie  mother  country;  declared  that  the 
cokjnists  were  entitle<l  to  the  same  rights  and  liberties  as  subjects  born 
ir,  luigland  are  entitled  to  within  that  realm:  denied  with  emphasis 
the  right  of  parliament  to  bind  the  colonies  "in  all  cases  whatsoever," 
the  attempt  to  do  which  was  tlie  "source  of  these  unha]>py  differences;" 
declared  the  act  of  parliament  in  closing  the  port  of  Boston  to  l)e  un- 
constitutional, oppressive  and  dangerous;  declared  the  bill  for  altering 
the  administration  of  crin)inal  justice  in  Massachusetts  t(;  be  oppressive, 
dangerous  and  unconstitutional,  as  well  as  the  bill  for  changing  the  con- 
stitution of  that  ])rovince;  declared  the  necessity  for  a  congress  of 
deputies  from  the  several  colonies  to  consult  upon  and  form  a  plan  of 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  FEXXS)' I.J-AXLi.  85 

conduct  to  Ijc  observed  by  all  of  them,  "tor  tlie  purpose  of  procuring 
relief  for  our  grievances,  preventing  future  dissensions,  firml\'  estab- 
lisliing  oiu'  rights,  and  restoring  harmony  between  Great  Britain  and  her 
colonies  on  a  constitutional  foundation ;"  acknowledged  that  a  suspen- 
sion of  commerce  with  (ireat  Britain  would  distress  multitudes  of  in- 
habitants, and  expressed  the  hope  that  the  remonstrance  of  the  jieople 
might  not  longer  be  treated  with  contempt,  and  desired  that  the  pro- 
prosed  congress  should  first  adopt  a  pacific  mode  of  stating  grievances, 
and  make  a  "lirm  and  tleccnt  claim  of  redress;"  promised  to  join  with 
the  other  colonies  in  such  an  association  of  non-importation  from  and 
non-exix)rtation  to  (Ireat  Britain,  as  should  lie  agreed  on  at  the  con- 
gress; declared  for  an  obedience  to  the  requirements  of  the  congress; 
and  declared  themselves  in  favor  of  instructions  to  the  representatives 
to  soon  meet  in  assembly,  and  request  them  to  apjxiint  a  number  of 
persons  to  attend  a  congress  of  deputies  from  the  se\eral  colonies. 

The  deputies  appointed  John  Dickinson,  Dr.  William  Smith, 
Joseph  Reed,  John  Kidd.  F.lisha  Price,  William  .\tlee.  James  Smith, 
James  W'iLson,  Daniel  Brodhead,  John  Oakley  anfl  William  Scull  a  com- 
mittee to  prepare  a  draft  of  instructions.  Dickinson  acted  as  chairman, 
;ind  was  the  author  of  the  instructions,  which  reafifirmed  and  elaborated 
the  principles  advocated  in  the  resolutions,  and  expressed  the  hope  that 
the  congress  would  be  guided  by  prudent  and  determined  action.  Dick- 
inson, Kecd  and  Thomson  were  appointed  to  communicate  to  the 
neighboring  colonies  the  resolves  and  instructions  adopted  bv  the  dep- 
uties. The  committee  for  the  city  and  county  of  Philadelphia,  or  any 
fifteen  of  its  number,  was  constituteil  a  committee  of  correspondence 
for  the  general   committee  of   the  province. 

In  response  tii  the  instructions,  the  assembly  appointed  loseph 
Galloway,    Daniel    Rhoades,    Thomas    Mifflin    and    John    Dickinson,    of 


sti      coMrr.xnifM  nr  iiistorv  .ixn  cnxn.u.ocv 

Philadelpliia ;  Jolni  Mditnii,  of  Chester;  Cliarles  lliiinphreys,  of  Hav- 
ertiml;  (ieoroe  Ross,  of  Lancaster,  and  lulward  Iliddle.  df  Reading, 
as  delegates  to  attend  tlie  congress  of  deputies  from  tlie  several  colnnies. 
These  men  were  chosen  to  represent  Pennsylvania  in  what  has  ever 
been  known  as  the  "I'^irst  Continental  Congress,"  whose  sessions  were 
held  in  Carpenter's  llall.'''  Philadelphia,  from  September  5  to  Octnl)cr 
26,  1774.  Dickinson  was  the  leading  spirit  of  the  congress,  and  of  six 
papers  prepared  and  taken  into  consideration,  he  was  the  originator  of 
two — the  ])etition  to  the  king,  and  the  adflrcss  to  the  people  of  Cana<la. 
Calloway,  too,  was  a  conspicuous  figure,  but  n(^t  on  the  popular  side, 
lie  is  charged  by  Bancroft  with  having  "acted  as  a  volunteer  s])y  for 
the  British  government."  .\fter  two  days  of  prehniinary  work,  the  con- 
gress was  opened  with  prayei-  bv  Rev.  Jacob  Duche,  rector  of  Christ 
church,  and  fust  cha])lain  of  tlie  second  congress.  The  real  work  of 
.  the  congress  was  then  begun,  and.  ha\ing  adopted  a  declaratinn  of 
rights,  it  added  a  petition  tn  the  king,  and  an  ai)i)eal  to  the  pco])le  of 
^reat  Britain  and  Canada. 

,  The  proceedings  and  dctcrniinatidu  nf  the  congress  were  not  fully 
sustained  in  rdl  the  colonies.  The  Xew  ^'ork  asseml)ly  declined  to 
sanction  them,  and  in  their  stead  ad<lressed  a  remonstrance  to  parlia- 
ment, which  was  treated  with  disdain.  In  I'ennsylvani.'i  the  ])roceedings 
were   unanimously    adopted    bv    the    assembly,    ami    thus    the    i)rovince 


*Carpeiiters'  Hall,  in  Philadelpliia,  is  still  standing,  and  is  one  of  the  most  historic 
buildings  in  the  city.  It  was  erected  in  1770  by  the  Carpenters  Company,  an  organiza- 
tion whose  object  was  to  furnish  instruction  in  architecture  and  mcclianical  arts,  and 
assisting  the  widows  and  children  of  poor  members.  .Xftcr  the  tirst  congress  it  was 
occupied  by  various  bodies  representing  the  province,  until  1777.  when  the  British 
troops  took  possession.  Later  on  it  served  as  a  temporary  custom  house,  land  office, 
music  hall,  liouse  of  worship,  schoolhouse,  horse  market,  and  furniture  store.  The 
carpenters  again  took  possession  in  l8.i7.  and  have  since  kept  the  building  open  as  "a 
historic  relic."  It  also  for  a  time  was  occupied  by  the  First  and  Second  National 
banks.  On  account  of  its  early  historic  associations  the  hall  is  frequented  by  many 
visitors,  and  l)y  all  loyal  Philadelphians  it  is  pointed  out  to  strangers  with  pardonable 
pride. 


or  THE  STATE  OE  PEXXSYLl'AMA. 


87 


became  a  member  dI  ibe  association  wbnse  piirjiose  was  to  enforce  the 
provisions  of  tlie  non-inipoitation  agreement,  and  tliat  also  wliicli  de- 
clared against  the  consumption  of  British  goods.  In  J-Tniary,  1775, 
the  second  ])rnvincial  congress  was  assemliled  in  Piiiladelphia,  and  nearly 
every  count \'  was  represented.  Its  cliief  object  was  to  provide  some 
means   for  the  domestic   iiroduction  of  such  commodities  as  had  been 


LIBERTY  BELL. 


previously  im]iortcd  from  luigland.  At  the  same  time  there  was  shown 
a  spirit  of  conciliation,  and  a  desire  to  remain  at  peace  with  the  mother 
co\intry.  if  that  end  ci^uld  be  accomplisheil  witiiout  the  sacritice  of  too 
much  liouor.  and  without  the  surrender  of  the  great  principle  for  which 
the  colonies  were  contending.  This  spirit  was  suggested  in  IVnnsvl- 
\ania"s  instructions  to  the  delegates  to  the  second  continental  congress, 


88      coMrr.xnirM  nr  ihstorv  .ixn  genealogy 

wlio  were  asketl  to  .ulupi  measures  louking  lo  ilie  re>t(iratiijii  uf  ■■union 
and  liarnioiiy  between  (lieat  Britain  and  the  colonies." 

Tlie  nianifesLition  of  tliis  spirit  at  sucli  a  time  could  not  lie  taken 
as  an  evidence  of  weakness  on  the  ])art  of  I'cnnsylvania.  (ialloway"s 
inlluence  was  not  jjowerful  enou.nli  to  accomplish  that  end.  and,  besides, 
in  nearly  all  the  colonies  the  deles^ates  to  the  i)ro\incial  compresses 
fa\ored  a  restoration  of  h.'irmonv  with  the  mother  country  if  such  an 
end  coulil  be  attained  without  qrcat  sacrifice,  bm  not  otherwise.  I'rank- 
lin.  howe\-er,  strenuously  and  with  all  his  mii;ht,  op])osed  an_\'  reconcil- 
iation \\hatc\er,  lie  had  receiuly  returned  froni  .t  ten  \ears"  sojourn 
in  l",ni;laud,  and  was  well  ac(|uainted  with  ])ubhc  >cntiineiu  there,  and 
with  the  stubborn,  mi\ieldiu.t;  spirit  which  actuated  ]>;irliament.  It  was 
the  knowledge  of  what  mij;ht  be  ex])ected  ;it  the  hands  of  Great 
Ihitain.  if  the  colonies  were  inclined  to  yield,  that  impelled  him  to  ex- 
claim: ""Make  yourseb'es  slice]),  and  the  wches  will  devour  you." 
I'lUt  Dickinson,  ecjualh'  lo\al  with  l'r;mKlin,  .nid  jierlh-ips  more  diploniatic 
than  the  l;itter,  favored  a  second  appeal  to  the  kin.n,  and  drafteil  the  peti- 
tion; biU  the  stublxirn  ,'md  offended  (ieor<;e  III  was  "■determini'd  to  listen 
to  nothiuii'  from  the  illet^.'d  con^fess." 

The  second  continental  coii^fess  was  ajipointed  to  be  held  in  riiila- 
delphia.  May  \o,  \JJ'^.  I  he  Pennsylvania  deles^-ates  orit^inally  chosen 
were  Dickinson,  I'.iddle,  Mifllin,  (i.alloway.  Ilumjibreys,  Morton  and 
l^oss.  To  these  were  subse(|uenll_\-  aildcd  l-'raukbn,  Thomiis  W  illiuij 
and  lames  \\  dson.  ( lalloway  was  relieved  from  serxiui;,  at  his  own 
recpiest.  lie  was  too  stroiii^ly  attachcil  to  the  Ibitish  side  of  the  con- 
trovers\'  to  ser\e  with  credit  to  the  ])ro\ince.  and  withdrew  himself 
to  lead  the  tor\'  opposition  to  American  freedom.  (io\ernor  Penn.  too, 
was  now  in  a  ([uestionable  state  of  mind,  ,'md  hardly  knew  which  way 
tu  turn.     For  some  time  he  held  aloof  from  particiijalicjii  in  public  affairs, 


OP  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYEVANIA.  89 

and  even  retrained  fmni  any  attempt  to  control  the  action  of  the  as- 
sembly; but  when  the  British  gmernment  proposed,  as  a  measure  of 
conciliation,  not  to  tax  the  colonies  proxided  tiiC)-  would  tax  themseh'es 
to  the  satisfaction  of  i^arliament.  which  the  colonies  refused,  he  sent  a 
message  to  the  assembh-  (  Ma\-.  1773)  and  arraved  himself  on  the  side 
of  the  king. 

(^n  June  1  \.  1773.  cungix'ss  restjlved  to  organize  a  continental  army, 
and  in  its  t^rst  le\}-  called  for  "six  companies  of  expert  riflemen  to  1>e 
raised  in  Pennsx  l\ania,  two  in  AIar}'land,  and  t\\o  in  \'irginia.'"  A  few 
da\'s  later  two  more  cimipanies  were  ordered  from  Pennsylvania,  for 
this  ]irovince,  li;i\ing  a  large  ])opulation,  with  diversified  interests  greater 
than  any  nthcr  cnliun",  and  Ijeing.  nuireox'cr,  the  seat  of  such  gox'ernment 
as  the  united  colonies  then  possessed,  was  expected  to  contribute  largely 
and  freely  for  the  cnmmon  defense.  Much  was  expected,  and  much  was 
gi\'en.  Altlmugh  the  assembh'  had  long  withstood  public  demands  and 
tardily  consented  t(i  the  establishment  of  a  military  system,  the  act  for 
that  ]iurp(ise  had  been  passed  nearh-  ten  x'ears  before,  and  now  the 
militi.a  strength  of  the  pmx-ince  was  known.  More  than  that,  se\eral 
years  before  this  time,  when  the  assembly  maiority  refused  to  set  up 
a  military  establishment  in  the  pmxince,  that  splenilid  fighting"  organi- 
/■ation  known  as  the  ".Vssociators,"  or  "Associated  Companies,"  had 
been  brought  into  life.  It  defended  the  province  through  the  trying 
years  of  the  I'rencb  and  English  wars,  and  its  identit}'  was  still  pre- 
-served  at  the  lieginning  of  the  war  for  .\merican  independence.  The 
assembly,  now  in  full  sympathy  with  the  people,  recpiested  the  several 
Counties  to  pro\-ide  arms  and  ecjuipments  fur  this  force. 

The  assembly  also  created  a  conimittee  of  safety,  comprising 
twenty-tive  memliers,  ten  from  the  citv  of  Philadelphia,  four  from  the- 
county,  two  from  Chester,  and  one  from  each  of  the  other  nine  counties. 


^0        COMPEXniCM  OF  niSTORY  ,}\n  GENEALOGY 

I'ranklin  was  iis  pi\---i(lfiit  ami  mu'  ni  ilio  iii'ist  ci iiispicui uis  Hti^ures  in  its 
ii],eraii(jns.  Tlic  cuiiiiiiittee  was  entrusted  witli  tlie  control  of  military 
affairs  in  the  proxince  wlien  the  assembly  was  not  in  session,  and  in 
tliat  capacity  its  lirst  action  was  to  prepare  re.qnlations  for  tiie  associ- 
ators.  The  military  act  recpiired  that  all  able-bodied  m;dc  ])ersons  lie- 
tween  the  ages  of  sixteen  and  lifty  years  sliould  be  subject  to  militia 
duty,  and  that  all  persons  who  were  "scrupulous  of  Ijearing  arms" 
should  Contribute  a  certain  sum  of  money  in  lieu  of  their  service.  There 
were  many  such  persons  in  the  pro\incc  prc\ious  to  the  Revolution,  and 
cccasionall}'  ihev  were  the  source  of  much  annoyance  to  the  aiuhorities. 
Tliey  were  found  chiclly  among  the  Quakers,  the  Mcnnonites,  ;md  the 
( ierman  Baptists. 

In  April,  1775.  the  British  attack  on  Lexington  announced  the  be- 
ginning of  the  Revolution,  and  as  soon  as  the  news  reached  i'hil;i- 
delphia,  the  militia  companies  were  promjitly  in  motion.  So  generous 
was  the  response  to  the  call  that  the  committee  of  safety  found  nine 
companies,  instead  of  eight,  loyal  old  Lancaster  county  having  furnished 
double  the  umnbcr  required  of  it.  Tliese  troops  were  formed  into  a 
batallion.  and  were  commanded  by  Colonel  William  Thompson,  of 
Carlisle.  As  soon  as  each  company  was  supplied  for  the  march  it  set 
out  for  Boston.  The  honor  of  having  been  the  fnst  to  .arrive  at  C.am- 
l.ridge  was  Captain  George  Nagle's  company  of  Berks  county  "Dutch- 
men." In  less  than  sixty  days  from  the  date  of  the  call  for  troops, 
the  Pennsylvania,  Maryland  and  X'irginia  ritlemcn  were  with  (iencral 
Washington,  and  were  tiie  hrst  troi.'ps  called  into  the  continental  army. 
Their  term  of  service  was  for  one  year. 

'J'he  committee  of  safety  of  Rennsylvania  entered  into  the  sjjirit  of 
the  Revolution  with  commendable  zeal,  giving  e\ery  attention  to  the 
affairs  of  its  own  province,  and  by  suggestion  and  advice  guiding  the 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PEXXSYLJ'AXLl.  91 

policy  of  committees  in  oilier  provir.ces,  where  loyalty  was  embarrassed 
bv  an  overpowering  spirit  ot  toryism.  Thus,  at  the  very  l>eginning 
of  the  struggle  this  province  took  a  prominent  station  among  the  united 
cfilonies,  and  PJiiladelphia  came  to  be  looked  upon  as  the  center  of  in- 
fluence and  action,  as  well  as  the  seat  of  government.  The  committee 
of  safetv  was  not  content  with  a  mere  performance  of  dut\'.  Inn  from 
tlie  beginning  nf  its  serx  ice  to  tlie  end,  its  mcmliers  were  constantly 
engaged  forming  plans,  not  only  for  the  defense  of  the  proxince.  but 
that  the  independence  of  all  the  colonies  might  be  achieved  qs  the  result 
of  the  contest.  This  was  Franklin's  ambition,  and  was  hinted  at  by 
him  more  than  twenty  years  before,  although  even  he  had  no  idea  of  the 
turn  in  jM'litical  affairs  which  was  to  follow  the  French  and  Fnglish 
wars. 

The  committee  first  prepared  for  active  operations  by  land,  and 
then,  knowing  full  well  that  CJreat  Britain  would  send  a  powerful  fleet 
of  war  vessels  to  co-opei'ate  with  her  land  forces,  took  measures  to  pro- 
tect Philadelphia  by  constructing  defenses  in  the  Delaware  river.  John 
\\barton  was  commissioned  to  build  the  first  boat,  which  was  namecl 
"Experiment."'  and  was  placed  inider  command  of  Captain  Henry 
Dougherty.  The  second  boat  was  the  Bull  Dog.  from  the  shipyard  of 
Manuel  Fyre.  at  Kensington.  This  was  the  beginning  of  the  Pennsyl- 
\ania  navy,  a  modest  beginning  but  not  less  sure,  and  it  antedated  by 
three  months  the  resolves  of  the  congress  in  regard  to  a  navy. 

.\moiig  the  later  Imats  that  comprised  the  Pennsylvania  flotilla 
there  may  be  recalled  the  names  of  the  I-"ranklin,  C'ongress.  Washington, 
Burke.  Hancock.  Camden,  Effingham,  Ranger,  Dickinson.  Warren, 
and  Chatham.  By  the  middle  of  September  the  na\\-  was  placed  on  a 
permanent  footing,  and  ofikers  and  a  complement  of  men  were  as- 
signed to  each.     This  little  fleet  cost  the  province  £550  for  each  boat. 


92        CO}fPEXDirM  or  HISTORY  .-iXD  GENEALOGY 

I'hcy  were  propelled  with  nars.  am!  armed  witii  two  liowitzers,  besides^ 
several  yiiiis.  pikes  and  muskets.  In  addition  to  the  flotilla  there  were 
built  ten  fire  rafts,  the  object  of  which  in  revolutionary  warfare  was  to 
run  against  and  set  lire  to  the  vessel  of  the  enemy.  In  \JJ(>  this  navy 
was  increased  by  the  addition  of  the  .\rnold  and  Putnam,  floating  bat- 
teries, the  Montgomery,  a  man  of  war,  the  Aetna,  a  fire  sloop,  and  six 
guard  Iwiats.  On  .\ugu,st  i,  IJJ^J.  the  official  reports  showed  the  navy 
ti)  numl»er  Iwenty-.seven  vessels  in  commission  and  a  total  of  seven  hun- 
dred and  sixty-eight  men  in  that  service. 

Having  conii)leted  the  organization  of  the  navy,  attention  was 
given  to  the  further  protection  of  the  city  by  placing  ob.structions  in 
the  river  channel,  erecting  fortifications  and  otherwise  laying  plans 
to  defeat  the  approach  of  the  British  by  w;iy  of  the  Delaware.  These 
precautions  were  wisely  taken,  for  early  in  May.  ijjf^  two  war  vessels, 
the  frigate  Roebuck,  and  the  sloop  of  war  Liverpool,  were  sighted  off 
the  cajjes.  Preparations  were  made  to  meet  them,  the  .\mericans  acting 
on  the  aggressive  by  sailing  down  the  river  within  range  of  the  eneiuy's 
guns,  and  opening  the  cannonade.  The  battle  lasted  from  three  to  four 
hours,  but  no  serious  losses  were  sustained  on  either  side.  With  the 
r.pproach  of  night  l)oth  sides  cease<l  firing,  the  advantage  of  the  day 
being  with  the  Americans,  as  they  took  an  English  l)rig.  During 
the  engagement  the  Roebuck  ran  aground,  and  the  Liverpool  was 
forced  to  anchor  to  co\er  her.  .\t  daybreak  the  next  nmrning  the  battle 
was  renewed  and  so  vigorous  was  the  .\merican  tire  th;it  the  enemy 
beaded  down  the  ri\er  to  the  capes. 

This  was  the  actual  beginning  of  the  Revolution  so  far  as  related 
tc  events  within  this  province.  The  temjx^rary  success  ci{  the  .\meri- 
cans  did  not  inspire  the  congress  with  the  idea  that  in  future  their 
arms  would  gain  an  easy  conquest  of  the  Britisli.     On  the  other  hand 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  SS 

there  still  existed  a  strong  hope  that  peace  would  he  restored  without 
the  dire  distress  of  war;  the  colonies  were  not  well  jjrepared  for  a  pro- 
longed struggle,  and  Great  Britain  herself  would  have  agreed  ui»on  a 
peace  if  she  were  permitted  to  tax  the  pro\inces  at  will.  But  all 
measures  of  conciliation  were  tr)  n')  ])urpose.  notwithstanding  the  ad\ice 
of  some  of  the  most  influential  men  in  the  country. 

In  I'ennsxhania  a  stmng  sentiment  fa\(jred  an  effurt  to  secure  a 
redress  of  grievances,  and  her  delegates  to  the  congress  were  instructed 

to  labor  to  that  end:    hut  the  effort  failed,  and  a  union  of  the  colonies 

J* 

in  tlefense  of  .\merican  liherty  was  the  pre\ailing  sentinx-nt  of  that  body. 
More  than  that,  the  congr-ess.  on  May  15.  urged  that  "the  respective 
as.semblies  and  con\cntions  ai  the  United  Colom'es.  where  no  govern- 
ment suflicicnt  to  the  exigencies  of  their  affairs  has  been  hitherto  estab- 
lished, to  adopt  such  go\erninent  as  shall,  in  the  ojiinion  of  the  repre- 
sentatives of  the  i>eop]e,  l:>est  conduce  to  the  happiness  and  safct}  of  their 
constituents  in  particular,  and  America  in  general." 

In  other  words,  the  true  ])urpose  of  this  reconnncndation  was  to 
set  aside  all  pio])rietary  and  royal  governments  in  .\merica.  Tlie 
measure  was  radical,  and  was  not  acc-epted  graciously  by  the  ])roprietary 
[wrty  in  any  of  the  pni\inces:  but  it  was  necessary,  and  therefore  was 
djine  with  the  determination  that  characterized  the  action  of  the  leaders 
of  public  thought  in  other  important  measures.  If  the  colonies  were 
to  succeed,  and  throw  off  the  British  Noke,  all  things  that  savored  of 
royalty  in  the  provinces  must  be  put  aside.  In  I'cnnsxlvania.  ])erhaps, 
more  than  in  any  other  ]Mdvince,  the  proiirtetar\'  ])art\'  was  in  favor, 
and  when  the  time  came  to  take  away  its  goxernmental  powers  some 
adverse  criticism  followed:  fml  all  ])ersous  saw  the  wisdom  and  neces- 
sity of  the  step,  hence  the  spirit  of  o])iX)sition  soon  di.sap^ieared. 

In  April,  ijjb,  the  a.ssembly,  then  \irtually  controlled  by  the  pro- 


04        COMPENDIUM  OF  HISTORY' AND  GENEALOGY 

|.rii-tarv,  for  the  second  lime  instructed  its  delegates  to  the  <reneral 
congress  not  to  give  tlieir  consent  to  a  diange  in  form  of  government: 
l,ut  on  Mav  15.  congress  recommended  state  governments  in  tlie  colonies 
and  declared  that  all  authority  under  tlie  crown  sh.mld  he  suppressed. 
On  lune  7.  in  the  congress.  Ricliard  llcnrv  i.ee  i)ro|)(ised  tiic  inde- 
|tcndeiicc  of  the  colonies,  and  on  the  next  day  the  I'ennsv  Ixania  assem- 
My  gave  instructions  to  its  delegates  wliich  neither  advised  nor  torhade 
support  of  iliat  measure,  hut  left  the  matter  to  the  "ahility.  i)rudence 
and  integrity"  of  its  repre.senlalives.  Tins  ended  the  inlluence  of  the 
proprietary  asseml)ly.  and  when  the  lime  came  to  organi/.e  a  stale  gov- 
ernment in  conformity  to  the  resolution  of  congress  (May  15).  hy 
memhers  of  an  assembly  "sworn  to  sU])porl  the  king."  tlie  people  wisely 
called  a  provincial  convention  and  accomplished  their  jjurpose  without 
the  help  of  any  of  the  proprietary  party  or  its  followers. 

On  June  14  the  assemhly  adjourned  to  meet  again  in  August,  but 
could  not  a.ssembie  a  quorum,  and  then  adjourned  until  September  23. 
It  inteqxised  a  feeble  remonstrance  against  the  invasion  of  its  preroga- 
tives by  the  provincial  convention,  hut  without  a\ad  or  elfect.  1  he 
^pirit  of  in(lei)endence  was  rampant  throughout  the  stale;  the  declaration 
articles  had  been  passed,  confirmed  and  signed.  ;md  those  (jf  the  old 
])roprictary  who  did  not  ally  themselves  to  tlie  ])arty  of  the  constitution 
and  national  independence,  went  quietly  back  into  the  ranks  of  the  lory 
element.  Some  remained  passive,  quietly  rej<iicing  oxer  American 
reverses,  and  others  openly  gave  assistance  to  the  lirilish  in  the  attempt 
to  suppress  her  "rebellious  subjects."  and  to  coerce  them  inlo  suhmis- 
-sion.  In  July  the  ]K)wers  formerly  vested  in  the  goxcrnor  and  assembly 
were  conferred  on  the  committee  of  safety,  and  that  body,  headed  by 
J'ranklin.  governed  l^ennsyKania  until  M.ircti  'A  the  following  vear. 

While  these  events  of  a  political  character  were  taking  jilacc  in  the 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  96 

history  of  tlie  former  pnjviiice.  otliers  i>f  natidiial  iiiipurtance  and  of 
equal  interest  were  being  enacted  in  Philadelphia,  now  the  seat  of  state 
and  national  governments.  On  July  i.  Lee's  resolutinn  for  independ- 
ence was  considered  by  the  committee  of  the  whole  of  congress.  The 
Pennsyhania  delegates — Franklin.  Dickinson.  IMorris.  \\'ils()n.  Morton. 
Humphreys  and  Willing,  were  divided  in  their  \iews.  ancf  \-oted  against 
its  adoption.  ]-)ickinson  opp(jsed  the  resolution  in  a  speech,  which  is 
said  to  have  been  his  greatest  effort,  but  his  objections  were  based  on 
the  ground  that  the  colonies  were  not  pre])ared  to  defend  independence: 
that  the  time  was  not  yet  ripe  for  such  determined  and.  in  his  opinion, 
dangerous  action.  It  was  not  that  Dickinson  opposed  American  inde- 
pendence; on  the  contrary,  he  faxored  it.  Init  he  f|uestioned  the  pro- 
priety of  open  declaration  at  tiie  time,  when  the  colonies  Avcre  not  \et 
bound  together,  and  the  character  of  government  in  several  of  them  was 
so  different.  Wilson,  who  uncjuestionably  was  the  most  learned  man 
among  the  Pennsylvania  delegates,  ha\ing  a  wide  knowledge  of  history 
and  science  of  government,  had  ])reviously  sided  with  Dickinson's  views, 
but  now  his  attitude  was  changed.  He  favoretl  independence.  These 
twO'  great  figures  inHuenced  their  colleagues,  but  Dickinson  had  the 
greater  following  when  the  resolutions  were  under  discussion  in  com- 
mittee. 

The  Pennsylvania  delegates  were  not  alone  in  not  favoring  the 
resolutions  referred  to.  I3elaware  and  North  Carolina  also  voted 
"nay,"  while  New  York,  whose  delegates  did  not  receive  satisfact<iry 
instructions,  did  not  vote  at  all.  Howexer,  on  the  next  da_\-,  when  the 
resolutions  were  reporteil  by  the  committee  to  congress,  both  Dela- 
ware and  South  Carolina  voted  "a\c."  Pennsylvania,  too,  voted  in  the 
affirmative,  l^ickinson  and  Morris  haxiug  remained  awa\'.  thus  leaxing 
Franklin,  Wilson  and  Morton  a  majority  oi  cine  over  Humphrevs  and 


Pfi        COMPENDIUM  OF  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

Williiit;.  Two  days  later,  on  July  4.  1776.  the  declaration  of  inde- 
jR-iulcncc  was  put  npon  its  passage,  and  received  the  support  of  every 
colony  in  America.  On  July  S.  the  declaration  was  read  in  the  state 
liiiusc  yard,  and  on  the  same  day  the  king's  arms  were  taken  fmm  the 
court  room  and  publicly  Imrned.  The  occasion  was  one  of  great  rejoic- 
ing among  the  people:   the   hell    in    the   state   house   proclainie(l    liberty 


TABLE  ON  WHICH   DKCLAK.\TION  Ol"  INDEPENDENCIi 
WAS  SIGNED. 


throughout  the  land;  hut  that  liberty  was  not  yet  won.  It  was  declared 
by  the  congress  of  united  colonies,  and  must  be  fought  for  on  many 
blood-stained  fields,  and  earned  at  the  cost  of  innumeraljle  hardships, 
untold  sufferings  and  thousands  of  human   lives. 

The  declaration  of  indei)endencc  was  formally  signed  on  .\ugust  J. 
at  which  time  Dickinson.  1  luni])]neys  and  Willing  had  been  succeeded 
in  congress  l)y  other  men,  hence  their  names  do  not  ap])ear  among  the 
signers  from  Pennsylvania  of  that  famous  document.      The  signers  from 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  97 

llie  state  were  lleiijaniin  I'^ranklin.  Ruhert  Munis,  ]^r.  rjenjaiiiin  Rusli. 
.-iiid  Ge<jrs^e  Clyiner,  of  l'liila(lel])liia ;  ( ledrge  Ross,  of  Lancaster;  James 
Smitli,  of  \'ork :  jaiiies  Wilson,  of  Cnnil)erlan(l ;  (jeorge  Taxlor.  of 
Xortlianiptoii ;  ami  John  Morton,  of  L'liester  conntw  Altliough  Dick- 
inson had  I'etircd  from  congress,  lie  1)\'  no  means  disappeared  from 
pntjlic  life.  The  "Articles  of  Confederation"  were  prejjai'ed  by  him. 
and  his  \dicc  and  his  pen  were  de\'oted  to  the  canse  of  his  conntry. 

On  Sejitemlier  jS.  the  con\cntion  of  delegates  adopted  a  state  con- 
stitution, after  lia\ing  been  in  session  sc\eral  weeks.  The  comention 
assembled  in  I'lnladelphia  July  13.  Its  delegates  had  been  previously 
chosen  with  great  care.  I'.ach  member  took  the  test  oath,  and  then  com- 
pleted a  permanent  organization,  with  branklin  as  jjresident.  George 
Ross,  vice-])resi(lent,  and  John  Morris  and  lacob  Garrigues,  secretaries. 
On  July  18  a  committee  was  chosen  "to  make  an  essay  for  a  declaration 
cf  rights  for  tliis  slate."  and  on  Jul)-  _'4  the  same  committee  was  directed 
to  prepare  a  frame  of  go\ernment.  On  the  following  da\  the  coninnttee 
was  enlarged,  and  two  months  later  presented  for  the  approxal  of  the 
conxention  the  first  state  constitution  of   I'ennsybania. 

The  constitution  of  177*)  was  at  best  ;m  imperfect  instrument,  hav- 
ing been  molded  and  cast  b\-  hands  mnrsed  to  work  ol  the  character: 
but  it  was  sul^icient  for  the  time,  and  ga\e  full  Iibert\-  and  protection 
to  those  who  would  obe\'  its  mandates  and  ser\e  the  weltare  of  the  state. 
The  con\ention  discussed  and  [lerfected  the  measures  necessar_\'  to  the 
adoption  of  the  constitution,  and  also,  for  the  time  being,  assumed  su- 
]ireme  autliorit\-  in  the  state,  aijjiointed  a  council  of  safely  to  pertorm 
the  eNecuti\c  duties  of  government.  a]i]>ro\cd  the  declaration  ot  inde- 
I  endence.  and  ai)])ointed  justices  of  the  peace. 

I'ndcr  the  ci 'ustitntion  the  legislative  power  was  vested  in  a  .gen- 
eral  as.scmblv    of    one    house,    elected    annuallv.      The    executive   jjower 


98        COMPESDIVM  OP  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

was  vested  in  a  iircsideiit.  chosen  annually  liy  llic  asscnilily  ami  cmincil, 
by  balifit.  'liie  onnicil  comprised  twelve  nicnihcrs  elected  fnr  a  term 
of  three  vears.  and  was  the  advisory  hod}  to  the  ])resideni.  I'mxisinn 
also  was  made  f<tr  a  council  of  censors,  consisting  of  iwd  ])eisiins  from 
each  city  and  county,  whose  duty  was  to  see  that  the  cnnstitutinnal  pm- 
visions  were  kejjt  invinl.'ite.  An  attempt  to  modify  and  amend  the  con- 
stitution was  made  by  the  assembly  in  1777,  but  the  action  amused 
such  bitter  opposition  that  the  legislature  took  the  fust  oppunumly  lu 
rescind  the  resolution. 

While  the  re])resentatives  of  Pennsylvania  and  of  the  other  states 
were  settling  the  !)erple.\ing  (picstions  of  civil  goxernment,  the  commit- 
tees of  safety  were  engaged  in  the  more  serious   wurk  of  conducting 
military   affairs   and    supplying    the    continental    ,irmy    with    necessary 
troops.     Three  more  battalions  were  sent   from    renusyhania  to  T-ong 
Island,  where,  on  .\ugust  27.  the  Americans  were  defeated  ,ind  com- 
pelled to  evacuate.     On   X<neml)er    i().    b'ort   Washington    w.is   reduced 
by  the  lirilish.  and  Lord  Howe's  armv  was  steadilv  ad\ancing  toward 
the  seat  of  go\ernment  at  Philadelphia.      The  city  was  threatened  and. 
if  defended  successfully,  that  task  must  t";dl  u]>on  men  of  I'cnnsylvani.-i. 
In  the  latter  part  of  Xovemiier  the  assembly  sent  (leneral  .Mifllin  into  the 
interior  counties  to  arouse  the  people  and  increase  the  defensive  forces. 
and  bounties  of  ten  dollars  were  offered  to  each  m.in  who  joined  W.ish- 
ington's  army  before  December  20,  seven   dollars    for  each   enlistment 
before  December  2-,,  and  five  dollars   for  each  enlistment   belore   De- 
cember 30.     By  this  means  the  army  was  increased,  but   Washington 
was  being  slowly  pressed  back  by  a  su])erior   force,   both    in   numbers 
and  equipment,     .\niied  boats  were  sent  to    Trenton  to  assist  in  trans- 
porting the  army  ami  stores  across  the  Delaw^are.  and  before  night  on 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PEXXSYLl'AXIA.  99 

the  26tli.  tlic  entire  ft 'ice,  together  with  a  tliousand  Hessian  prisoners, 
was  safe  on  Pemisx  Kania  soil. 

Tlie  Hessians  were  sent  on  to  Lancaster,  and  W'asliington's  army 
turneij  lnwaid  Philadelpliia.  The  city  now  was  in  a  state  of  ahirni.  and 
fears  were  entertained  that  the  princi])al  nietr(jpoHs  of  the  nation  would 
fall  into  the  hands  of  the  ISritish.  (.ieiieral  Putnam  for  se\'eral  weeks 
had  been  preparing  for  its  defense,  ar.d  e\er\thing  possible  was  done 
in  that  direction:  but  the  fears  of  the  people  were  not  quietetl.  Con- 
gress resohed  not  to  lea\e  the  cit_\-.  but  on  the  \er\-  ne.xt  da_\'  its  niembers 
adjourned  in  haste  to  Baltimore,  .\bout  the  middle  of  December  the 
British  occupied  Trenton,  ami  immediately  threatened  Philadelphia  from 
the  east  side  of  the  river.  W'asliington  planned  an  attack  ui>on  the 
enemy  at  Trenton,  but  owing  to  difficulty  in  crossing  the  ri\er  the  exi)e- 
ilition  failed.  The  council  of  .safety  directed  its  efforts  tow  aril  increas- 
ing the  defensive  fierce,  and  called  upon  all  lnyal  citizens  to  come  to  the 
aid  of  American  liberty.  The  effurt  was  not  in  \ain ;  the  associators 
again  rallied  at  the  call,  and  the  "T'cnnsyKania  line"  was  greatly 
strengthened  and  reinforced. 

So  far  as  the  war  itself  was  concerned,  the  }ear  1776  witnessed 
constant  reverses  for  the  American  arms,  and  the  outlook  fur  the  ne.xt 
year  was  nut  encouraging.  Pennsynania  was  nuw  practically  defending 
her  own  territory,  and  was  contril)uting  more  tiian  her  own  (piuta  of 
men  for  the  continental  army.  In  the  other  colonies  varying  interests 
and  emotions  were  actuating  the  policy  of  the  assemblies,  in  .\'e\v 
York  the  situation  was  peculiar.  It  had  been  the  policy  of  the  .\mer- 
icans  tf>  secure  simply  the  neutrality  uf  the  Indians,  but  their  success 
was  limited  to  the  Oncidas.  The  British  made  undisgui.sed  efforts  to 
unite  all  the  triltes  in  close  alliance  to  the  myal  cause.  Brant,  the  Mo- 
hawk chief,  had  been  taken  to   lingland  .ind   shown  marked   fav^r  by 


KM.      COMPENDIUM  or  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

the  government,  lie  was  empowered  ti>  leiul  all  wli<>  wmilil  lollnw  hini 
against  the  fnmticr  settlements.  One  I'.ritisli  officer  exclaimed;  •'We 
must  let  loose  the  savages  upi  n  the  frontier  of  these  scuundrels  to  in- 
spire terror  and  make  them  suhmit;"  and  faiililiilly  did  they  afterward 
execute   the   tcrrihle  trust. 

Lord  Chatham  hurled  his  bitterest  invective  at;ainst  tliis  inhumanity. 
and  when  in  parliament  it  was  advocated  in  such  words  as  these:  "It  is 
f^erfectlv  justifiable  to  use  all  the  means  that  (iod  and  nature  have  i)ut 
into  our  iiands."  he  indignantly  exclaimed:  "1  know  not  what  idea  that 
lord  mav  entertain  of  (Iod  and  nature,  but  1  do  knnw  tlial  such  abom- 
inable princij.les  are  ecjually  abhorrent  to  religion  and  humanity."  But 
Chatham's  appeals  were  in  \ain.  and  the  secretary  of  war  ((iermain) 
gave  instructions  to  em])lo\-  the  Indians  in  fighting  the  .\mcricans. 

A  council  was  held  in  Montreal  by  the  chiefs  and  warrinrs  of  the 
Six  Nations,  the  Johnsons,  the  I'.mlers.  J'rant  and  others  taking  part. 
and  swearing  fealty  to  the  king.  This  was  the  first  act  in  the  catalogue 
of  slaughter  and  devastation  that  followed.  [ohii  Ihiller  established 
himself  at  Fort  Niagara  and  organized  a  regiment  known  as  lUitlcr's 
Rangers.  Me  and  the  b^hnsons  used  all  their  inlluence  tn  induce  the 
Indians  to  attack  the  .\mericans.  The  Senecas  held  nU  iav  a  time,  but 
the  pros]}ect  of  both  blond  ;ind  P.ritish  gold  was  too  nuich  for  them,  and 
in  1777  they,  in  conimon  with  all  the  nations,  except  the  (Jncidas  and 
Tuscaroras.  made  a  treaty  at  Oswego  and  agreed  to  serve  the  king 
throughout  the  war.  Pennsylvania  was  made  to  feel  the  vengeance  of 
the  blood-thirsty  horde  until  an  outraged  government  rose  uj)  in  its  might 
and  inlbcted  condign  punishment  upon  the  offenders. 

The  year  1777  was  eventful  in  the  civil  and  military  history  of  the 
state.  On  March  4,  under  the  provisions  of  the  constitution,  the  supreme 
executive  council  assumed  its  government.     Thomas  Whart.^n,  Jr.,  was 


OP  THE  STATU  Ol-   I'l-.WSVJJ  .1X1.1. 


101 


elected  president,  hence  was  tlie  chief  cxecutix'e  of  Pennsylvania.  The 
council  of  safet\'  was  dissohed.  and  hrankhn  had  heen  sent  by  con- 
pre.ss  as  one  of  tlu'ee  commissioners  to  enlist  the  assistance  of  France 
against  Great  Britain.  Suhsef|uent  e\-ents  showed  the  success  of  his 
mission. 


BRITISH  FLEET. 


Earh'  in  Jnlv  General  Howe  embarl<cd  his  army  at  Xew  York  for 
the  general  mo\-emcnt  against  I'hiladeliihia.  When  off  the  Delaware 
capes,  he  learned  of  tlie  ohstructinns  and  defenses  ahmg  the  ri\cr,  an<l 
thereupon  proceeded  td  in\ade  l'enns\l\ania  1j\-  wa}'  of  the  Chesapeake, 
landing  his  forces  from  a  pnint  in  r,!k  ri\er.  tifty-fiiur  miles  frnni  IMiila- 
delphia.     Congress,  now   returned    from   Baltimore,  immediately   called 


lu-j    coMpr.\nii-M  or  jiistorv  axd  gexfalogy 

upmi  the  council  for  four  tlionsand  more  state  militia,  iikI  nvdcred  W  asli- 
ington  to  oppose  the  enemy's  progress,  llejcached  I'liiladelphia  August 
J4.  and  marched  liis  army  tluuugh  the  city.  Here  he  was  joined  l)y 
LaFavette.  [Proceeding  soutliward.  llie  .\nicricaus  took  a  ])()siii()u  on  the 
north  side  of  the  Brandywiue.  al)ove  Chadd's  I'ord.  and  directly  in 
Howe's  path.  But  disaster  l)efell  the  .\niericans  at  Ihandyw  ine  on 
Sqitemlier  ii.  upon  whicli  Washington's  shattered  army  retreated  to 
Cliester  and  thence  on  the  following  day  to  dennantown. 

This  defeat  was  followed  hv  a  general  evacuation  of  Philadelphia. 
Tlie  state  government  was  removerl  to  Lancaster,  followed  closely  hy 
the  national  congress:  the  state  rccools  were  carried  to  h'aston  ;  the  now 
historic  lihertv  l>ell  was  hidden  inider  the  lloor  of  Zion's  Retcjrmed 
church  in  Allentown.  The  woundeil  Iroui  I'.ramK  w  ine  were  sent  to 
Kphrata  and  elsewhere,  and  I.al'ayette.  who  also  was  suffering  from  a 
woun<l,  was  cared  for  hy  the  good  Moravians  at  Bethlehem.  Many  I'hil- 
adelphia  citizens  removed  with  their  families  and  household  wduahles 
to  ]ilaces  of  safety,  while  the  farmers  in  outlying  districts  dro\c  away 
their  cattle  to  keep  them  froui  falling  into  I'.riiish  hands.  .\11  was  dis- 
order and  confusion,  and  onlv  the  torio  touml  comfoi't  ;nid  satistacti(in 
in  the  reverses  that  followed  Washington's  defeat;  lnU  they  were  after- 
ward made  to  smart  lor  their  insults  of'fered  so  freely. 

.\t  (iermantown.  Washingtou  reorganized  his  force  and  supi>lied 
them  with  jjrovisions  and  ammunition.  He  then  recrossed  the  Schuylkrll 
and  again  faced  the  enemy  at  Warren  iaxeni,  on  the  turnpike  leading 
to  Lancaster.  His  plans  were  well  laid.  hiU  an  untimely  rainfall  damj)- 
ened  his  ammmiitiou  and  compelleil  his  army  to  retire,  lie  left  (leneral 
Wayne  and  fifteen  hundred  men  to  fall  u]iou  and  destroy  the  enemy's 
baggage-wagons,  hut  that  ;ifterwaril  famous  fighter  was  surprised  on 
September  -20,  at  Paoli,  in  the  dead  of  night,  and  his  men  were  shot 


OF  THE  STATU  OF  PE\\S)-Lr.l.\ LI. 


103 


down  and  bayoneted  witlnmt  mercy.'  Six  da_\s  later,  on  the  26tli. 
General  Howe  and  the  \ictoricais  I'ritisli  army  took  possession  of  Phil- 
adelphia witliout  opposition,     lie  at  once  cansed  a  line  of  defenses  to  be 


F.AOLI  MONUMENT. 


'The  plate  gives  a  view  of  an  imposing  shaft,  on  the  ground  where  occurred  the 
event  described.  It  was  erected  witli  appropriate  ceremonies  on  September  20.  1877, 
the  centennial  anniversary  of  the  Paoli  massacre,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Centennial 
Minute  Men  of  Chester  county  and  private  citizens.  Near  the  monument  is  a  humbler 
shaft,  about  nine  feet  high,  which  was  erected  by  the  Republican  .Artillerists  of  Ches- 
ter county.  July  4.  181 7,  and  dedicated  Seiitember  20  following,  "to  the  memory  of 
the  brave  men  who  fell  there  by  the  liands  of  British  soldiers  under  General  Gray." 


ini    coMrr.xnn-M  or  history  .ixn  cfxralogy 

estalilislicil  inmi  llic  Sdniylkill  easlwanl,  and  aiuiwanl  Ins  entire  army 
devoted  its  time  in  pursuits  of  pleasure  and  gratification. 

In  ilie  meantime  the  American  army,  weakened  ruid  disheartened 
witli  reverses,  was  encamped  at  .Sl<ip],ack  creek,  norili  ui  ( icrmantown. 
wliile  the  British  had  occupied  tiiat  quiel  old  i)lace  .ind  had  li.id  posted 
a  strong  force  from  the  mouth  of  the  Wis^ahickun  i.i  the  old  Xnxk  rnail. 
On  Octol)er  3.  Washington  made  a  nii^ht  niatrh  on  ( ienn;uito\\  n  and 
arrived  there  hcfore  daylireak  on  the  4th.  lie  h;id  pl.nnned  tlu  eai)tuie 
of  the  place,  with  the  co-o])eration  of  Armstnmii's  l'eiuisylv;inia  ntilitia, 
and  the  troops  under  Wayne.  Sullivan,  ami  ( ireene.  to  each  of  whieli 
commanders  a  definite  line  of  action  had  been  i^iven.  At  Inst  the  Amer- 
icans were  successful,  and  had  the  enemy  at  great  disadvantage.  tnU  an 
unfortunate  blunder  by  one  of  (Ireene's  divisions  in  Wayne's  rear  caused 
the  latter  to  retreat,  and  thus  the  tide  of  battle  tin-ne<l  in  faxnr  of  the 
British.  However,  the  Americans  retired  in  good  nrdiT  .ind  to'^k  a  posi- 
tion on  Perkiomen  creek'. 

.\ow  in  full  possession  of  the  city  and  its  surroundings,  llowe  felt 
secure  within  the  defenses  his  men  had  established,  lie  next  set  on  foot 
a  plan  to  clear  the  Delaware  of  its  obstructions,  forts,  and  the  little 
combined  state  and  continental  navv  that  held  its  waters.  The  forts 
were  Miftlin.  Mercer  and  Billingsport.  Between  them  stretched  the 
chevaux-de-frize.  while  above  la\'  the  Aniericrni  n;i\v.  Billingsport 
had  been  taken  by  the  enemy  in  the  battle  of  (iermaniow n.  ami  on  Octo- 
ber 22-  a  strong  force  of  Hessians,  co-c.jicrating  with  the  Knglish  lleet. 


'Fort  Mimi  \\.i>  situated  ncir  tlic  place  (the  prcci>e  spot  lieiiiK  iinkiinun)  where 
Fort  Nassau  was  erected  hy  Captain  Cornelius  Jacohse  Mey,  in  1623.  In  cnmmcinora- 
lion  of  the  splendid  defense  of  Fort  Mercer,  a  ni.irhle  nioniniicnt  was  erected  upon  its 
site,  upon  which  were  chiseled  the  following  inscriptions : 

On  north  side:  This  nionnnienl  was  erected  on  the  22d  Octo.,  1820.  10  transmit  to 
posterity  a  grateful  rtniemhrance  of  the  Patriotism  and  Gallantry  of  Lieutenant-Colonel 
Christopher  Greene,  who.  with  400  men.  conquered  the  Hcssi.m  army  of  2.000  troops 
(then  in  the  British  service),  at  Red  Bank,  on  the  22d  Octo..  1777.     Among  the  slain 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PEXXSVFrAXIA.  105 

made  an  attack  uii  I'Urt  Mercer.  Tlie  assault  was  repulsed  with  heavy 
loss  to  the  British  land  tnrces,  while  Commodore  Ha7:lewood's  Pennsyl- 
vania naval  fleet  hore  down  on  llowe's  men  of  war  ;nid  drcn'e  them 
down  the  river,  h'ort  Mifllm  aNn  was  attacked  and  withstood  a  siege 
of  si.x  (lavs  and  nights,  and  only  after  its  palisades  and  earthwnrks  were 
conipletelv  leveled,  and  twn  Imndred  and  fifty  of  its  three  lumdred  de- 
fenders had  1  L'cn  killed  r  wminded.  was  that  position  ahandoned.  When 
Fort  Mifflin  fell.  I'nrt  .Mercer  also  was  ahandoned.  Init  the  state  navy 
sailed  past  the  citv  in  the  darkness  of  night  and  found  safety  in  the 
upper  Delaware.  The  continental  vessels  were  less  fortunate,  rmd  were 
set  on  fire  and  hurned.  I  laving'  ]iassed  the  dlwtructinns  in  the  river. 
.\dmiral  Howe's  fleet  came  to  anclior  in  front  of  the  city.  Late'-  on  it 
was  made  the  ohiect  of  a  novel  attack  from  the  Americans  ahove.  and 
V.  hile  the  ruse  was  ineffectual  it  disconcerted  the  enemy  and  drew  their 
fire  upon  a  numher  of  keg-like  machines  floated  down  against  them. 
This  event  liecame  known  in  history  as  "The  Rattle  of  tlie  Kegs." 

Soon  after  the  defeat  at  nerm;mtown.  Washington  entrenched  his 
armv  in  a  strong  iiosition  at  White  Marsh,  and  although  reinforced  hy 
the  arrival  of  Ceneral  dates"  arniy.  he  acted  on  the  defensive.  Howe 
soon  went  out  in  force  against  him.  with  the  expressed  intention  to  drive 
the  Americans  over  the  Blue  mountains,  hut  in  the  sharp  engagement 
that  followed,  in  which  the  Pennsylvania  militia  showed  true  fighting 
qualities,  the  British  were  repulsed,  and  retired  to  Philadelphia.  General 
Washington's  army  then  went  into  cam])  for  the  winter  at  \'alley  Forge. 


was  found  tlv  cniiininnclcr.  Cinnit  Ddiiop.  whose  bodv  lies  interreil  near  tlic  spot  wliere 
he  fell. 

On  east  side:  A  number  of  tlie  Mew  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania  voliintoers  being 
desirous  to  perpetuate  the  memory  of  the  distinguished  oflficer  and  soldiers  who  fought 
and  bled  in  the  glorious  struggle  for  independence,  have  erected  this  nionnmcnt  on  the 
22(\  of  October,  1829. 

(This  shaft  has  been  sadly  marred  by  the  chisel  and  hammer  of  the  relic-hunter 
and  vandal.  The  dilapidated  condition  of  this  tribute  to  patriotism  and  valor  moves 
one  to  wonder  that  the  work  of  restoration  has  been  so  long  neglected. — Author.) 


106    coMPExn/fM  or  iirsTORv  .ixn  gf.xi:.u.ogv 

wlicrc  liis  o>mni.in(l  sutlVriil  fxtiniK'  li.'irdslii])-  linin  llic  severities  of 
wcatlier.  Tlie  oiiiim;iiulei-in-cliief  liiniselt  rep-uted  tlint  wiicn  lie  went 
into  camp  "no  less  than  2.898  men  were  unl'it  lUr  iluty  because  they 
were  barefoot  and  otherwise  naked." 

The  winter  at  N'allev  iMirgc  lias  frc(|ucnily  liecn  nicntinncd  as  tlic 
one  (lark  s]X)t  in  revolutionary  annals.  l)ut  it  was  a  condition  wliiili  ounld 
not  have  hcen  remedied  with  the  resources  at  the  ciminiand  of  congress 
or  of  the  council  of  safety.  True,  the  farmers  of  the  vicinity  were  censur- 
able in  denving  the  Americans  the  necessaiies  of  life  because  the  com- 
missarv  department  had  not  die  means  to  ])ay.  and  also  because  they  did 
sell  large  quantities  of  provisions  to  tiie  British  commander  in  I'hila- 
delphia.  Compared  with  the  comforts  that  surnnindcd  llie  royal  troops, 
Washington's  army  was  in  a  pitiable  condition,  yet  the  Americans  hatl 
counted  on  hardships  in  waging  an  nnc(|\ial  contest,  and  were  determined 
to  meet  and  overcome  them. 

In  the  latter  i)art  of  May.  1778.  Sir  llcnry  Clinton,  who  had  super- 
seded llnwe  ill  command  of  the  I'l'itish  forces,  determined  to  r\;icuate 
Philadelphia  and  withdraw  his  trooi)s  to  Xew  \nvk  terntury. 

The  British  crossed  over  into  Xew  Jersey  with  some  haste,  for 
Washington's  army  was  now  strengthened  and  trained  in  militar\-  service 
through  the  generous  offices  of  Baron  Steuben,  who  at  this  time  .'ip])e;ned 
as  a  figure  in  revolutionary  history,  and  cuntributed  to  tlic  di'^cimifdrt  of 
the  British  commanders.  More,  a  I'rencli  licet  nf  war  ws  now  on  its 
voyage  to  Xew  York  to  give  aid  to  the  Americ'iis.  :uid  Clintnn  hoped 
to  cut  it  off  before  a  landing  could  be  effectcil.  Abiait  the  same  time 
(June  18)  there  arrived  in  T'liiladcljihia  three  Cdmmissioners  from  Eng- 
land, who  held  out  the  olive  branch  of  peace  with  an  nffer  tn  gratify 
"every  wish  that  America  had  ex])ressed."  but  without  avail.  Through 
the  efforts  of  P'ranklin  and  his  associates  an  alliance  had  been  formed 


OP  THE  STATE  OE  PEXXSYLrANEl.  lOT 

witli  l-'rance.  and  congress  ret'use<l  to  listen  tn  the  i)ropositions  of  the 
commissioners.  I'hen  t!ic  British  envoys  liacl  recourse  to  base  methods, 
and  attempted  to  l)ril)e  certain  of  Pennsylvania's  delegates  in  congress: 
but  even  this  failed,  and  the  ])nr])oses  of  the  mission  were  not  accom- 
plished. 

.\fter  the  evacuation  of  riiiladelphia,  Washington  broke  camp  and 
started  in  i)iusuit.  overtaking  the  British  and  giving  battle  at  Mon- 
mouth, the  scene  of  .Molly  Pitcher's  notable  achievement  General 
Arnold  was  put  in  command  at  I'hiladelphia.  Congress  returned  from 
York  on  June  J3,  and  the  state  government  from  Lancaster  on  the 
26th.  For  a  time  the  citv  was  the  scene  of  much  disorder,  arising  chiefly 
from  the  punishment  visiteil  ujjon  the  tories  by  the  loyal  whigs,  and  the 
criminal  prosecutions  which  followed  the  assembly  "act  for  the  attainder 
of  traitor."  .\mong  those  who  were  luade  to  feel  the  smarting  effects 
of  the  law  were  Josei)h  fialloway.  who  only  a  year  or  two  before  was  a 
consjiicuous  figure  in  public  affairs,  .\nother  was  Rev.  Jacob  Duclie. 
who  ni;ide  the  opening  ])r,-iyer  at  the  first  session  of  the  continental  con- 
gress, and  was  chaiilain  of  the  second  congress.  Like  Galloway, 
Diiche  had  taken  sides  with  royalty,  and  while  the  British  occupied  Phil- 
adelphia. lhe\  were  first  in  doing  homage  to  the  king's  minirms. 

There  were  whigs  in  the  city  during  the  British  occupation,  au<l. 
while  thev  were  (|uict  in  demeanor,  they  observed  all  that  was  taking 
place  about  them.  When  the  Americans  returned  there  was  a  jiretty 
thorough  cleaniug  out  of  escrytliing  that  smacked  of  royalty,  .\rnold 
had  been  sent  to  Pliila(lc!]>hia  to  sujjpress  all  disorder,  and  enforce  the 
laws,  but  there  were  limes  when  even  his  show  of  fierce  and  authority 
were  not  sufficient  to  subdue  the  loyal  whigs  in  their  work  of  visiting 
retributive  justice  on  those  who  would  have  betrayed  their  country  to 
its  enemy.     The  British  had  employed  every  means  to  annoy  persons 


108      COMFRXniCM  ()/■   IIISTOKY  .ISD  GEXEAI.OGV 

wild  adlicrtil  \><  tlic  c;msf  fur  wliicli  the  AiiU'ricans  were  struggling. 
and  slvnvcil  marked  I'avor  ti>  tliose  who  avowed  loyalty  to  the  crown. 
The  tories  had  their  hand  in  the  work,  and  were  more  offensive  in 
their  actions  than  the  paid  servants  of  King  George. 

During  the  early  years  of  the  Revoluliun,  and  in  fact  tlirnngiiout 
that  period,  Philadelphia  was  known  as  a  vcrital>lc  h'^thcd  of  .\mer- 
ican  lihertv,  and  it  was  a  part  of  Gentr.d  llowc's  pmposc  to  s\ilidiK'  the 
reljellious  spirit  and  coerce  Pennsylvania  into  acknowledging  llic  liritisli 
supremacy.  He  knew  the  Quaker  spirit,  and  its  opjiosit'on  to  l)earing 
arms  in  any  warlike  ser\icc.  and  he  knew  tliat  llic  same  doctrine  was 
held  hy  an  element  of  the  German  jjopulation :  hut  when  he  reckoned 
on  turning  Pennsylvania  away  from  her  sister  state  he  fell  into  a 
grievous  error.  At  that  very  time  this  state  had  more  men  in  the  service 
than  any  other,  and  the  de])lcte(!  ranks  of  the  continental  ;(rni\'  were 
Constantly  heing  filled  with  Pennsvlvanians.  The  rillenien  from  the 
mountainous  region  were  always  in  demand,  and  o\er  in  the  localities 
where  the  Scotch-Irish  settlements  were  most  ponnlous.  were  emiss.aries 
fnnii  the  council  r.f  safety  ready  to  arm  and  e(|uii)  all  who  would  enter 
the  service.  Their  resjionse  was  promi)t.  their  service  was  commendable, 
and  their  reward,  though  somewhat  delayed,  was  ample. 

Meanwhile  the  war  in  other  parts  \vas  ]irogressing  with  varying 
fortunes.  At  fust  the  r>ritish  were  victorious  in  almost  e\ery  battle, 
but  after  the  alliance  wit!i  I'rance,  the  tide  of  \ictory  turned  in  favor 
of  the  Americans.  The  first  decisive  check  to  the  ilritish  arms  wris  lliat 
administered  by  Stark  and  his  band  of  hardv  ^'ankce  fighters  in  the 
battle  of  Bennington,  which  was  followed  soon  afterward  li\-  the  sur- 
render of  Burgoyne  at  Stillwater  (Saratoga).  The  bitter  defeat  pre- 
vented the  union  of  Clinton's  and  Burgoyne's  armies,  and  put  the  British 
on  the  defensive. 


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110      COMPEXDirM  OF  Iff  STORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

AlK-.ut  this  time  tlic  British  sought  tlie  aid  of  tlie  Iroquois,  paid  tlicm 
the  price,  and  instigated  tlicm  against  tlie  frontier  -cttlcnient-i.  boili  in 
Pennsylvania  and  New  Vork.  After  tlie  autumn  of  1777  the  Senecas. 
Cavngas,  Onundagas.  and  Mohawks  were  active  in  tiic  Ihitish  interest. 
Fort  Niagara  again  became,  as  it  had  been  durini^  the  I'rcuch  war.  llie 
key  of  all  the  region  of  western  Xcw  \nvk  ;uid  I'cnusyjvania.  and  to 
that  stronghold  the  savages  constantly  loi>kcd  for  >ui)iiort  and  guidance. 
Their  raids  kqH  the  whole  frontier  for  Jnindrcds  of  miles  anuuid  in  a 
state  of  terror,  and  were  attended  with  the  usual  horrors  uf  savage 
warfare. 

Whether  a  Ixiunty  was  paid  for  scalps  or  not,  as  has  hccn  charged, 
the  Indians  were  certainly  employed  to  assail  the  inhabitants  with  con- 
stant marauding  (larties.  notwithstanding  their  well  known  and  inveter- 
ate hahit  of  slaughtering  men.  women  aii<l  children  whcncxer  ojjportunity 
offered.  In  fact  they  were  good  for  \ery  little  else,  their  desultorx-  method 
fif  warfare  making  them  almost  entirely  useless  in  assisting  the  regular 
operations  of  an  army.  So  it  was.  after  the  British  saw  that  the  fortunes 
of  war  were  turning  against  them,  that  their  friend  and  sup])orter.  Sir 
John  Johnson,  from  his  secure  position  in  Canada,  sent  forth  his  Indian 
warriors  to  roh.  burn,  plunder  and  kill  along  the  American  fnjutier. 
The  congress  was  at  this  time  concentrating  the  -irength  of  its  armies 
in  the  interior,  hijlding  the  British  at  disacKantage  and  beating  them 
almost  at  every  turn.  It  was  for  the  jjurpose  of  weakening  the  arm\'  op- 
posed to  them  that  the  British  let  louse  their  savage  allies  upon  the 
whites. 

Early  in  the  summer  of  1778  the  jieople  of  the  Wyoming  valley 
became  aware  of  the  a])proach  of  a  party  of  Indians  and  tories.  and  at 
once  appealed  to  congress  for  assistance:  but  no  help  came.  The  able- 
iMiclied  men  were  then  w  ith  the  continental  armv.  and  the  executive  council 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PEXXSYLVANIA.  HI 

liad  no  force  of  men  at  its  ciniiniand.  In  this  emergency — tliere  always 
was  a  man  for  every  emergency  dnring  the  Revolutionary  war — Colonel 
Telailon  Butler,  who  was  at  home  on  fmiougli,  i-.nd  Colonel  Dennison. 
gathered  a  force  of  ahout  three  hundred  volunteer  recruits  and  ])re])ared 
to  meet  the  invasion.  In  the  meantime  the  families  ol  the  \icinit\-  had 
sought  protection  at  I'orty  l-'ort.  which  had  heen  built  hy  the  Connecti- 
cut claimants  several  years  before. 

On  July  3  the  attack  was  made  and  was  resisted  with  great  de- 
termination notwithstanding  the  fact  that  the  defenders  were  outnum- 
bered three  to  one.  But  at  length  the  defenders  were  forced  back  and 
their  retreat  was  tm'ned  into  utter  n.uit.  while  the  Indians  fell  u])on  them 
with  tomahawk  and  knife,  and  cut  right  and  left  until  only  aljout  tfft}' 
of  the  entire  number  escajjed.  The  refugees  in  the  tirst  were  compelled 
t(.)  surrender,  and  were  allowed  to  depart  for  their  liomes.  with  the 
promise  that  they  wnuld  not  be  killed  l)_\'  the  sa\ages. 

This  e\-ent  has  generally  been  mentioned  as  the  "Massacre  at 
Wyoming."  Stone,  author  of  the  "Life  of  Brant  "  refers  to  it  as  "the 
battle."  which  is  nearer  correct.  The  facts  seem  to  be  that  no  cjuarter 
was  gi\en  during  the  conllict.  and  that,  after  the  Americans  were  routed, 
the  tories  and  lii'lians  jjursued  and  killed  all  they  cor.ld.  bu<  those  who 
reached  the  fort  a.nd  afterward  surrendered  were  not  harmed,  nor  were 
any  of  the  non-combatants,  although  their  property  and  homes  were 
lilundered  and  burned,  and  the  whole  \alle_\"  w:i-  de\:istated.  .\l  Cherry 
\'alley.  the  same  year,  there  was  an  undoubted  massacre.  Nearly 
thirty  women  and  children  were  killed,  besides  manv  men  surprised 
helpless  in  their  homes. 

These  events,  and  other  sinu'lar  ones  of  less  note,  at  last  induced  con- 
gress and  Genera!  Washington  to  set  on  foot  ;m  ex])edition  in  the  sum- 
mer of  1779  for  the  pur]iose  of  driving  the  Indians  from  the  region,  and 


112      COMPEXDirM  or  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

(lestniyiiig  tlicir  \illaj;cs.  In  tlic  alTair  at  Wymiiiiifj.  also  that  at  Wysnck- 
Inn.  in  Ma\-.  \'J~^.  an<l  in  llic  valley  of  tlic  West  Ilrancli.llic  Scnecas  wore 
tlie  principal  nffcndcrs.  and  were  led  liy  that  noted  chief.  ( inixah^wah 
(loll,  "the  sMV'ke-l)eai"er."  Tlie  tmies  were  eoinnianded  hy  Colonel  John 
TJntler.  father  of  Captain  Walter  I'.utler.  who  le<l  tlie  attack  a.t^ainst 
the  Cherry  X'alley  settlement. 

I,ater  in  1778,  Colonel  Hartley  was  sent  to  <lestroy  the  Imhan  village 
and  tor\'  canii)  at  Tioga  Point  (now  Athens),  hut  more  severe  punish 
mcnt  awaited  tlieni  in  the  follow  in<i  year.  The  eoninirnid  of  the  expedi- 
tion of  1779  was  entrusted  to  ( ieneial  Sullivan.  In  the  orders  issued 
to  liini.  Washington  said:  "The  iniinediate  ohjects  are  the  total  destruc- 
tion of  the  hi>stile  trihes  of  the  Si.x  .\ations,  and  the  ilevastation  of  their 
settlements,  and  the  capture  of  as  many  ])ersons  of  every  age  and  sex  as 
possible."  Washington  told  Sullivan  to  "jnish  the  Indians  to  the  .great- 
est practicable  distance  from  the  settlements  and  the  frontiers;  to  thnjvv 
them  wholly  on  the  llrilisb  enenn .  and  ptU  it  out  '>f  their  jiovver  to  derive 
even  the  smallest  succor  from  their  own  settlements." 

Sullivan's  campaign  contemplated  two  formidable  e.\i)editions.  the 
first  under  bis  immediate  command  to  ])roceed  from  h'.aslon  through  the 
Wyoming  valley  to  Tioga  I'oint.  and  there  to  be  joined  by  the  second 
force  under  (Jencral  Clinton,  who  had  swept  down  the  .Susequebaniia 
from  its  headwaters.  Then  the  united  armies  were  to  destroy  the  Seneca 
villages  and  drive  their  occupants  from  the  entire  denessee  countrv. 
These  expeditions  were  carried  out  according  to  the  original  ])lan,  and 
the  marauding  Senecas  were  C(jmpelled  to  llee  for  ])rotection  to  the 
British  post  at  l-"ort  Niagara.  Its  main  purjjose  was  accomplished,  but 
the  Indians  continued  their  frontier  attacks  on  the  rcimsvlvania  borders 
until    1784. 

So  far  as   rennsvlvania  was  concerned,  the  evacuation  of   J'hila- 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  113 

delphia  and  tlie  successful  campaign  against  the  Indians  ended  tlie 
actual  strife  of  the  Revokition.  excepting  the  occasional  depredations  on 
the  western  border.  But  the  state  continued  its  work  of  raising  troops, 
and  in  pr(j\iding  means  and  measures  fur  the  o\"erthr(jw  of  British  power 
in  America.  On  Decenibcr  i,  1778.  General  luscph  Reed  was  elected 
president  of  the  council,  and  as  chief  executive  he,  with  his  associates. 
was  compelled  to  deal  with  imjinrtant  matters  of  civil  government.  The 
state  had  issued  paper  currency  far  beyond  the  ordinary  requirements 
of  business,  thus  creating  high  and  lluctuating  values,  and  opening 
the  way  tu  the  (|uestionabie  operations  of  unscru])ulous  speculators,  who 
fattened  their  purses  at  the  general  expense.  Continental  currency  was 
depreciated  in  value,  and  had  little  purchasing  power.  To  relieve  the 
situation  the  assembly  passed  an  act  pmhibiting  the  export  of  many 
necessaries,  and  fixing  a  price  nn  others.  But  the  relief  was  onl\-  tem- 
porary, and  many  prominent  men  in  Philadelphia  were  openly  charged 
with  speculating.  Men  high  in  oflicial  circle-^  came  un<ler  the  prevailing 
distrust,  and  at  one  time  the  tumult  look  the  form  of  a  violent  outbreak, 
with  threats  against  the  lives  oi  those  under  suspicion. 

At  this  time  the  money  and  currency  questions  were  not  satisfac- 
torilv  settled.  The  public  clamor  was  quieted,  but  nothing  was  done 
to  relieve  those  who  suffered  most.  There  was  entire  willingness  on 
the  part  of  the  state  ofliciais  to  enact  necessary  laws,  but  just  what  laws 
were  needed  was  the  per|)lexing  (piestion.  The  situation  was  no\el, 
without  precedent,  and  the  arts  of  finance  were  as  yet  undeveloped. 
Tliere  were  men  who  could  raise  money  in  almost  an\-  emergency,  but 
to  give  anything  like  jiar  value  to  a  greatly  depreciated  continental  cur- 
rency and  maintain  it  on  i);irily  with  the  state  bills,  was  another  question. 

The  assemblv  ■"tinkered"  with  llie  problem  in  one  way  ;md  another. 
and   vainly  attempted  to  redeem  the  continental  currency,     kinally,  as 


114      COMPENDIUM  Ol-  HISTORY  AXD  GENEALOGY 

money  must  lie  raised  to  maiiilaiii  the  army,  congress  l)eing  almost 
without  a  source  of  revenue.  Robert  Morris  and  other  men  of  means 
and  inlluence  came  forward  witli  a  projjosition  to  estahlisli  a  state  bank, 
.•.nd  thus  give  \alue  to  tlic  state  money  in  circul.ition.  and  also  give 
assurance  that  there  was  something  substantial  behind  a  mere  issue 
of  bills.  The  plan  seemed  feasible.  ;ind  was  adopted,  and  tlic  Dank  of 
Pennsylvania,  tlie  tlrst  lumking  institution  in  .\merica.  was  tlic  result. 
The  new  scheme  of  finance  was  almost  wholly  the  work  of  Pennsyl- 
vanians.  It  had  imperfections,  like  all  new  and  entirely  original  enter- 
prises, hut  it  provided  congress  with  relief  when  assistance  was  needed. 
and  the  honor  of  having  tided  over  a  critical  period  in  national  history 
is  given  to  Ph.iladelphians.  In  1781  the  executive  council  made  a  last 
effort  to  save  the  continental  currencv.  but  without  success. 

The  relief  afforded  by  the  Bank  of  rcnnsyK.inia  came  none  too 
.soon,  but  it  was  in  time  to  sa\e  the  aniiv  from  disintegration.  \\'hile 
Washington  lay  in  camp  at  Morristown.  the  men  of  the  Pennsyhania 
line  Ijecame  dissatisfied,  and.  on  Xew  ^'ear"s  day  in  17S1.  broke  out  in 
open  rexojt.  left  tiie  camp  and  marched  to  Princeton.  Many  of  them 
bad  served  far  lieyond  their  leini  of  enlistment.  ,ind  a  still  greater  num- 
ber had  arrearages  of  pay  due  them.  .\t  Princeton  the  men  were  a])- 
proached  by  British  spies,  who  attempted  to  persuade  them  to  join  the 
enemy's  army,  but  without  success.  The  spies  were  pronii)lly  turned 
over  to  Washington,  and  were  as  promptly  executed.  These  Pennsyl- 
vanians  could  and  would  fight,  and  make  almost  anv  reasonable  sacrifice 
lor  the  g(jod  of  their  country;  Imt  they  a.sked  to  be  recognized,  and  the 
agreements  made  with  them  they  required  to  be  fulfilled.  But  when 
the  emmissaries  of  the  king  would  seek  to  sulH)rn  tlicni  with  British 
golfl  their  real  qualities  became  apparent  when  they  handed  over  their 
tempters  to  the  military  authorities.     When  offered  a   reward   for  this 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  115 

service,  they  declined  it,  saying:  '"Our  necessities  compclleil  us  to  demand 
justice  from  our  government :  we  ask  no  reward  for  d(jing  our  duty  to 
our  country  against  its  enemies.  " 

Wayne  had  been  in  Cdinmand  <if  that  ]iart  (if  the  Pennsylvania  line 
which  had  gone  to  Princetitn.  and  he  went  there  to  meet  them.  lie 
asked  that  they  reduce  their  grievances  to  writing,  and  present  them  to 
the  proper  authorities.  This  was  done,  and  Fresitlent  Keed  and  a  com- 
mittee of  congress  visited  Princetun  and  settled  the  matters  complained 
of.  after  which  the  soldiers  returned  to  duty.  In  w  riting  oi  tiiis  event, 
Shimmell  says:  "The  revolt  of  the  Pennsylvania  line  at  Morristown 
was  an  evidence  of  the  complete  exhaustion  of  resources  for  the  Revo- 
lution. But  none  of  the  states  was  more  thoroughly  drained  than 
Pennsylvania.  This  state  was  not  only  the  residence  of  congress,  with 
all  of  its  train  of  attendants  and  officers,  but  also  of  all  the  military 
mechanism  of  the  country,  b'rom  it  the  (luartermaster  principally  drew 
his  wagons,  his  horses,  his  camp  ctphpage  of  all  kinds.  l)csides  a  great 
number  of  wagoners  and  artificers.  *  *  *  The  substance  of  the 
people  had  been  used.  Init  in  its  ])lace  they  had  nothing  but  money 
made  of  rags.  Pennsylvania's  share  of  the  supplies  asked  for  by  con- 
gress in  ijJSi  was  ecpud  in  amount  to  eleven  years'  taxes  and  all  the 
income  of  the  state." 

While  Pennsylvania  liad  thus  suffered  in  its  material  resources,  it 
had  also  lost  thousands  of  its  young  men  by  battle  and  disease  incident 
to  military  service.  ]\Iany  had  been  l;iken  prisoners,  and  had  met  death 
in  the  "Old  Sugar  House  Prison"  in  New  ^'ork.  or  on  board  the  prison 
ships  anchored  in  Wallabout  P.ay.  near  the  present  Brooklyn  Xavy  \  ard. 
The  most  infamouslv  f.amous  of  the  latter  was  the  "Old  Jersey" — an  old 
sixty-four    gun    ship,    stripped   of   all    her    spars    and    rigging,    an    nn- 


]\>-'    coMPnxnnwt  or  history  asd  gexealogy 

siglitly,  rotten  Inilk.     Her  dark  and  liltliy  external  appearance  i)crfectly 
corresponded  willi  the  death  and  despair  tliat   reijjned   uitliin. 

One  wlio  was  a  prisoner  on  toard  wnUe:    "W  hen  I  liist  l)eianie  an 
inmate  of  this  abode  of  suffering,  despair  and  dcalli.  there  were  alxmt 


JERSEY  PRISON  SHll'. 

four  hundred  prisoners  on  board:  but  in  a  slmrt  time  they  amounted  to 
twelve  liundred.  and  in  proportion  to  our  numbers  the  mortahty  in- 
creased. .\ll  tlie  most  deadly  diseases  were  pressed  into  service  of  the 
king  of  terrors.  Init  his  prime  ministers  were  (lysenler\ .  small-]X)x  and 
yellow  fever."  Afterward  the  sick  were  carried  to  two  hosjjital  ships 
(one  of  which  was  sadly  misnamed  the  "Hope"),  anchored  near  each 
other,  alxiut  two  hundred  yards  east  from  the  "Jersey."    These  ships  re- 


OP  THE  STATU  OF  I'liXSSVI.WASlA.  117 

mained  in  the  W'allaljuut  iinti!  Xew  \'iirk  was  e\acuatcfl  h\  tlie  British. 
Tlie  "'Tersey"  was  tlie  receiving  shiji — the  others,  truly,  were  the  Ships  of 
Death.  It  lias  heen  generally  thnught  that  all  the  ])risoners  who  died 
met  their  fate  on  lioard  the  "Jersey."  This  is  not  true;  many  may  have 
died  on  hoard  of  her  who  were  not  reported  as  sick,  hut  all  the  men 
wlio  were  ]5laced  on  the  sick  list  were  remo\"ed  to  the  hospital  ships,  frrim 
wliich  they  were  usually  taken  sewed  up  in  a  Ijlanket,  to  their  long  home. 

It  is  computed  that  on  Ixjard  these  vessels  and  in  the  prisons  near 
hv,  more  than  eleven  thousand  Americans  ])erished,  many  of  whose 
names  are  unknown,  and  wlnise  sufferings  are  liuried  in  ol)livion.  They 
lingered  where  no  e}'e  of  jiity  witnessed  their  agony:  where  no  voice 
whispered  consolation:  where  no  tongue  could  praise  their  patriotic 
devotion,  or  friendly  hand  could  he  outstretched  in  relief — only  to  pass 
the  wearv  dav  and  horrihle  night,  unvaried  except  h\'  new  scenes  oi 
painful  endurance  and  new  infliction  of  ho])eless  misery.  The  hope 
of  death  was  to  them  the  onl_\'  consolation  which  their  situation  afforded. 

William  Aloore  succeeded  Reed  in  the  presidenc}-  of  the  supreme 
executive  council  in  17S1.  He  had  few  prohlems  of  war  to  deal  with. 
Init  the  affairs  of  state  and  the  ciu'renc}-  were  important  questions  that 
mi\st  receive  attentii>n.  In  the  early  part  of  1782  Pennsylvania  joined 
with  congress  and  granted  a  charter  to  the  Bank  of  Xorth  America,  and 
through  that  medium  Morris  was  enabled  to  restore  the  continental 
credit  and  gi\e  \alue  to  its  currency.  It  was  the  first  incorporated  hank 
in  the  country,  and  still  exists. 

In  the  same  year  John  Dickinson  returned  to  inihlic  life,  and  became 
a  member  (^f  the  coiuicil.  and  its  ])resideiit.  This  body  was  soon  after- 
ward enabled  to  proclaim  to  the  state  the  welcome  news  of  peace,  the 
parliamentary  treaty  having  been  agreed  to  and  signed.  Then  the 
Delaware   was   cleared   of   obstructions,    and   the   port   of   Philadelphia 


ii>    coMPn.ynirM  or  history  .i\n  cr.xr.ii.OGY 

was  ag;iiii  "'poiicd  to  the  commerce  oi'  ilic  woiKl.  However.  iK't'ore  tlie 
filial  restoration  of  peace,  a  considerable  mmilicr  of  tlie  Pennsylvania 
line  presented  tlicmsclves  at  the  doors  of  congress  and  the  execntive 
council,  anil  made  lond  demands  for  ])ayment  (\uv  tlR-m  for  services. 
Their  temper  was  such  that  tlic  coiuicil  refuse<l  to  listen,  while  congress 
urged  that  the  militia  be  called  out  to  suppress  their  riotous  demonstra- 
tions, and  failing  through  Dickinson's  objection  to  such  drastic 
measures  tiiat  Ixxlv  withdrew  from  the  city  and  reassembled  at  I'rmceiou. 
.\fter  the  excitement  had  subsided,  coiigros  was  re(|uested  to  return  to 
rhiladel|)hia,  but  declined  to  do  so.  and  resumed  its  sitting  at  .\nnai)olis. 

The  imix>rtation  and  keeping  of  slaves  in  the  state  was  another 
matter  that  came  up  f<ir  discussion  about  this  time.  .Slaxery  had  been 
known  and  tolerated  in  rcnns\l\ania  from  the  lovuxling  of  the  colony. 
although  Fastorius  arra\ed  himself  against  the  piactice  as  early  as 
lOSS.  The  I'riends  .always  exclaimed  ag;iinst  it.  and  forbade  it  among 
their  own  jx'ople.  In  1703  a  duty  was  iiu])osed  on  sla\e  importation, 
and  in  1711  it  was  forbidden  altogether,  but  the  ])ri\y  council  in  I'.ng- 
land  annulled  the  act.  The  next  \car  an  ,'icl  le\  ied  a  tax  of  £20  on  e.ich 
negro  im])orted.  but  this.  too.  failed  to  become  o])er,'iti\e.  Subseipiently 
the  question  passed  through  various  .stages  of  di.scussion  ami  treatment. 
but  with  little  effect  luitil  1779.  when  the  council  suggested  the  abolition 
of  slavery  in  a  message  ti^  the  assembly.  In  March.  17S0.  deorge  Bry- 
an's bill  fur  the  gradual  abolition  of  slavery  in  rcinisylvania  was  passed 
by  a  vole  of  34  to  ji.  The  census  showed  ^^J^ij  sla\cs  in  the  state  in 
1790.  and  only  67  in   1S30. 

The  Revolution  was  \irtually  ended  with  the  •surrender  of  Corn- 
wallis  in  Octol)er.  1781.  and  thenceforth  there  were  no  more  active  hos- 
tilities, except  the  minor  depredations  of  the  Indians.  In  the  fall  of 
1783,  peace  was  formally  declared  between  Great  Britain  and  the  re- 


OF  THE  STATE  UE  rESSSVLlASEl.  119 

volted  colonies,  heiiceforlli  tn  be  ackimw  lodged  by  all  tbe  world  as  the 
United  States  of  America.  'Idius  the  unquestioned  English  authorit\- 
over  the  territory  of  Penns}-l\ania  ccmlinued  only  from  the  treat)-  with 
France  in  1763.  to  that  with  the  I'nited  States,  in  1783,  a  litth  mure  than 
twenty  years. 

In  the  treaty  with  drcat  Britain  ud  provisirjn  whatever  was  made 
for  the  Indian  allies  i^f  that  power.  The  English  authorities  offered  them 
lands  in  Canada.  Init  all  sa\e  a  few  i>referred  to  live  in  their  former  local- 
ities. The  United  States  goxcrnment  treated  them  with  great  modera- 
tion. Although  they  had  at  least  tw  ice  broken  their  pledges  and  without 
provocation  had  jjlunged  into  war  against  the  colonies,  they  were  readilv 
admitted  to  the  benefits  of  peace,  and  were  even  recognized  as  owners 
of  the  land  over  which  they  had  ranged  before  the  Re\-olution. 

In  October.  1784,  a  treaty  was  made  at  Fort  Stanwix  (Rome.  X. 
v.),  between  tlu'ee  commissioners  rei^resenting  the  L'nited  States  and 
the  sachems  of  the  Six  Nations.  The  Marcpiis  de  LaFavette  was  jiresent 
and  made  a  speech,  although  not  <ine  of  the  commissioners.  At  this 
treaty  Pennsyhania  acf|uirefl  all  the  Indian  lands  within  its  borders  not 
previously  purchased,  embracing  all  the  northwestern  ]iart  of  the  state. 
This  ]iurchase  was  confirmed  Ijy  the  Delaware  and  \\'\and(^tt  Indians, 
at  Fort  Mcintosh,  by  a  (\QCi\  dated  January  ji,  1785.  The  last  acquisi- 
tion of  lands  was  called  b\'  the  whites  the  "Xew  Purchase,"  and  wlicn 
the  land  office  was  opened  in  1783,  settlers  rajiidly  flocked  up  the  West 
Branch  valley.  Indeed,  the  return  of  ])eace  and  the  purchase  of  1784 
opened  for  settlement  the  whole  western  portion  of  the  state,  and  within 
the  next  score  of  years  the  region  was  divided  into  counties.  The  work 
of  real  development  was  Itegun.  and  was  carried  forwartl  with  such 
earnest  vigor  that  long  before  the  beginning  of  the  nineteenth  century 


1-j.i    coMPRXDirM  or  HISTORY  .i\n  crnf.ai.ogy 

Peiuisvlvaiiia  lia<l  hcouiif  kiiipwii   ai   llic    l.>rcinu>t   stale   in   the    Icckial 

I'liioii. 

At  tlic  time  cf  wliidi  \vc  write  the  entire  iin]uilaiinii  (,f  the  si.ue  was 
more  tliaii  350,000  inliahitants.  ami  that  nf  the  eity  nl  i'hiladelphia  aUxit 
40,000.  It  was  not  only  the  seat  nf  federal  and  --tale  governments,  the 
scene  of  many  of  the  most  iniport.inl  event-;  in  early  Anieiicm  histnry. 
l)i\t  at  tliat  time  was  the  largest  and  nK^t  iimjuiImu-;  eity  in  the  conntry. 
It  was  imt  imtil  iSio  that  Xew  ^■ork  e.\eee<led  rhiladeliihi.i  in  jjnint  nf 
j)o|nilation.  In  that  vcar  the  former  city  contained  (/).oo()  inhabitants. 
and  the  latter  just  one  thousand  less. 

When  the  war  was  ended  ;md  the  .iinln  iritie-^  could  devdtc  their  time 
to  purelv  civil  and  ]vplitical  affairs,  it  was  fnnnd  that  many  things  needed 
attention.  The  line  between  this  st.ate  .and  Xew  Jersey  was  agreed  upon, 
and  the  islands  were  annexed  .according  to  pro\iniitv.  C'onimissioners 
were  .apjininled  to  iniphre  into  the  cost  '^\  ojiening  cnmnninicatioii  be- 
tween the  Sclniylkill  and  Sns(|ueh.ann;i  rivers.  This,  h(i\\e\er.  was 
the  revival  of  an  old  project  to  miite  these  waterw ,iys.  but  it  w.as  m;my 
vears  later  l)efore  anything  of  consefjuence  was  reallx'  done.  The  council 
of  censors,  provided  for  bv  the  constitution  i)f  ijj'^i.  held  its  first  and  only 
septennial  session  in  1783.  and  sat  frnm  Xovemlx^r  in  of  that  year  until 
Septeml)er  J4.'  1784.  It  review e<l  the  w'^)rkings  of  state  government 
under  the  first  constitution,  incpiired  inln  the  .abuses  of  its  jirovisions. 
suggested  reiuedy.  and  otherwise  acted  as  a  conservator  of  the  i)nl)lic  wel- 
fare. The  (piestion  of  "citizen'^hii)'"  also  required  .and  was  gi\en  atten- 
tion. The  "test"  law  was  jiasscfl  in  1777.  re(|uiring  the  n.-ith  of  allegiance 
of  all  persons  nf  more  than  eighteen  years  in  order  to  eni(iy  the  fidl 
benefits  of  libertv  and  citizenship.  When  lirst  passed,  the  law  was  neces- 
sar)",  tliat  the  government  might  kmiw  beyond  c|uestion  upcju  wlmm  it 
could  depend  during  the  war.    All  persons  who  refused  to  take  the  oath 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PEXXSYLrAXIA.  121 

were  regaixlecl  as  toiics.  l)ut  aiinin^  tliciii  were  as  Inyal  men  as  tliose  who 
complieil  with  tlie  rc(|uireiiients  :  they  dechned  tlie  oatli  hecause  of  con- 
scientious and  reHgious  scni|)les,  hut  tliey  were  placed  under  the  ban  of 
])nihil)iti<in  and  suffered  in  consec|uence.  Tlie  rejteal  of  the  test  law  was 
demanded  in  1784.  hut  it  was  not  effected  until  1789. 

In  1785  Franklin  aqain  came  inti)  the  life  nf  the  state.  ha\-ing  then 
returned  fri  m  his  >t.T\  ice  in  l'"uro])e.  He  was  elected  to  the  council,  was 
made  its  ])resident.  and  ser\ed  mitil  1788.  Down  to  this  time  no  man 
more  than  Benjamin  I'^ranklin  had  liorne  so  conspicuous  and  honorable 
part  in  ser\ing  the  interests  of  his  country:  no  other  man  Icnew  better 
than  he  the  needs  of  America  at  the  time  of  the  Revoluti'^n :  no  other 
man  was  more  closely  in  touch  with  persons  high  in  office  and  influence 
either  in  this  country  or  in  F-iu^ope :  no  other  man  was  or  could  he  more 
loyal  to  countr\-  than  he.  Diu'ing  the  revolutionary  period  he  was  clearly 
the  man  of  the  hour,  and  it  is  doubtful  if  any  other  could  h:a\e  accom- 
])lislied  the  work  done  1)\-  him.  I'hiladelphia  never  has  torgotten  his  ser- 
vices, has  ne\'er  failed  to  honor  his  memorv.  and  to  this  dav  his 
monument  occupies  a  conspicuous  ]ilace  in  one  of  the  most  popular  streets 
of  the  city. 

Franklin  came  to  Philadelphia  from  Boston,  where  he  was  born  Jan- 
uary 17.  1706.  Pennsylvania  never  had  any  great  regard  for  New 
England  Yankees,  especially  for  the  Connecticut  claimants  who  attempted 
to  pre-empt  the  whole  \\'yoming  \allcy.  Init  from  the  lieginning  Frank- 
lin seemed  to  have  won  his  way  inti)  the  hearts  of  Philadel]ihians.  He 
came  to  the  citv  as  a  printer.  ha\ing  disagreed  with  his  brother  in  Bos- 
ton and  started  out  to  make  his  own  way  in  life.  He  \isited  England, 
worked  at  his  trade,  returned  to  Philadelpliia  in  1726,  and  in  1729  lie- 
came  editor  and  proprietor  of  the  "Pennsylvania  Gazette."     In  1730  he 


^^2%      COMPP.XDIVM  or  HISTORY  AXP  GRyJEAI.OGY 

liejjiin  ])iil)lisliiiig;  "I'mn"  l\iclian!'s  Alinaii.ic,"  wliiili  i;  nncd  wide  celcli- 
rity.     Tlic  same  year  lie  married  Deborali  Reed. 

A  fitting  tribute  to  Franklin's  life  and  works  belongs  to  an  entire 
voliinic:  in  this  place  only  a  l>riel'  chronology  of  leading  events  can  l)e 
given.  lie  was  clerk  in  the  provincial  assembly  in  1736:  postmaster  of 
Philadelphia  in  1737;  deputy  jxjstmaster  general  of  the  British  colonies 
in  1733:  agtnit  of  the  assembly  in  opposition  to  the  i)roprietary  claim  to 
exemption  from  ta.xation.  \~^~-G2:  made  his  wonderful  discovery  in 
the  science  of  electricity  in  175-'.  thus  gaining  memborshi])  in  the  Ro\al 
Societv.  winning  the  Copley  gold  medal,  and  earning  the  degree  of 
LL.  D..  in  17AJ.  from  O.xford  and  Edinburgh:  commissioner  to  .Mbanv 
conference.  1754:  assisted  in  furnishing  transjxirtation  for  Br.addock's 
army.  1755:  was  examined  before  house  of  comnious  on  state  of  afifairs 
in  the  colonies,  and  assisted  in  procuring  repeal  of  Stamp  Act.  1766: 
elected  to  continental  congress,  1775;  signer  of  Declaration  of  Independ- 
ence: president  of  provincial  congress  which  framed  constitution  of  1776; 
ambassador  to  France.  1776-1785:  instrumental  in  ])rocuriug  an  rdliance 
with  T'rance.  177!^:  with  Adams  and  lay.  signed  treaty  with  Great 
Britain.  1783:  president  of  supreme  executive  council.  1785-88;  dele- 
gate to  convention  which  framed  federal  constitution  1787:  (bed  in  Phil- 
adelphia, April  17,  1790. 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  FEXXSYWAXIA.  183 


CHAPTER  V. 

Pexxsvlvania  as  Oxe  of  the  I'xited  States,  T7S7-TS12. 

Tlie  con\enti<in  wliich  trnnied  tlie  constitutinn  of  the  United  States 
was  assemhlcil  in  tlie  stale  linusc  in  Pliiladelpliia.  May  25.  1787.  and 
ended  its  lators  September  17.  after  a  stormy  session  of  almost  four 
months.  Ih  tlie  convention  Pennsylvania  was  represented  by  Benjamin 
Franklin,  Thomas  Mifflin.  Robert  Morris.  George  Clymer,  Thomas  Fitz- 
Simons,  Jaretl  Ingersoll.  Jame>  Wilson,  and  (iouverneur  Morris.  Dick- 
inson was  there  as  delegate  from  Delaware.  Washington,  also,  was 
present,  and  presided  oxer  the  deliberations  of  the  ron\-ention.  Although 
eighty-one  years  old.  Franklin  was  one  of  the  guiding  spirits  of  the  con- 
\'entioii,  Init  on  account  of  his  adxaiiced  years  his  speeches  were  read 
by  \\'ils()n.  his  associate,  friend  and  co-\\(irker.  F'rankJin  proposed  daily 
pravers  in  the  con\ention.  alwavs  urged  conciliation  when  the  proceed- 
ings became  spirited,  advocated  representation  in  congress  on  the  basis 
of  po])ulation.  and  r)]ip(ised  properts'  (|ualiticatii)n  for  representatives. 

^[ifflin,  wild  was  the  first  gn\ern(ir  of  Pennsyhania  under  the  con- 
stitution of  1790.  was  a  (|iiiet  factor  in  the  work  of  the  convention,  al- 
though he  was  a  man  of  great  mental  strength,  a  military  leader  of  re- 
nown, and  was  both  popular  and  intluential.  Morris,  the  financier  of  the 
Revolution,  the  banker  and  man  of  business,  proposed  Washington's 
name  as  presiding  officer  of  the  com ciition,  and  was  actixe  in  all  the  pro- 
ceedings. Clymer  figured  chiefly  as  a  man  of  earnest  thought  and  delib- 
erate action.  He  spoke  occasionally,  and  through  his  influence,  aided 
by  Sherman,  of  Connecticut,  the  term  slai'c  was  kept  out  of  the  consti- 
tution.    FitzSimons  was  a  business  man.   a  merchant,  self-made  and 


1-J4     cnMrnxniiM  oi-  histor)-  ./.w  cesi-.ai.ogy 

wcallliy.  He  opposed  the  ])rohil>ition  of  ;i  las  on  exports.  Ingersoll  was 
a  lawyer,  learned  in  his  jirolession.  hnt  then  comparatively  unknown. 
Later  on  lie  gained  fame.  He  was  a  (|niet  factor  in  the  dclil)erations, 
having  little  to  say.  but  his  influence  was  felt  in  the  sessior.s.  Wilson 
was  the  legal  luminary  of  the  convention,  the  close  friend  nf  I'ranklin. 
and  the  peer  of  any  of  the  delegates.  I'roni  a  le.^al  slanilpoint  he  weijjhcd 
and  tested  everv  article  and  declaration  of  the  constitution,  (iouverneur 
Morris  also  was  a  lawyer,  and  came  to  Pennsylvania  as  a  Xew  York 
delegate  to  the  continental  congress  in  1778.  He  located  in  Philadelphia 
and  liecame  a  lawyer  of  prominence.  In  the  convention  he  served  as 
chairman  of  the  committee  on  arrangement  and  style,  and.  as  Shimmell 
savs.  he  "desenes  the  credit  for  the  clear  ajid  simple  language  of  the 
constitution." 

The  federal  constitution  was  adojUed  September  17.  and  ,-it  the  very 
same  time  the  PennsyKaiiia  assembly  was  in  session  on  the  floor  atove 
in  the  old  statehouse  on  Chestnut  street.  'Set  rVnnsx  hania  was  not  the 
first  state  to  ratify  the  constitution,  owing  to  the  o|)i)osition  of  some  of  its 
representatives,  who  found  it  so  unlike  their  own  state  constitution  that 
its  provisions  were  not  acceptable  to  them.  However,  the  vote  of  ratifi- 
cation was  taken  December  u.  and  was  carried.  4'')  to  23.  The  event 
occasioned  much  excitement,  and  considerable  feeling.  I'ublic  sentiment 
was  divided,  and  out  of  the  division  there  grew  two  p<ilitical  parties, 
the  l-'ederal,  whose  champions  favored  ratification,  and  those  o])posed, 
who  were  variously  characterized,  but  quite  generally  as  the  .\i;ti-l'cderal- 
ists.  Philadelphia  was  heartily  in  favor  of  immediate  ratification,  and 
urged  it.  but  the  interior  county  representatives  created  delay.  ])roposed 
amendments  to  be  submitted  by  the  assembly  to  congress.  But  these 
measures  failed,  and  soon  afterward  the  opposition  was  ended. 

At  this  time  Pennsylvania  was  struggling  with  the  subject  of  con- 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  ■  125 

stitutional  revisiiin,  made  nctessary  by  tlie  adoption  ot  tlie  federal  ron- 
stitiition.  and  also  to  meet  the  changed  conditions  of  the  state  under  the 
new  and  impro\ed  order  of  things.  Thcfirst  constitution  was  adopted 
in  an  emergency,  when  the  proprietary  government  was  set  aside,  and  its 
proxisions  in  many  respects  were  imperfect.  Three  years  of  ])rogress 
had  produced  many  changes  in  ])uljlic  affairs,  and  new  conditions  re- 
quired a  new  scheme  of  government.  Xaturallx .  the  measure  was  op- 
poseti.  init  without  a\ail.  Delegates  to  the  convention  were  chosen  in 
October,  1789,  and  that  body  was  organized  in  Phiiadelpnia  in  Novem- 
ber. Miftlin.  then  ]5residcnt  of  the  executive  council,  presiding.  The 
session  was  prohjnged,  e\er\-  article  was  debated,  and  generally  opposed, 
but  finally  on  September  2.  1790,  the  new  constitution  was  finished,  pro- 
nounced good,  and  adopted. 

The  most  radical  changes  were  in  the  executive  and  legislative 
branches.  The  assembly  ceased  to  have  the  sole  right  to  originate  and 
make  laws,  the  senate  having  been  established  as  a  co-ordinate  dejjart- 
ment  of  government,  having  superseded  the  supreme  executive  council, 
which  was  abolished.  .\  governor,  too,  was  provided  to  be  elected  every 
three  years  by  the  direct  votes  of  the  peojjle.  and  u])on  him  devolved  the 
executive  duties  of  the  commonwealth.  The  former  judicial  system  was 
continued,  with  important  changes  m  the  tenure  of  office.  The  council 
of  censors  passed  out  of  existence.  The  "Bill  of  Rights'  re-enacted  the 
old  charter  provision  that  found  its  way  into  the  first  constitution,  re- 
specting freedom  of  worship,  rights  of  conscience,  and  e\emj)tions  from 
compulsorv-  contribution  for  the  support  of  any  ministry,  or  the  "propa- 
gation of  the  gospel  in  foreign  parts."  as  was  retjuired  in  some  pr(3vinces 
and  states. 

"The  Commonwealth  of  I'ennsv  Ivania"  became  the  recognized 
designation    for  this  jurisdiction   under  the  constitution  of    1790.       The 


126      COMPESDIVM  OF  HISTORY  AXD  GEXEALOGY 

first  election  for  governor  was  held  in  that  year.  The  candidates  of  tlie 
respx^ctive  parties,  so  far  as  narty  considerations  tlien  swayed  men's 
minds  and  governed  tlieir  votes,  were  Thomas  Miftlin.  federalist,  wlio  had 
favored  the  new  constitntion.  and  .\rlluir  St.  Clair,  -vho.  wiiatc\er  his 
own  sentiments  may  have  heen.  was  selected  as  his  npiKmcnt.  l]<it]i  had 
served  witli  the  .\niericans  (hiring  the  Revolution,  ami  l«illi  wore  the 
inilitarv  title  of  general.  MifHin  was  a  native  rcniisylvaiiian.  .^l.  (."lair 
was  of  Scotch  hirth.  and  came  to  .\nierica  in  1758:  was  a  sohlier  with 
Wolfe  at  (Jnehec.  and  afterward  took  sides  with  the  colonists  against 
Great  Britain,  earning  the  rank  of  major-general;  was  a  delegate  from 
Pennsylvania  to  the  continental  congress  from  17S5  to  1787.  and  one 
time  ])resident  of  that  liody ;  was  go\crnor  of  the  "Xorthwest  Territory" 
from  1789  to  i8oj:  commanded  the  ex]Kdition  against  the  Miami  In- 
dians, which  ended  in  failure,  and  for  which  he  w;is  censured,  although 
nnjustly.  for  he  was  sick  at  the  time,  and  gave  his  orders  from 
a  litter  on  which  he  was  carried.  His  candidacy,  if  successful,  was  in- 
tended to  be  a  partial  vindication  of  his  military  career. 

Miflflin  for  years  had  heen  a  conspicuous  figure  in  .\merican  ci\il 
and  military  history.  Moreover,  he  was  popular,  although  at  one  time 
he  was  charged  with  misfeasance  in  his  militar\-  orticc.  lie  was  of 
Quaker  parentage,  well  educated,  and  fust  engaged  in  mercantile  i)ur- 
snits.  In  177-'  he  was  in  the  assembly  from  ]*hiladelphia.  and  in  1774 
was  a  delegate  to  the  first  continental  congress;  was  appointed  major  of 
the  first  Pennsylvania  battalion,  and  accomi)anied  Washington  to  Lam- 
bridge,  as  aide-de-camp.  He  rose  rapidly  through  the  grades  of  cpiarter- 
master  general,  adjutant  general  and  brigadier  general,  to  that  of  major 
general,  Kebrnary  19.  1777.  in  178_'  he  was  elected  delegate  to  con- 
gress, and  was  its  ])resident  in  1783:  was  nitniber  .and  sjieaker  of  the 
legislature  in  1785;  delegate  to  the  federal  constitutional  convention  in 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PEXXSY.LVANIA._  ^  127 

1787:  president  of  the  supreme  executive  cmmcil,  1788-1790;  president 
of  the  convention  wliich  framed  the  constitution  oi  1790:  and  was 
governor  of  tlie  commcmueaith  of  Pennsylvania,   1790-1799. 

Mifflin's  administration  as  governor  covered  a  i)eri(xl  of  nine  years 
— three  terms  of  three  \ears  eacli.  Ilie  office  was  new.  tlie  scheme  of 
government  was  untried  and  in  a  measure  experimental,  and  there  were 
conllicting"  political  elements  in  the  legislati\e  hranches  that  at  times 
made  hard  the  executixe  pathway,  and  disturhed  the  fpiiet  and  welfare 
iif  the  ciimninnwealth.  First,  and.  perha])s.  the  most  imi-xtrtant  of  the 
many  projects  inaugurated  alxnit  this  time,  was  the  s\stem  of  internal 
imi)ro\cnients.  which  contemplated  the  construction  of  a  series  of  con- 
necting navigable  w  aterw  ays  extending  across  the  state  from  east  to  west, 
witli  lateral  branches  running  north  and  south,  affording  facilities  for 
travel  and  transportati(.)n  to  almost  every  locality.  A  system  of  canals  on 
an  equall\-  elaborate  plan  had  l)een  suggested  manv  rears  Ijefore  Mifflin's 
time,  and  the  discussinn  in  1790  was  the  revival  nf  an  old  subject, 
though  on  a  more  modern  and  practical  scale. 

There  were  no  canals  constructed  during  Milllin's  term.  The  execu- 
tive favored  them,  the  i)ul)lic  welfare  demanded  them,  the  politicians 
advocated  them,  the  legislature  encoin-aged  them.  ))ut  the  state  treasury 
was  not  opened  for  canal  expenditures  until  several  years  later.  The 
legislature  granted  charters  and  franchise  rights.  an<l  whatever  was 
accomplished  was  the  work  of  incorporated  companies  and  private  cap- 
ital. Companies  also  were  chartered  to  construct  and  operate  turnpike 
roads,  and  in  this  respect  Pennsvlvania  was  almost  the  pioneer.  This 
was  largely  the  work  of  the  society  for  the  promotion  and  improvement 
of  roads  and  inland  navigation.  The  tvn-npike  lietween  Philadelphia 
and  Lancaster  was  one  of  the  first  of  its  kind  in  America. 

In   1793  the  legislature  incorjxjrated  the  Dank  of  Pennsylvania,  a 


128      COMPENDIUM  OF  HISTORY  AXD  GENEALOGY 

state  iKiiik,  and  subscribed  to  oiie-tliird  nt  the  entire  capital  stock. 
Branch  banks  w ere  cstabhslied  in  Ljuicaster.  i  iarrisburg.  Reading.  Pitts- 
bnrg  aiul  Eastoii.  This  action  on  the  part  d'  tlic  state  authorities  ami 
legislature  always  has  been  censiu'cd  by  certain  writers  of  I'ennsyhania 
history,  and  has  been  made  the  subject  of  volumes  of  adverse  criticism. 
A  glance  at  the  pages  of  history  will  disclose  lliat  in  almost  e\ery  slate. 
at  the  time  of  founding  its  institutions  after  the  close  of  the  Revolution. 
the  legislature  gave  aid  and  support  to  such  enterprises  as  appeared  to  he 
worthy  and  for  the  public  iiiteresi :  and  rennsylvaiua  was  no  excei)tion 
to  the  rule. 

The  commonwealth  did  extend  financial  assistance  to  banking  insti- 
tutions, in  an  indirect  way  to  tinnpike  and  r^ad  cor|)or;Uions.  to  canal 
and  navii^ation  companies,  to  railroad  and  tr.iiisportalion  companies, 
and  then  herself  undertook  the  gigantic  work  of  constructing  a  line 
of  navigable  canals,  with  connecting  railroads,  from  the  Atlantic  sea- 
lK)ard  on  the  east  to  Lake  I'.rie  on  the  west.  In  this  great  enterprise, 
the  like  of  which  has  not  often  been  atlcmpled,  the  state  exi)cndcd  more 
than  thiity-fne  million  dollais.  .and  in  rcliun,  on  sale  of  its  ])roperty, 
leceived  less  than  one-thinl  of  that  snm.  In  other  wonls.  the  slate  treas- 
ury lost  in  this  transaction  more  than  twenty  millions:  but  on  the  other 
hand  the  great  commonwealth  of  I'enn<\  Iv.'.iiia — its  people,  its  business 
and  manufacturing  interests,  its  vast  mining  intcrc^ts.  ;md  ,ill  undertak- 
ings and  enterprises  of  whatever  character,  were  promoted  and  benefited 
beyond  calculation. 

State  aid  develo])ed,  directly  and  indirectly,  the  va.st  resources  of 
Petmsylvania.  and.  without  that  aid.  i)rogress  in  this  commonwealth 
would  have  been  delayed  many  years.  Xoi  one  of  the  earh  public  and 
internal  improvement  enterprises  undertaken  in  rcnnsybania  i)rovcd 
a  profitable  inve.stment  to  its  incorixjrators.  and  capitalists  l)ecame  can- 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  129 

tious  and  exacting.  'I'hcn  the  state  came  to  tlie  rescue  and  lielped 
them  on  to  completinn:  and  in  tlie  accumphshment  oi  wliat  was  done, 
it  became  necessar\-  and  convenient  for  the  state  to  cliarter  the  Bani<  of 
Penns_\l\ania.  acquire  one-third  of  its  -^tock,  and  establisii  Jjranches  in 
otiier  large  municipalities,  that  other  business  interests  than  those  con- 
tri_)lled  ]_)}■    Pliiladelphians  might   aUo  be  benefited  and   pronrnted. 

For  this  actirm  Pennsyhania  has  been  criticised,  and  historians 
have  taken  opportunity  to  assail  legislators,  puljlic  officials,  and  pro- 
moters with  "pens  dipped  in  gall."  True,  the  banking  system  established 
in  1793  was  not  ])erfect,  and  was  nut  made  satisfactory  until  after  three- 
(juarters  of  a  centruv  of  exi)erience  and  enlightened  progress;  and 
doubtless  there  are  persons  in  Pennsyhania  to-day  who  will  assert  that 
neither  the  present  system  of  natinnrd  banking  nor  that  carried  on  under 
state  laws  is  }>erfect  in  its  operation.  There  were  abuses  of  power,  mis- 
direction of  funds,  schemes  and  e\il  practices  in  connectiim  with  the 
construction  and  management  of  the  state  public  works,  but  in  e\ery 
state  and  ciiuntr_\  where  politics  is  made  a  business,  abuses  of  some 
sort  are  expected.  This  may  lia\e  been  true  during  the  early  days  of 
jjiiblic  im]5ro\emei^t  in  Pennsyhania  and  in  other  states,  but  it  is  quite 
cxidcnt  that  tlie  practice  still  exists  in  e\ery  state  and  gc_)\ernment  at 
the  beginning  of  the  twentietli  centur\ . 

One  of  the  nmst  important  and  at  the  same  time  serious  e\cnts 
which  took  [jlace  during  Mifflin's  term  as  governor,  was  the  so-called 
"Whisky  Insurrection."  It  directly  concerned  the  inhal)itrmts  of  the 
territory  west  of  the  .Mlegbenies.  but  indirectly  its  effects  were  felt 
throughout  the  state.  In  March.  171)1.  Congress  le\ied  a  tax  of  twenty- 
fi\e  cents  per  gallon  im  \\hisk\-  manuf;ictured  in  the  L'niled  States.  At 
that  time  the  means  of  tra\cl  across  the  .Mlegbenies  were  limited,  and 
there  was  little  trade  between  the  people  west  of  the  mountains  and 
9 


VM)      COMPENDIUM  Of  HISTORY  ASD  GENEALOGY 

those  east  uf  the  range,  and  as  a  consequence  tlie  farmers  around  Pitts- 
burg liad  no  market  for  tlieir  grain.  So  they  made  it  into  wliiskv .  and 
found  a  luarket  at  li(.>me.  i>r  transported  it  over  the  mountains  on  horsc- 
l)ack.  As  lung  as  there  was  no  tax  tliis  could  l)e  done  with  good  profit, 
and  tlie  home  distilled  article  produced  amonj,^  the  Scotch-Irish  settle- 
ments over  the  luoinitains  was  in  excellent  repute  with  the  people  on  the 
cast  side. 

The  hardy  Scotch-Irish  settlers  of  Pennsylvania  never  took  kindly 
to  the  idea  of  paying  twenty-five  cents  a  gallon  tax  on  whisky.  It  was 
ant.'igonistic  to  their  inherent  principles,  for  their  ancestors  had  resisted 
such  a  tax  in  Irel.uid.  and  had  emigrated  to  a  free  country  when  they 
came  to  America.  With  them  any  excise  tax  was  wrong,  hut  this 
governmental  atteiupt  to  force  a  whisky  tax  from  them  was  deemed 
an  outrage,  an  oppression,  and  they  refused  to  ])ay.  ami  organized 
against  it.  and  drove  out  the  tax  collector,  and  even  opix).sed  themselves 
in  armed  force  to  the  authority  of  Pennsylvania  and  the  general  govern- 
ment. They  even  went  so  far  as  to  declare  that  they  would  renounce 
all  allegiance  to  this  coiumonwealth,  and  set  up  a  state  government  of 
th.eir  own  west  of  the  mountains,  and  ihcy  would  ha\e  done  so  had  not 
the  strength  of  the  government  restrained  them. 

For  about  three  years  the  opposition  to  the  tax  manifested  itself 
chiefly  in  refusal  to  pay  and  threats  against  collectors  and  assessors, 
but  in  the  summer  of  1794  the  luilitia  and  the  mob  exchanged  shots 
with  fatal  results.  Then  mob  violence  Ijecame  <lisortIer  and  the  insur- 
rection took  the  form  of  armed  resistance  to  the  law  with  an  avowed 
intention  to  kill  its  officers.  In  this  eiuergency  the  national  govern- 
ment decided  to  act  and  first  sent  commissioners  to  treat  with  the  <lis- 
turbers  of  the  peace.  .\t  the  same  lime  President  Washington  ordered 
Iwclve  thousand  tnxips  to  be  collected  from  Pennsylvania.  Xew  Jersey, 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  131 

Maryland  and  \'ir.<,Mni;i  to  suppress  any  uprising-  and  prutcct  tlie  reve- 
nue oncers  in  the  discliar.sjc  nf  their  duly.  Mifflin  sent  Chief  Justice 
McKean  and  General  William  Irxine  u>  in(iuire  into  the  state  of  the 
rebellion,  while  Judge  Hrackenridtie  and  Albert  Gallatin  acted  as  medi- 
ators between  the  commissioners  and  the  (jffenders. 

This  was  Gallatin's  first  a])]jearance  as  a  conspicuous  figure  in 
Pennsylvania  h.istory.  He  iiad  served  in  the  legislature  and  in  1794 
was  chosen  to  the  L'nited  States  senate,  but  was  not  seated  im  account 
ol  a  question  regarding  Ins  citizenshi]).  After  his  services  in  connection 
with  the  whisky  insurrection  he  was  elected  to  Congress  and  became 
an  important  factor  in  financial  circles.  Brackenridge  was  better  known 
and  figured  in  Pennsyhania  history  as  preacher,  teacher,  writer,  lawver. 
politician,  and  finally  as  judge  on  the  bench  of  the  supreme  court 
(1799-1816). 

The  efforts  of  Gallatin  and  Brackenridge  as  mediators  were  only 
partially  successful,  for  m;m\  of  the  insurrectionists  refused  to  sign  the 
articles  of  settlement.  Then  the  jjresident  ordered  the  army  into  the 
country  in  revolt,  while  he  himself  went  to  Carlisle  to  be  nearer  the 
scene  of  events.  Here  he  was  met  by  a  committee  beaded  by  William 
Findlay.  and  was  assured  that  order  would  be  restored:  that  the  i)cople 
in  rebellion  would  submit  to  the  laws.  ])ay  the  excise  ta.x  and  respect 
the  officers. 

Findla\-  had  been  acti\e  in  state  jxilitics  for  se\eral  years,  ami  was 
\  er\'  po])ular  with  the  "'common  people."'  He  came  from  Ireland.  ser\ed 
in  the  Revolution,  and  settled  in  Westmoreland  county.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  legislature,  ami  ojiposed  the  federal  constitution  as  an  attempt 
to  centralize  power.  He  served  eleven  terms  in  Congress  (i79i-99- 
and   1X03-17). 

While  the   federal  authorities   were  busv    with   the   whi>kv    in-ur- 


131'      COMPENDIUM  01-  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

rcctionists  west  of  tlie  Allcglicnies.  Mifflin  and  liis  civil  government 
were  handling  the  ci>ni|>lcx  and  soinewiiat  delicate  question  regarding 
the  attitude  i>f  the  commonwealth  witii  respect  to  the  war  between 
Kngland  and  France,  which  broke  out  in  179,^  If  Philadelphia  had  not 
been  the  scat  of  the  national  government,  liie  situation  would  lia\e 
l)een  less  embarrassing,  for.  above  all  things,  Miflliu  hoped  never  to 
offend  the  representatives  of  a  foreign  piwer.  He  lHught  side  by  side 
with  I'renchmen  against  Great  Britain,  Init  now  tlie  United  States 
and  that  government  were  at  peace.  However,  Jays  treaty  with  ling- 
land  made  in  1794  created  a  political  division  in  America,  and  Mifflins 
administration  promptly  took  the  side  of  I'rance.  Naturally,  Mifflin's 
enemies,  and  they  were  many.  tiH)k  the  opposite  side, 

.\t  the  next  as.sembly  election  the  nominees  were  citiicr  "treaty" 
or  "anti-treaty""  candidates:  that  was  the  issue.  W  lien  it  was  feared 
t!iat  this  country  might  be  drawn  into  tlie  contest  the  governor  called 
u]K>n  the  militia  to  prepare  for  tiic  jiublic  defense.  But  the  period 
passed  without  serious  di.sturbance,  exce])t  in  |)olitic;d  and  newspajK-r 
circles,  and  Mifflin's  course  made  him  more  jxipular  than  c\er,  except 
with  his  political  enemies  w1h>  were  envious  of  his  strength,  .md,  l)e- 
sides,  they  were  hungry  for  power  and  the  s|)oils  of  office. 

.\bout  this  time  the  old  agitation  was  revived  regarding  the  removal 
of  the  seat  of  state  government  from  I'hiladelpliia,  and  ])olitical  issues 
were  framed  accordingly.  The  state  now  containeil  twenty-three  coun- 
ties, and  civil  authority  was  extended  over  its  entire  territory.  Its  ag- 
gregate iMjpulation  approximated  750,000;  that  of  Philadelphia  was 
alx)iit  60,000,  and  it  was  believed,  or  at  least  argueil,  that  the  city  in- 
terests controlled  legislation  and  secured  to  its  p<ilitical  favorites  nearly 
all  the  desirable  offices.  'i"hc  outside  counties  now  had  a  strong  rc])- 
resentation  in  the  assembly,  and  controlled  its  action  in  many  things, 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVAXIA.  133 

but  tlie  senate  was  otherwise  intluenced.  and  not  always  in  accord 
with  tlie  sentiment  of  the  lower  honse. 

As  early  as  1784  a  niovenient  for  the  removal  of  the  capital  from 
Philadelphia  \\-as  started.  Init  resvilted  in  notliins;-  more  than  discussion. 
In  1793-4  the  agitation  was  renewed,  and  in  such  a  way  that  Phila- 
delphia was  concerned  lest  the  removal  he  effected.  Political  intUi- 
ences  in  the  city  could  control  the  senate,  hut  not  the  house,  and  through 
the  non-concurrence  of  the  upper  Ijranch  the  measure  was  thrice  de- 
feated, and  removal  was  delayeil  until  November.  1799.  At  first  Lan- 
caster and  Harrisburg  sought  the  coveted  designation,  but  in  1795 
Carlisle  entered  the  lists,  and  secured  the  vote  of  the  house,  the  seiiate 
dissenting.  In  1796  Lancaster.  Carlisle  and  Reading  were  voted  fi^r, 
with  a  clear  majority  for  tlie  first  mentioned  city,  but  again  the  senate 
negati\'ed  the  proposition.  In  179S  Harrisburg  anrl  Wright's  Ferry 
contended  for  the  cajiilal  but  again  there  was  no  result.  In  April, 
1799,  Lancaster  was  selected  as  the  ca])ital  of  the  conmionwealth,  the 
act  to  take  effect  in  Xovember  of  that  year.  In  February,  1810.  an 
act  of  the  legislature  established  the  capital  jicrmanently  at  Harris- 
burg, the  removal  to  be  accomplished  before  the  end  of  October.  1S12. 
About  the  time  of  removal  of  the  state  capital  from  Philadelphia,  that 
city  ceased  to  be  the  seat  of  the  national  go\ernment. 

The  loss  to  the  city  b\'  the  remo\-al  of  these  two  great  institutions 
of  goN'ernment  with  all  the  machinery  of  their  operation  was  not  such 
a  serious  blow  to  its  interests  as  some  of  the  politicians  of  the  time 
had  claimed  it  would  be.  Neither  was  the  removal  an  occasion  of 
serious  regret  on  the  part  of  Philadelphians.  Theirs  was  the  most 
populous  citv  in  America,  with  business  and  commercial  interests  in 
proportion  to  its  size,  and  in  importance  in  every  respect  it  had  ad- 
vanced beyond  the  possibility  of  great   loss  on  account  of  tlie  taking 


i:u    coMi'r.xnnM  or  iustorv  axd  crxralogy 

away  ot  purelv  inditical  iiisimitmns.  Slill.  in  a  way.  llie  change 
affected  the  siKial  status  of  tlie  city,  imt  ti)  lower  the  .standard,  hut 
rather  to  elevate  it.  I'or  with  the  political  "wheal"  there  went  away 
;.  greater  amount  of  "cliatT."  Philadelphia  was  no  longer  the  seat  of 
government,  hut  it  continued  afterward  to  1k'  the  seat  of  inlluence  and 
wealth,  and.  as  in  earlier  years,  tlic  great  measures  designed  to  effect 
the  advancement  of  .\merican  institutions  were  originated  there  in  the 
fertile  minds  of  Philadelphia  statesmen. 

In  the  earlv  part  of  John  Ouincy  Adams's  term  as  president,  the 
federal  government  was  compelled  to  impose  wli.it  hccanic  known  as 
the  "house  tax."  and  it  was  made  r>ne  of  the  duties  of  assessors  to 
measure  and  register  the  panes  of  glass  in  the  windows.  The  .'ut  was 
vieweil  and  resi>ected  according  as  various  interests  and  classes  were 
afTecied  bv  it.  Over  among  the  Scfitch-Irisli.  wliere  .'mother  ])Mssil)le 
outhreak  was  feared,  there  was  no  oi>]xisition  wh;ite\cr.  When  tlicy 
had  l)een  reconciled  ti>  the  whisky  tax.  they  were  jirepared  I'^r  .ilmost 
any  future  emergency,  and  they  p;issed  the  ordcd  of  a  tax  levied  on 
their  dwellings  without  a  murmur  ot  dissent.  In  the  Cicrni.in  counties. 
however,  the  house  tax  was  not  rip])ro\cd,  ;ind  it  was  not  \y,\u\.  until 
enforced  by  the  strong  arm  of  federal  authority. 

The  (lerman  people  in  the  regions  north  of  l'hil:idcl])hia  were 
l)eculiarly  impressed  with  the  new  law.  They  could  not  understand 
its  provisions  or  apjjreciate  the  i)f)ssil)le  necessity  for  .any  such  ridicu- 
lous measure,  and  they  simply  stood  nut  against  ])a\nKMn  of  the  tax 
with  all  the  stubborn  determination  they  were  possessed  of.  Berks, 
Xortliampton,  Bucks  .and  Mnntgoniery  counties  cunstiluled  the  district 
where  the  di.safTcction  displayed  itself.  In  history  tlie  event  always 
lias  l)een  referred  to  as  "Fries's  l^ebellion."  from  the  fact  th.at  one  [ohu 
Fries  set  himself  up  as  a  leader  of  public  thought  and  therefore  deemed 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  FEXXSVLI -.-iXIA.  135 

himself  fitted  to  lead  the  people  in  resistance  to  law.  From  the  fact  that 
the  house\vi\es  in  some  li>calities  would  ixrcasionally  greet  the  assessor 
with  a  kettle  of  hot  water,  the  uiirising  also  acquired  the  name  of  "Hot 
Water  Rebellion."  But  however  the  insurrection  may  have  been  \-iewed 
01  characterized,  it  was  a  serious  e\ent  in  the  history  of  the  state,  and 
for  a  time  threatened  to  extend  itself  throughout  all  the  counties  where 
the  Germans  were  most  numerous. 

John  Fries,  the  leader  of  the  malcontents,  had  served  with  credit 
as  a  soldier  in  the  Rex'olutidU,  and  auKing  his  own  people  had  ac- 
([uired  a  reputation  for  courage.  He  was  not  a  leader,  as  he  assumed 
to  be,  and  his  mental  equipment  was  not  above  the  average.  His  oc- 
cupation was  that  of  "crier  of  auctions."  hence  he  was  a  talkative  per- 
.son,  and  evidently  he  could  arouse  as  well  as  amuse  his  hearers.  I'Vies 
arrayed  himself  in  a  plumed  liat,  wore  a  pistol  in  his  belt,  and  carried 
:.  sword  at  his  side,  and  thus  accoutered  he  set  out  at  the  head  of 
about  si.xty  armed  men  to  spread  the  sentiment  of  resistance  to  the  hou.se 
tax  among  the  people.  He  spoke  frequently,  and  loudly,  and  exclaimed 
against  the  injustice  of  the  law.  This  was  his  right,  if  actuated  by 
honest  motives,  but  when  he  attempted  to  incite  his  followers  to  acts 
of  lawlessness,  his  conduct  was  treasonable. 

A  noticeable  participant  in  all  of  Frics's  movements  about  the 
country  was  "his  little  dog,  Wiiisky,"  to  which  all  contemporary  writers 
refer  with  some  degree  of  enthusiasm,  but  it  is  not  claimed  the  bVies's 
ermine  companion  possessed  (pialities  not  found  in  others  nf  his  kind. 
But,  howc\-er  accompanied,  the  leader  of  this  motley  party  went  alxnit 
the  country  and  haranguetl  the  dertiians  almost  without  restraint  or 
protest  for  sexeral  months  liefore  the  authorities  gave  lieed  to  his  actions. 
Finally,  a  United  States  marshal  arrested  twelve  of  Fries's  followers, 
and  held  them  in  custody  at  the  Sun  Inn,  in  Bethlehem.     Tlieir  leader 


i-M      COMPEXDICM  or  HISTOh'V  .IXP  C.P.XEAI.OGY 

with  liis  army  went  to  the  rescue,  (lemaiulctl  tlieir  release,  and  ilnealcned 
forcible  sei/nrc  if  refused.  Tlic  marshal  yielded  uj)  his  prisoners,  and 
Fries  marched  awav  a  hero,  in  his  own  estimation.  I'.ut  now  he  had 
wantonly  vii>late<l  the  law.  whereupon  C.overnnv  MilT.in.  ai  the  presi- 
dent's request,  sent  the  state  militia  to  capture  him  and  disperse  his 
followers.  Hearing  of  thi.s.  the  valiant  k-ader  deserted  his  CdUiniand 
and  lied  into  a  swamp  south  of  .Mlentown.  where  he  was  .ilterw.ird 
taken,  lie  was  indicted  and  tried  for  treason,  was  conviiteil  and  con- 
demned to  death,  hut  President  .\dams.  against  whose  authority  I'ries 
had  offended,  granted  him  fidl  pardon. 

Milllin's  incuiiihency  of  the  governorship  ended  in  1799.  His  ad- 
ministration from  Ijeginning  to  e\M\  was  heset  with  new  and  aggravat- 
ing questions.  Twice  at  least  he  had  to  deal  with  an  armed  uinising 
against  the  authority  of  the  law.  During  his  term.  too.  political  i>arties 
were  forming  on  <lelinite  lines,  and  more  th;in  once  the  executive  was 
called  upon  to  consider  the  necessities  of  his  political  tnllowers.  Hut 
Milllin  was  inclined  to  he  independent,  .and  disai)ixiintmeni  frecpienlly 
awaited  those  who  thought  to  control  him.  .\t  times  his  course  was 
subject  to  censure,  and  the  opposition  availed  itself  of  every  opixMtun- 
itv  to  criticise  him.  (^n  the  whole,  however,  his  administration  was 
.successful.  When  he  tirst  took  the  office  every  department  of  state 
government  was  new  and  untried,  and  the  executive  course  had  no  pre- 
cedent as  its  guide.  But  he  acquitted  himself  well.  ke])t  in  g(H)d  favor 
with  his  partv.  hut  rarely  was  commended  liy  tlie  oi)])(isite  jiarty.  lie 
repaid  fealty  with  favor,  and  surrounded  his  ;idministration  with  in- 
llnences  calculated  to  sustain  it. 

Thomas  McKean  followed  Mifflin  in  the  governor's  chair,  and  also 
served  three  terms  of  three  years  each.  1799-1808.  .\t  the  time  of  his 
election  McKean  was  chief  justice  of  the  supreme  court  of  Pennsyl- 


OF  THE  STATU  OT  rr..\.\S)'IJ\L\Li.  137 

vania,  and  was  the  lirsi  iucumljent  of  that  judicial  office  under  the 
constitution  of  1790.  As  a  judge  of  high  re])ute.  it  was  expected  tliat 
lie  would  liring  to  the  governorship  a  special  dignity,  and  that  his  ad- 
ministration wduld  he  ciinser\ati\e  in  all  its  parts,  hut  no  sooner  was 
he  inaugurated  than  he  hegan  the  work  of  remo\al  of  puhlic  officials. 
He  cut  off  heads  right  and  left,  justifying  his  action  with  the  declara- 
tion that  lhe\  had  not  hren  appointed  through  merit,  hut  ])ersonal  con- 
siderations only;  Ijut  as  often  as  he  removed  an  official  he  filled  the  va- 
cancy' with  one  of  his  awn  friends.  Xo  federalist  \vhom  he  could  reach 
was  allowed  to  escape  him.  and  that  he  fully  lieliexed  in  the  modern 
"spoils  of  office"  system  is  shown  in  his  own  w(^rds.  "It  is  out  of  the 
cotnmon  order  of  nature  to  prefer  enemies  to  friends." 

McKean  also  antagonized  the  legislature,  which  hod\-  retaliated 
upon  him.  and  attacked  him  for  holding  the  princi])les  he  declared.  I'ut 
he  replied  in  kind,  and  really  appeared  to  enjoy  wrangling  with  all  who 
opposed  his  policy.  He  fomid  fre(|uent  opportunity  to  indulge  himself 
in  this  direction,  and  on  one  occasion  during  his  last  term  in  office 
articles  of  impeachment  were  preferred  against  him.  He  was  not  tried, 
however,  hut  through  his  quarrelsome  propensit\-  his  whole  administra- 
tion was  spoiled,  and  little  real  ]irogress  was  made  so  far  as  the  gov- 
ernor's exertions  in  that  res])ect  were  concerned. 

Notwithstanding  the  unfortunate  relations  of  the  executive  and 
legislative  branches,  much  good  progress  was  made  in  Pennsxlvania 
during  this  ])criod  of  its  history.  In  iSoj  an  act  was  passed  for  the 
"education  of  the  jioor  gratis."  and  in  that  act  was  laid  the  founda- 
tion of  the  present  arlmirahle  system  of  free  education  that  has  attracted 
attention  from  and  lieen  ado])ted  h\-  other  states.  In  the  same  year 
new  and  adwanced  militia  regulations  were  adopted.  In  1803,  when  a 
political  campaign  was  in  progress,  tlie  Democratic  committee  issued  a 


136    coMrnxnicM  or  historv  ,ixp  gexealogv 

lirciilar  >vi\iiij;  "As  l'i-ii;is\lv;mia  is  ilic  Isfjstoiic  of  llic  iX'inncralic 
ij-cli,  c\cr\  engine  will  l)e  used  to  sever  it  frum  its  place."  Tlie  dec- 
laration had  no  special  significance  at  tlic  time.  Imt  this  comparison  of 
the  commonwealth  with  the  keystone  of  an  arcli  led  to  the  accepted 
designation  of  Pennsylvania  as  the  "Keystone  Stale." 

In  McKean's  time,  in  1803,  the  somewliat  famous  iinpeaciimeiil 
case  of  Veats,  Shipi)en  and  Smith  reached  its  culminalinn.  These  three 
judges  of  the  supreme  court  were  arraigned  at  tlie  har  ni  ilie  senate 
charged  with  oppression,  false  im])risoumeiit  aud  high  misdemeanors. 
The  case  attracted  much  attention  at  the  time,  hut  sul)sc(|uently  hecame 
less  remarkalile  when,  on  account  of  almost  constant  variances  of  the 
executive,  legislative  and  judicial  (k'])artments  of  state  go\ciiiuient. 
some  puliHc  ufficial  was  presented  for  impeachment.  Jhc  judges  ahove 
referred  to  were  ac(|uitted  of  tlie  cliarges  brought  against  them,  as 
were  nearly  all  others  similarly  accused  when  political  considerations  and 
party  advantage  swayed  men's  minds  and  actions. 

During  the  latter  part  of  (lovcrnor  AIcKean's  last  term,  the  tin- 
friendly  relations  of  the  United  States  and  Great  P.ritain  were  the  (k- 
casion  of  much  anxiety  and  regret  in  tliis  state,  but  as  yet  the  situ;ition 
had  not  become  serious  enough  to  create  a  division  of  public  sentiment. 
The  injurious  effects  of  the  embargo  act  were  felt  in  l'hiladelpiii;i  and 
other  se;iix)rt  cities  early  in  iSoS.  but  the  legislature  did  nothing — in 
fact  could  do  nothing — to  relieve  the  distress  of  sailors  and  ship])ing 
interests.  That  branch  of  state  government  sujjported  the  embargo 
act.  and  otherwise  stood  loyal  to  the  determination  of  the  president 
and  Congress. 

While  this  subject  was  uppermost  in  the  public  mind,  and  while 
the  people  were  l>eginning  to  discuss  the  ciuestion,  "pro  and  con,"  for 
party  purposes,  a  gubernatorial  election  was  held  (October.  1S08J  and 


OP  THE  STATE  OF  PEXXSYU'AMA.  I;i9 

.Simon  Sii\cler  was  cliDsen.  He  was  tlie  first  of  tlie  Dulcli  goverin>rs, 
and  was  in  all  respects  an  honorable,  efficient  and  conscientious  public 
=er\ant.  In  tlie  ]>)litical  contest  of  the  year  there  were  three  candidates. 
Snvder  was  the  regular  Democratic  nominee,  Spaxd  was  the  champion 
of  the  so-called  constitution.al  democratic  element,  commrml}-  called 
"Quids,"  and  James  Rn=s  caiTied  the  banner  of  the  I'^deralists.  who 
e\'en  then  had  begun  tu  cr\"  "I'ree  trade  and  no  embarg'O." 

.Sn}-der's  majorit}-  was  overwhelming  and  carried  gratification  to 
the  hearts  of  his  supporters.  The  Germans  in  particular  felt  that  their 
voting  strength  in  the  field  of  politics  had  at  last  been  recognized.  Snv- 
der ]>ro\-ed  as  honest  as  he  was  outsiioken  and  candid,  and  in  whate\er 
he  did  he  was  actuated  only  by  the  best  motives.  He  was  born  in  Lan- 
caster in  1759,  and  educated  himself  while  serving  as  a  tanner's  ap- 
jjrentice.  In  1784  he  remo\ed  to  Selinsgrove  and  engaged  in  mercan- 
tile pursuits.  He  never  drifted  into  jxilitics.  He  was  not  in  s\nii)athy 
with  its  jtractices,  and  yet  he  was  frequently  chosen  to  places  of  re- 
siionsibility :  was  justice  of  the  peace  twelve  years:  member  of  the  con- 
vention which  framed  the  constitution  of  17Q0;  first  elected  to  the  house 
of  representatives  in  1797:  speaker  of  the  house  in  1802.  and  for  six 
su.ccessix'e  terms:  was  go\-ernor  frnm  1808  to  1817:  state  senator.  1817- 
19:  and  died  while  a  member  of  that  bddv.  .\'o\ember  9,  1819. 

The  |)rincipal  e\ent  which  tixik  jjlacc  during  (joxernor  Snvder's 
administration  was  that  commrmly  knnwn  as  the  war  of  18  ij,  nr  the 
second  war  with  (ireat  Britain,  which  will  !>e  treated  in  the  next  chapter. 
Rut  during  that  period  there  were  (ither  important  events  uf  ;i  civil 
and  political  character  that  occupied  the  attention  nf  the  execuli\e  .and 
legislative  branches  of  state  government.  The  banking  and  currency 
questions  ag.'iin  presented  themselves  and  at  a  time  when  least  welcome, 
for  the  countr\-  was  on  the  \erge  of  another  war.      In    181 1   the  old 


140    coMrnxnirM  or  ihstorv  .ixn  geneai.ogv 

L'nitfd  States  l)anl\  passed  lUii  of  existence,  and  imimilialcly  ilieieat'ter 
tlierc  followed  a  lusli  of  apjjlications  for  cliarters  for  state  banks.  The 
legislature  under  pressure  of  outside  inlluence  favored  tlieni,  l)ut  the 
governor  as  warmly  opposed  them,  or  S(j  great  a  nuinl)er  of  tliem 
as  were  songlit  to  l>e  estal)lis!ied.  In  iSi.^  charters  were  t;rante(l  to 
fortv-two  hanking  corporations.  The  governor  ])roni])tly  vetoed  llie 
l)ill.  hut  the  legislature  passed  them  o\er  the  veto.  The  wholesale  char- 
tering of  l)anks.  without  restrictions  of  any  kiii<l,  Icil  to  nian\-  ahuses, 
and  frequently  the\'  were  estaljlished  foi'  the  mere  piu'i^ose  of  specula- 
tion, tlie  uiiliniited  issue  of  hills  and  ])articipatioii  in  ])uhlic  iiiipro\e- 
ment  enterprises  not  contemplated — yet  not  prohiljited — by  tluir  char- 
ters. \\\  this  means  public  improvements  were  promoted,  but  ultimately 
the  effects  were  disastrous. 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  1*1 


CHAPTER   VI. 

War  oi'"  1S12-15. 

During  tlie  i'w^  years  immediately  preceiling  the  secnd  war  with 
Great  Britain,  the  entire  countrx  was  in  a  condition  of  nominal  peace, 
yet  every  politicd  c\ent  (m  this  side  of  tlie  Atlantic  showed  a  feeling 
of  unrest  and  the  sure  approach  of  another  contest  at  arms  with  the 
motlier  country.  The  United  States  had  always  ol)ser\ed  the  pro\isions 
of  the  treaty  made  with  (ireat  Brit;iin  at  the  close  of  the  Revulution 
and  had  maintained,  too,  a  strict  neutrality  during  the  progress  of  the 
Napoleonic  wars  when  e\'ery  consideration  of  gratitude  should  haxe 
prompted  an  alliance  with  France. 

For  se\'eral  _\ears  the  aggressive  acts  of  the  British  had  been  a 
subject  of  anxiet\'  and  regret  to  all  .\mericans  and  had  created  a  feel- 
ing of  indignation  throughout  the  countr\-.  The  enibargd  laid  by 
Congress  upcm  nur  shipping,  as  a  measure  of  safety,  was  found  so  in- 
jurious to  commercial  interests  that  it  was  repealed,  and  the  nun-inter- 
course act  was  passed  in  its  stead,  in  April.  1809.  the  British  ambassa- 
dor in  Washington  opened  negotiations  for  the  adjustment  of  dif¥iculties 
and  consented  to  a  withdrawal  of  the  obnf)xious  "urders  in  council." 
so  far  as  tiiey  affected  the  United  States,  on  ciinditinn  that  the  non-in- 
tercourse act  be  rejiealed.  This  was  agreed  to  and  the  jiresident  issued 
a  proclamation  to  the  effect  that  on  the  loth  of  June  trade  with  Great 
Britain  might  be  resumed ;  but  the  British  government  refused  to  ratify 
tile  proceedings,  and  recalled  her  minister,  wliereupon  the  ])resident 
revoked  his  proclamation,  and  the  non-intercourse  act  again  went  into 
operation.  :         .      ■ 


UU      COMPEXDIUM  or  HISTORY  .IXP  GENEALOGY 

Tlic  must  offensive  of  all  Britisli  aggressions  during  the  peril  id 
referred  to.  was  tlie  claim  <if  "liglu  to  search."  in  pursuance  of  which 
British  cruisers  stopped  .\nierican  \essels  on  the  ix'ean  .md  seized  >uch 
of  their  crews  as  were  suspecte<l  to  he  suhjects  of  the  king  and  forced 
them  into  their  ser\  ice.  Thi.-;  claim  led  to  outrages  to  which  no  true 
American  coukl  suhmit.  and  the  only  choice  left  to  our  nation  was  war. 
or  (lisgracei'ul  humiliation.  On  June  u.  iSij.  {'resident  Madison  sent 
a  confidential  communication  to  Congress  in  which  he  recapitulated  the 
long  list  of  nriti>-h  aggressions,  and  decl.ired  it  ihe  duty  ot  that  ImmIv 
t<^  consider  whetiier  the  .\nietican  jieople  should  longer  ^-ulmiit.  hut  at 
the  same  time  he  cautione<l  the  house  to  a\oid  entanglements  with  other 
powers  which  were  then  hostile  to  (Ireat  Ilritain. 

It  was  seen  that  war  was  nnaxcidahle.  liul  the  meastne  was  not 
sustained  in  all  the  middle  .and  Xew  I'ngland  st.itcs.  The  opposition 
was  embraced  in  the  Federal  part\-.  whose  chief  argument  was  thai  the 
Country  was  not  jirepared  for  war.  The  he'leralists  then  constituted 
a  large  and  influential  minority  of  the  political  element  of  Congress,  and 
had  a  strong  following  in  the  states  not  .ictive  in  politics.  They  asked 
for  further  negotiations,  and  met  the  denunciations  of  the  ruling  party 
(the  Democratic  ami  Republican,  for  it  went  by  both  names)  with 
bitter  attacks  on  Xapoleon.  whom  they  accused  the  majority  with  favur- 
ing.  War  was  formally  ilecl.ired  cm  June  iS.  iSu.  Imi  not  before  the 
I'resident,  in  pursuance  of  an  act  of  Congress,  issued  an  order  for  the 
detachment  of  one  hundred  thousand  militia  from  the  several  stales  to 
be  prepared  for  any  emergency. 

During  the  second  war  with  Cireat  Ihitain  no  foot  more  hostile 
than  that  of  a  Fedend  obstructionist  was  set  on  renns\l\;mia  soil.  The 
contests  with  that  foe  were  ff)Uglit  out  in  political  meetings,  in  healed 
campaigns  throughout  the  counties  of  the  state  and  .it  the  polling  places. 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  143 

Party  lines  were  closely  drawn  and  party  issues  were  made  clear  and 
distinct,  hut  the  Democrats  were  larijely  in  the  niajnrity.  Snyder, 
being  govern(jr.  was  naturally  looked  uijon  as  the  leader  of  his  party, 
vet  he  was  nut  in  an\-  sense  a  politician.  He  was  backed  by  a  legislative 
majorit}'  and  all  branches  (.)f  the  state  g'o\ernment  were  in  accord  with 
the  federal  autlmrities  in  adopting  and  prosecuting  war  measures. 

In  i8og  the  Democratic  majority  in  the  legislature  passed  a  reso- 
lutiou  that  members  of  that  body  at  the  ne.xt  session  "aiJiKjar  in  clotlies 
of  domestic  manufacture,"  and  also  ordered  "that  no  British  precedent 
should  be  read  or  quoted  in  courts  of  justice,  imr  any  British  decision 
made  after  July  4.  1776.  excejjt  those  on  maritime  and  international  law." 
This  determination  showed  an  extreme  anti-British  feeling  among  luem- 
bers  of  the  majoritv  partv,  but  the  resolutions  were  not  generally  ob- 
ser\ed  by  the  Federalists,  wdio  would  not  be  bound  l)y  them  or  respect 
them. 

The  Federalists  were  inclined  to  enlarge  u]ion  the  erudition  of  dis- 
tress created  in  T^biladelpbia  through  the  enfoixement  of  the  embargo  and 
non-intercourse  acts,  and  gained  accessions  to  their  ranks  by  extending 
sympathy  to  the  sailors  who  were  for  a  time  without  a  means  of  living. 
The  scarcity  of  money  and  tbt  feeling  of  unrest  in  iinancial  circles  al<o 
were  convenient  instruments  for  their  political  ends,  and  they  used  them, 
but  without  much  success.  The  peo])Ie  of  TennsyKania  were  satisfied 
with  the  justness  of  their  cause  against  (ireat  Britain,  and  neither  per- 
suasion nor  spreading  of  alarms  could  change  their  course. 

When  war  was  declared  and  troops  were  recpiired  by  the  govern- 
ment, G(j\ernor  Snyder's  call  was  answered  by  a  number  three  times 
as  great  as  the  cpiota  of  the  st.ate.  The  nnlil.arv  establishment  of  Penn- 
sylvania at  that  time  was  in  excellent  conditii'u  in  res])ect  to  number  anrl 
drill    Init  somewhat  delicient  in  quality  of  arms.     But  ibc}'  came  at  the 


144      COMPEXDIUM  OF  HISTORY  AXP  GENEALOGY 

call,  and  such  as  were  needed  were  imistered  into  service.  No  battles 
were  fought  witiiiii  tlie  liordcrs  of  this  state.  ;md  no  enemy  invaded  its 
territory.  The  men  "f  Pennsylvania  were  called  inln  otlicr  states,  and 
they  fought  at  Black  Rnck.  Lundy's  Lane.  .\iain;ira.  and  ^n  Lake  Eric: 
assisted  in  the  respulse  of  the  I'ritisli  nn  the  (.'licsapeake.  .md  sliarcil  in 
the  victory  at  Xew  Orleans.  On  ^ne  occasion  (icneral  'i.innciiill's  liri- 
gade  of  two  thousand  militia  crossed  over  from  Niagara  into  Canada  and 
invested  British  territory:  and  this  they  did  when  the  militia  of  an  ad- 
joining state  refused  to  go  beyond  L'nited  States  territory  in  pursuit  of 
an  enemy.  .\t  Lundy's  Lane  ( ieneral  I'.rown  (then  living  at  Browns- 
ville in  Jefferson  count).  Xew  N'(prk.  hut  a  n.ni\e  of  Bucks  county.  Penn- 
sylvania) said  to  .M,ij(ir  Miller:  "C:\u  you  take  that  l)altcry?'":  to  which 
the  latter  answered  :  "I  can  try.  sir."  This  hricf  dialogue  shows  S(jme- 
thing  of  tiie  temper  .and  fighting  (|ualilics  of  llic  Pennsy!\;uiia  militia. 
Major  Miller  was  an  .\d;uns  county  oiticer. 

The  most  notable  achievement  during  the  war  <if  181J-15  in  which 
Pennsylvania  was  directly  concerned  was  Perry's  \ictory  o\cr  tlic  British 
fleet  on  Lake  l-lric  in  .September.  iSi.v  1  lie  honor  of  the  \  ictory  itself 
was  shared  by  Perry  and  \)\<  i.fticers  an<l  men.  but  it  was  thi(nigh  liie 
suggestion  of  Daniel  Dobbin^,  of  Lrie.  ih.il  the  authorities  at  W'asliing- 
ton  decided  to  build  a  tleet  for  the  purpose  of  driving  ilic  British  from 
the  lakes.  Captain  Daniel  Doi)bins  w.is  the  owner  and  master  of  a  trad- 
ing vessel,  and  had  l)ecn  m.ide  to  feel  the  effects  of  British  >uprcmacy  on 
the  lakes,  having  been  c;i]ilnred  and  iield  jjnsciuer  at  Detroit  in  1812. 
After  his  release  he  went  to  Washington  and  laid  the  matter  before  the 
president  and  his  advisers,  and  with  such  effect  that  he  returned  to  Erie 
with  orders  to  build  two  gunboats  for  serxice  on  Like  bjie.  Later  on 
he  was  authorized  to  build  twf)  sloops  of  w.ir.  :i]u\  on  tiie  arrival  of  Perry 
in  March  following  the  keels  were  laid  .and  much  of  the  materia!   fur 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  145 

building  was  ready  tn  he  put  tnoetlier.  All  of  tliis  work  liad  l:>e.en  done 
by  Df)bhins  witli  sucli  assistance  as  CDuld  l)e  prueured  in  llie  western  part 
of  tlie  state.  Every  sticiv  of  tinilier  used  in  the  worl-;  was  cut  from  tlie 
sfunip  in  the  forests  of  Erie  cinnitx-  and  its  \icinity. 

Erie  was  chosen  as  the  place  for  fitting  out  tlie  fleet  because  of  its 
comparati\el}'  safe  harbor.  I'our  of  Perry's  vessels  were  built  here  and 
five  others  \\ere  made  ready  for  service  in  Scajaquada  creek.  During 
the  process  of  construction  Perr\-  went  back  and  forth  between  the  twfi 
places,  urging  on  the  work  with  all  the  energ\'  of  his  nature.  He  has- 
tened it  by  adtling  men  fi'oni  N'ew  "N'ork  and  Philadelphia,  drew  his 
supplies  from  Pittsburg  anil  Buffalo,  and  late  in  the  summer  launched 
his  vessels  in  the  waters  of  Lake  Erie.  He  sent  to  the  naval  authorities 
at  AX'ashington  an  urgent  re<iucst  for  men  and  oflicers,  with  the  promise 
to  "have  the  enem\"s  ships  in  a  <la\'  or  two."  The  daring  young  com- 
mander made  good  his  promise  and  on  September  lo  sent  out  the  famous 
message:   "\\'e  ha\e  met  the  enemy,  and  they  are  ours." 

Perry's  victory  ga\e  control  of  the  lakes  to  the  .\mericans,  and  was 
a  serious  blow  to  the  P.ritish.  Perry  was  rewarded  by  Congress  and 
Pennsyhania,  and  was  hon(jred  with  the  cougratulations  of  the  whole 
country.  Some  of  his  oftlcers  were  likewise  lemembered.  and  the  sturdy 
Pennsylvanians  who  cut  the  forest  trees,  built  the  fleet,  guarded  the  work 
as  it  progressed,  and  then  rallied  under  arms  at  Perry's  call,  were  re- 
warded with  the  proud  honor  of  having  served  their  country,  having 
done  a  splendid  w(irk,  and  having  been  instrumental  in  sweeping  the 
British  from  the  lakes. 

Before  the  attack  ujion  and  destruction  of  Washington,  the  national 
capital,  the  presidcin  called  on  (iovernor  -Snyder  for  more  troops,  and 
the  loyal  executive  immeiliatelv  ordered  out  the  militia  from  the  counties 
on  the  southern  borders  (jf  the  state.     The  men  were  rendezvoused  at 

10 


UC,      COMPEXDIUM  or  HISTORV  .LXD  GENEALOGY 

York,  Carlisle,  ami  Marcus  Il^nk.  hut  sinjii  niarcheil  to  Washington  and 
took  part  in  tiic  attempt  to  repulse  the  inxaders.  Tiie  hattle  of  New- 
Orleans  and  the  surrender  of  the  llritish  ended  aiti\e  liostilities  Ijetween 
the  warring  powers.  A  peace  was  cnnclude<l.  and  was  ratified  hy  llie 
treat V  of  (ihent.  IVhruary  17.  1815.  Tlie  I'nited  States  was  not  again 
to  wage  war  with  a  t'oreigu  foe  until  the  closing  years  of  ijie  nineteenth 
century. 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  147 


CHAi'TER   \11. 

The  Cum.\i().\\\i;.\ltu  from   1815  to  i860. 

Governor  Snyder's  course  durini^'  the  war  was  commended  by  tlie 
people  of  tlie  state  aluKrst  witlmut  distinction  of  party.  He  was  ably 
seconded  by  a  friendK-  lej^islature.  and  there  was  not  at  an\'  time  the 
possibility  of  a  return  of  the  iniforlunate  relations  of  the  executive  and 
legislative  branches  of  the  .t^oxernment  which  existed  during  the  Revolu- 
tion. \\'ith  tlie  restoraticiu  of  peace,  the  administration  turned  once 
more  t<j  civil  atifairs.  and  considered  seriously,  vet  conservativelv.  the 
question  of  internal  improvements,  which  had  lain  dormant  during  the 
war.  The  advocates  of  an  elaborate  system  of  canals  and  railroads  were 
now  jjressing  their  demands  up<iii  the  legislature:  and  e\en  the  governor 
himself  was  not  permitted  to  tscajie  their  importunities. 

'Idle  time  had  now  come  when  something  must  be  done.  Manv  of 
the  chartered  companies  had  failed,  and  jirtijected  improvements  were 
unfinished.  It  was  urged  that  the  commonwealth  take  U))  the  work  and 
construct  a  system  of  canals  and  railroads  across  the  state.  But  the 
advocates  of  this  enterprise  were  doonieil  to  disappointment,  for  a  lime 
at  least,  as  it  was  not  initil  several  years  afterward  that  I'emisylvania 
turned  builder  in  fact,  although  its  legislature  did  extend  assistance  to 
various  corporations  and  thus  saved  them  from  complete  financial  ruin. 
The  canal  enterprise  was  lu'ged  bv  nearlv  all  the  best  irifiuence  of  the 
state,  and  there  seemed  to  be  no  ])olitical  division  on  that  subject;  but 
the  time  was  not  yet  ripe  and  it  remained  for  a  later  atlminislration  than 
Snyder's  t(j  take  the  important  ste]). 

As  Governor  Snvtler's  third  term  in  office  was  Hearing  its  '••h!  the 


14^      COMrEXDlL.U  01-  IIlSrORV  AXD  GENEALOGY 

Democratic  partv  in  llie  slate  became  divided  against  itself  on  llie  ques- 
tion of  caucus  nomination,  liy  wliicli  Congress  and  tlic  legislature  de- 
clared their  preferences  for  ])rcsidential  and  guUTuaiorial  candidates. 
The  subject  was  discusse<l  with  considcralilc  warnitli  williin  tlic  Demo- 
cratic household,  and  tiiially  resulted  in  a  division  of  the  i)arty.  the  new 
school  advocates  nominating  William  I'indlay.  who  now  had  hccome  a 
I)rominent  figure  in  political  circles.  The  adherents  to  the  old  system 
opposed  Findlay  with  Joseph  Hiester.  who  was  supposed  to  he  a  tower  of 
strength  with  the  German  voters,  and  who  di<l  control  them  to  a  large 
extent,  hut  not  enough  to  overcome  the  regular  Democratic  canilidate. 
It  was  not  Findlay's  personal  nopularity  that  carrieil  him  through  so  suc- 
cessfully, hut  the  i)rogressive  principle  he  stood  for.  Miester  was  favored 
by  the  I'ederalists.  but  their  vote  was  about  offset  by  that  of  the  inde- 
pendents, who  wanted  the  new  system  to  have  a  fair  trial. 

In  1S17  Findlay  was  elected  by  a  -^mall  m.ijoritw  and  served  one 
term  in  the  governor's  chair.  He  had  jn^t  come  from  his  last  leini  in 
Congress,  and  much  \vas  expected  of  him  b)  his  snjjporters.  He  began 
well,  and  favored  the  i)lan  of  internal  im])rovenients  which  made  its 
reappearance  in  modified  and  more  elaljorate  foini  with  each  change  in 
governor's  chair:  but  his  administration  was  greatly  embarrassed  by  con- 
tinued strife  within  his  own  party.  The  executi\e  had  many  ot'tices  to 
fill  by  ai)|K)intment.  but_to  fill  them  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  elements 
that  had  sui)]Mjrted  him  was  out  of  the  c|uestion.  The  attcni])!  to  do  this 
proved  Findlay's  undoing,  and  while  he  was  unanimously  noniinateii  for 
re-election.  Hiester.  who  again  opposed  him,  was  chosen  in  his  stead. 
However,  after  a  prolonged  struggle,  I'indlay  was  elected  to  a  seal  in  the 
United  States  senate. 

Findlay  was  an  aggressive  character  by  nature  and  acquirement,  but 
was  neither  oppressive  nor  abusive,  except  to  jKilitical  foes.     In  this  he 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  P£.V.V.S)7J '.r/.V/J.  149 

was  only  true  ti)  his  Scotch-lrisli  ancestrx' :  hut  he  was  also  true  to  his 
Scotch-Trish  friends:  they  had  done  much  for  him.  and  lie  was  grateful 
enough  to  return  the  kindness,  although  in  doing  so  he  made  many 
enemies. 

Joseph  Hiester  served  ime  term  as  governor,  from  1820  to  1823, 
and  declined  a  renomination.  His  tastes  and  amhitions  were  directly 
opposite  to  those  of  his  predecessor,  for  naturally  he  shrank  from  the 
turmoil  and  strife  of  party  politics.  He  knew  of  the  trouhles  which  had 
heset  Findlay.  and  desired  to  a\-(>id  them  during  his  own  term.  In  his 
first  message  he  urged  the  legislature  to  lessen  the  power  of  the  execu- 
tive, and  correspondingly  increase  that  of  the  legislature.  He  did  not 
accomplish  all  he  sought,  hut  his  action  was  a  notice  to  clamorous  place- 
hunters  that  the  governor  was  not  in  full  sympathy  with  the  spoils 
system.  Still.  Hiester  made  niany  changes,  and  surrounded  his  admin- 
istration with  capable  officials.  Honest  and  conscientious  himself,  he  in- 
sisted on  those  qualities  in  those  around  him.  He  did  not  attempt  to 
influence  the  legislature  in  the  senatorial  CDUtest  that  extended  through 
nearly  two  years  of  his  term,  hut  dc\(ited  himself  wliolly  to  the  legitimate 
questions  of  importance  pertaining  to  the  puljlic  welfare. 

He  listened  to  the  appeals  for  a  state  system  of  canals  more  extensive 
than  that  proposed  for  Xew  York,  and  approved  several  hills  granting 
charters  and  financial  assistance  to  canal  and  turnpike  companies.  He 
favored  a  liheral  system  of  education  to  be  enjoyed  alike  hv  all  classes, 
and  suggested  general  religious  instruction.  There  was  shown  sul> 
stantial  progress  in  PennsyKania  during  Pfiester"s  term.  The  resources 
of  the  state  were  being  deNclopcd  UKjre  extensixely  than  ever  before,  and 
private  enterprise  was  gradually  extern  ling  the  means  of  transportation 
from  the  markets  of  Philadclpiiia  to  the  sources  of  supply  in  the  interior 
regions  of  the  state.     Iron  mining  antl  manufacturing  were  being  carried 


i.'.i'    co.Mrr.xnirM  or  history  .ixn  cr.xn.u.oGV 

on  to  some  extent.  Cn:il  li;ul  conic  to  he  accejJted  as  a  valiial)le  fuel  com- 
nioditv.  and  Ix'tli  in  unlimited  (|nantities  were  awaiting  suitalilc  means 
of  shipment. 

John  .\ntlre\v  Sliulze  \\a>  elected  o()\cinnr  nf  I'ennsyhania  in 
Octolier,  iSj_^.  and  served  two  terms.  lie  was  the  regular  Democratic 
nominee,  and  was  ojiposed  hy  .\ndrcw  (ireiij^.  •'  torincr  Democrat.  Imi 
tlien  tlie  canchdate  of  the  Federalists.  In  many  resjiects  Shulze  was 
unlike  anv  of  his  ])redecessors  in  office.  He  was  not  with' nit  experience 
in  politics,  for  he  ha<l  served  several  years  in  the  lower  house  of  the 
legislature,  and  a  shorter  term  in  tlie  senate.  lie  did  not  a<>ume  to 
kni>w  the  needs  of  the  state  hetler  than  the  legislature,  and  ]irudently  left 
the  originating  power  to  the  ihscretion  of  tlie  twn  houses  of  that  IkkIv. 
He  tiuis  avoided  entanglements  and  kept  himself  com])ar,iti\cly  free  from 
the  importunities  of  the  "friends  of  legisl.ition."  He  w:is  dee])ly  inter- 
ested in  the  cause  of  eilucation.  and  succeeded  in  securing  the  passage 
of  an  act  jiroviding  for  the  education  of  rdl  children  hetwcen  the  ages  of 
si.x  and  fourteen  years  at  the  ]iul)lic  expense,  hut  the  ])ri\ilege  to  any 
child  was  not  to  e.xtend  heyond  three  \ears.  The  law  w.as  vigorously 
o])posed  in  certain  quarters.  ,ind  w;is  reiiealed  in  tXjf).  It  contained 
many  excellent  features  and  geiier;dly  was  an  improvement  o\er  the 
previous  law.  hut  in  some  respects  its  provisions  were  o])posed ;  hence 
the  repealing  act. 

During  Shulze's  term  the  state  hegan  tite  great  work  of  connecting 
tide-water  at  Philadel])hia  with  I.ake  luie  hy  a  system  of  canals  and 
railroads,  .\fter  the  (|uestion  of  route  had  heen  discussed  and  agreed 
upon,  an  approiiriatioii  was  made  for  heginmng  the  work  in  i.S^j.  A 
boanl  of  canal  commissioners  was  created  and  everything  ])romised  a 
favorable  result  from  the  undertaking.  The  state  borrowed  monev  from 
the  banks  to  carry  on  the  work,  but  the  go\ernor  favored  a  plan  of  taxa- 


OF  THE  STATE  01-  PENNSYLrAXIA.  151 

tion  without  enciinil)eiiii<;'  the  coninionweallli  with  an  interest-ljearing 
debt.  The  times  were  s^ood.  every  husiness  enterprise  prospered,  the 
pursuits  of  agriculture  yielded  well  tn  the  husbandman,  the  mines  were 
beginning"  to  send  forth  their  ]iri)ducts  to  paying  markets,  and  manufac- 
turing industries  were  employing  thousands  of  workmen  in  various  parts 
of  the  state.  Infleed,  it  was  argued,  this  was  an  era  of  peace  and  plenty : 
the  state  would  soon  begin  to  recei\e  canal  and  railroad  tolls  in  excess 
of  the  cost  of  maintenance,  and  the  re\enucs  would  pay  both  interest  and 
principal.  The  governor  could  foresee  the  e\il  consequences  of  unlim- 
ited borrowing,  but  in  s])ite  of  his  remonstrances,  six  million  dollars  had 
been  achanced  liefore  the  end  of  his  second  term,  and  the  work  of  con- 
struction was  far  from  completion. 

George  Wolf  came  into  th.e  gubernatorial  office  in  1829,  and  served 
two  terms.  He  found  that  $8,300,000  had  already  been  borrowed  on  the 
credit  of  the  state,  for  canal  construction,  and  that  nearly  half  as  much 
more  would  lie  required  to  complete  the  main  line.  The  governor  applied 
himself  diligently  to  this  task  and  had  the  satisfaction  to  witness  the 
opening  of  the  main  line  of  the  ])ublic  works  from  Philadelphia  to  Pitts- 
burg, comprising  one  hundred  ,'md  twenty-six  miles  of  railroad  and  two 
hundred  and  ninety-two  miles  of  navigable  canal.  This  line  was  com- 
pleted and  put  in  operation  in  1831.  The  occasion  was  one  of  general 
rejoicing,  and  was  sliared  in  by  the  people  of  the  entire  state.  A  seem- 
ingly impossible  undertaking  h;i(l  been  accomplished,  and  Pittsburg  and 
the  entire  upper  regions  of  the  .Sus(|uelianna,  Allegheny,  Ohio,  Juniata, 
and  other  ri\'ers  could  now  send  their  shipments  of  products  of  the  soil, 
and  the  mines,  and  the  forests,  and  the  factories,  to  profitable  markets 
in  Philadelphia  and  elsewhere  on  tide-water.  It  was  indeed  a  great 
event,  and  in  its  completion  PennsyKania  was  placed  on  an  equal  footing 
with  New  York  state  in  con\enient  canal  facilities. 


I.V.'    coMPr.xnirM  or  iiisroh'Y  .ixn  cf.xf.ai.ogy 

As  has  lK.'cn  stalcil.  iliis  t;reat  eiUerpiise  originated  in  the  minds  uf 
a  lew  I'ennsylvaniaiis  soon  alter  the  close  of  ilie  Revohitioii.  They 
urged  it  and  continued  to  nrge  tlie  question,  in  season  and  out  of  >eason. 
tlirougli  the  period  of  tlie  war  of  181^-13.  and  not  one  governor  and  not 
a  single  legislature  was  permitted  to  escape  their  ini])i'rtiinitics  until  tlie 
act  was  passed  and  approved  that  aiilhorized  tlu-  lie;<innin«4  of  the  work; 
and  the  same  faithful  Pennsyhanians  lieUl  faithfully  to  their  enterprise 
until  this  commonwealth  was  provided  witii  as  gond  a  canal  as  was 
"DeW'itt  Clinton's  ditch  "  in  Xew  YorU  state,  as  the  luie  canal  was 
sometimes  called. 

The  completion  of  the  main  line  of  inihlic  works  w.as  not  the  c^im- 
pletion  of  the  canal  system  undertaken  hy  the  state.  There  was  a  mania 
for  canal  huiKling.  and  e\er\'  ■section  of  the  state  |)ossil)le  to  he  reache<l 
1>\'  an  artificial  waterway  asked  for  an  extension.  Candidates  for  the 
legislature  were  selected  on  the  canal  issue  until  it  sceme(l  as  if  the 
territorv  of  the  state  was  to  l)e  "gridir^ned"  with  can.nls — if  the  claims 
and  petitions  of  applicants  were  gratified.  A-  it  was.  the  state  went  into 
the  business  on  wholesale  scale,  .and  spent  more  than  twenty-fi\e  million 
dollars  for  hranches  and  extensions.  The  action  wris  se\erely  criticised, 
hut  more  on  account  of  the  schemes  and  irregularities  of  unscrupulous 
operators  than  the  want  of  lionestv  ou  the  ]);!rt  of  the  legislature.  The 
entire  work  was  not  finished  during  Wolfs  term,  nor  that  of  se\eral  of 
his  successors.  Indeed,  some  sections  rnid  hr.mclics  were  in  course  of 
construction  when  the  state  hegnn  selling  them  to  incorporated  comjianies. 

CJovernor  Wolf,  like  Sluilze.  wa>  in  f.ixnr  of  improvement  of  the 
common  school  system,  hut  as  yet  the  mo.st  jiracticihlc  and  satisf.utorv 
plan  nt  action  had  not  l^een  settled,  l-lvery  governor  from  Miftlin"s  time 
had  favored  "education  for  the  poor  gratis."  hut  when  during  Shulze's 
term  a  more  comprehensive  act  provided  for  the  education  of  all  children 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PEXXSVJ.rAXf.}.  153 

l)et\veen  the  ages  of  six  and  fourteen  years  at  the  public  expense,  there 
was  such  a  clamor  against  it  that  the  law  was  rej)eale(l.  Wolf,  in  a  mes- 
sage to  the  legislature  in  i8_^o-3i.  urged  the  adii])tir>n  ni  a  general  and 
uniform  school  svstem.  and  his  efforts  were  aided  l>y  the  work  fd'  the 
'■Penns\lvania  Society  for  the  Promotion  i^\  Puhlic  Schools."  In  answer 
to  many  appeals  the  legisl;itin'e  in  1830-31  did  ])rovide  for  a  common 
school  fluid,  the  intcre>l  of  which  was  to  i)e  flistributed  and  used  as 
future  legislation  should  determine.  This  was  something,  but  not  much; 
the  society  had  made  a  gain  and  was  encouraged  to  continue  its  work  of 
enlightening  the  minds  of  the  \-oting  ])eople  on  the  subject  of  education. 
Meetings  were  held  throughout  the  state,  and  members  of  the  legislature 
were  frefpiently  chosen  on  that  isstie  alone. 

On  March  13.  1S34.  the  legislatm-e  passed  "An  Act  to  Establish  a 
General  System  of  b'ducation  by  Common  Schools."  there  being  but  one 
vote  against  it  in  the  house,  and  onlv  three  in  the  senate.  Ilowex'er, 
before  the  new  law  had  been  gi\en  a  fair  trial  there  sprung  up  against 
it  a  strong  o])]iosition.  particularh'  in  the  interior  counties  of  the  state. 
It  was  a  decided  improxement  on  former  legislation,  but  its  pro\-isions 
did  not  suit  the  ])eo])lc  of  all  localities  and  nationalities,  hence  they  rose 
up  against  it  and  demanded  its  repeal.  So  widespread  was  the  disafifec- 
tion  that  in  March.  18,^3. -the  senate  repealed  the  .act.  thirteen  of  nineteen 
senators  who  the  \'ear  before  had  \oted  for  the  measure  changing  their 
attitude  and  \-oting  for  repeal.  In  the  hrmse  the  tncmbcrs  were  inclined 
to  more  careful  action  although  the  repeal  sentiment  was  rapidly  ,gaining 
.ground.  In  this  critical  hour  the  friends  of  the  law  as  it  stood  found  an 
able  champion  and  advocate  in  Thaddeus  Stevens,  w  ho  had  recently  come 
into  the  state  and  was  beginning  to  attract  attention  in  the  halls  of  legisla- 
tion. .Stevens  had  come  from  X'ermont.  and  after  teaching  as  assistant 
in  the  academy  at  York,  he  began  the  practice  of  law.     He  rose  rapidly 


ift4    coMri'.xnirM  or  insroRv  .l\d  genealogy 

ami  scMiii  was  ekvictl  in  ilu-  Icwer  lionst-  nf  ilie  li'yisl-.iturc.  He  favored 
tlie  new  sc1kh.>1  law,  aiul,  wlicii  its  life  was  ihrealeiied,  lie  came  nobly  to 
the  rescue,  and  with  the  logic  and  eloquence  that  lie  .done  possessed,  t!;e 
ineiiihers  were  persuaded  to  let  the  act  stand. 

Stevens  was  afterward  regarded  as  tlu*  cs])ccial  friend  of  education. 
and  his  service  in  saving  the  school  law  of  1834  from  repeal  was  amply 
rewarded.  In  1R48  he  was  elected  to  Congress,  and  served  in  that  hody 
fourteen  years.  He  was  one  of  the  ablest  statesmen  of  liis  lime,  ami  one 
of  the  strongest  defenders  of  the  L'nion  and  the  most  bitter  alxilitionist 
Pennsylvania  could  lioast  preceding  and  during  the  Lite  Civil  w.'ir. 

After  the  passage  of  the  new  school  act.  and  the  unsuccessful  at- 
tempt to  repeal  it,  political  campaigns  were  carried  on  with  public  educa- 
tion as  the  paramomit  issue.  Wolf  had  stood  firnil\  by  the  law.  and  was 
supporte<l  by  the  friends  of  the  advanced  system,  but  Rev,  H.  .\.  Muhlen- 
berg drew  ujion  the  governor's  strength  and  thus  g;i\e  tlie  anti-Mason 
anil  Whig  candidate.  Jose])h  Ritner.  a  majority  at  the  polls.  Ritner  also 
favored  the  law.  but  many  of  his  supporters  were  opposed  to  it.  He 
advocated  state  aid  to  the  common  schools,  and  througli  his  inlluence, 
aided  by  that  of  Thomas  II.  Burrowes,  secretary  of  the  commonwealth 
and  superintendent  of  common  schools,  the  annual  appropriation  for 
.schools  was  increased  from  $75,000  to  $400,000. 

The  people  had  by  this  time  become  somewhat  reconciled  to  the 
provisions  and  requirements  of  the  scIkjoI  act.  and  had  begun  to  ajipre- 
ciate  the  l>enefits  derived  from  its  oper.ition.  'I'here  still  rcmriiiied  con- 
siderable opposition  to  it.  but  this  did  not  embarrass  Kitner's  .idministra- 
tion.  The  public  works  were  in  operation,  and  the  revenues  from  that 
source  were  not  sufificient  to  justify  the  old  assertion  that  they  would  be 
more  than  self-supporting.  Again,  a  large  amount  of  jjaper  money  had 
been  issued  during  the  work  of  construction,   and   this  the  governor 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  FEXXSV/.l'AXIA.  155 

wantetl  reduced  to  Nsitliin  '"llie  acuial  \-alue  and  amount  of  its  principal." 
At  the  time  tliis  was  a  diflicult  nndertaking-,  as  g'uld  and  sil\'er  money 
were  scarce  and  ]iractically  out  of  circidation.  owing  to  tiie  conditions 
wliicli  prevailed  during  the  panic  of  1S37  and  the  period  of  husiness 
de]iression  that  followed. 

nm"ing  the  periiid  referi-ed  to.  TV'nns\l\ania  interests  did  not  suffer 
more  than  thnse  in  other  states,  neither  was  there  a  greater  convulsion  in 
]iolitical  circles  here  than  elsewhere.  Penns\l\ania  was  in  a  measure 
sustained  I)\-  the  increasing  de\"elo]Miient  of  her  natural  resources,  and  this, 
with  the  prudent  action  of  the  administration,  helped  to  carr\-  the  ])eopIe 
over  the  rough  seas  of  depression,  and  preserve  the  integritx'  of  the  com- 
monwealth. Dm^ing  this  jieriod  another  convention  hegan  the  work  of 
revision,  and  the  C(institution  of  tS.^8  \\as  the  result.  It  was  another 
step  in  the  direction  of  progress,  and  hy  it  many  old-time  customs  were 
swept  away,  to  lie  re])laced  with  a  s\'stem  of  go\-ernment  more  in  keeping 
with  the  spirit  of  the  times,  more  in  conformitv  to  moderr.  requirements, 
and  more  conducive  to  the  welfare  and  dignity  of  the  commonwealth. 
The  amendments  were  ratified  at  the  Octoher  election  in  1838.  hut  the 
majority  in  their  favor  was  small. 

In  the  )iolitical  contest  of  the  year  Ritner  was  defeated,  and  David 
R.  Porter  was  elected  governor.  Charges  of  fraud  were  made  hv  Ritner's 
friends,  hut  Porter  was  seated  without  (pieslion.  When  the  legislature 
met  in  Decemher.  the  Whigs  and  anti-Masons  held  the  senate  majoritv, 
hut  the  lower  house  was  clahned  hy  the  Democrats.  Pxith  sides  elected 
speakers,  both  occuuied  the  i)latform,  ;nid  holh  attempted  to  organize  the 
house.  There  was  much  feeling,  and  the  natural  re.sult  was  several  per- 
sonal collisions  and  great  confusion.  The  senate  was  drawn  into  the 
strife  and  was  forced  to  adiouru.  Ritner  rirdered  out  the  militia  to 
restore  order,  and  an  unsuccessful  attempt  was  made  to  call  the  United 


i5fi    coMrnxDH'M  or  history  and  gexeai.ogy 

States  troops  from  Carlisle  tn  li.c-  capital.  Tlic  |)rc-cncc  nf  the  soldiers. 
ami  nil  oijportvir.ity  iV.r  reriectioii  liy  the  hcUigereiit  factions,  hrouglit  the 
legislators  to  tlieir  senses,  after  which  the  senate  recognized  the  Demo- 
cratic organization  in  the  house.  This  event  in  T'cnnsv  Ivaiiia  political 
history  was  known  as  "The  Buck-shot  War." 

Governor  Porter  was  in  office  six  ye.irs.  and  gave  the  state  a  faithful 
administration,  lie  had  to  deal  with  many  difficult  questions  of  state 
an<l  party  policv.  amtmg  which  were  those  of  finance  and  taxation,  the 
compulsion  of  specie  paymentf  hy  the  state  hanks,  the  defense  of  the 
German  language,  and  retention  of  the  custom  of  i)rinting  the  laws  in 
German  as  well  as  English.  This  action  gave  him  a  wide  popularity 
with  the  German-speaking  population,  which  then  numhercd  alwut  one- 
third  of  the  voting  strength  of  the  state.  They  had  opposed  the  school 
laws  because  tliev  thought  it  would  eliminate  the  (iorm.ni  language  from 
the  schools,  and  when  it  was  proposed  to  sto])  iiiintin<;  the  laws  in  (\qv- 
m:in.  the  action  \\;is  looked  u])on  hy  that  ])eoplc  as  a  blow  at  their  lil)erties. 
I'ortcr  saved  them,  however,  and  until  iS^h  the  laws  were  printed  both 
in  English  and  German. 

During  the  latter  part  of  Governor  Porter's  term,  the  old  anti- 
Mason  party,  as  it  was  called,  began  to  dissobe  from  its  own  weakness, 
and  out  of  its  elements,  together  with  ,n  moderate  acquisition  of  strength 
from  other  sources,  there  came  into  existence  a  new  ])olitical  organiza- 
tion, called  the  Native  .\mericnn  ]);irty.  It  declaied  a  i)ur])ose  to  reform 
the  n.'itnralization  laws,  advocated  reailing  the  liible  in  the  ])ul)lic  schools. 
and  insisted  on  the  election  or  a])pointment  ti»  office  of  none  but  n.'itive 
.\mericans.  The  leaders  of  the  new  jwrty  secured  a  large  following,  and 
"American  Republican  Associations"  were  organized  in  all  the  large 
cities.  The  dissemination  of  its  doctrine  and  literature  in  I'hil.idclphia, 
which  was  composed  largely  of  foreigners,  led  to  serious  trouble,  and 


OP  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  157 

in  April  and  May,  1844.  the  city  was  llic  scene  of  disorder,  rioting  and 
outrage.  W'iien  tlie  municipal  authorities  were  no  longer  ahle  to  restrain 
the  rioters.  Cjoxernor  Porter  ordered  fieneral  Patterson  to  su])press  the 
disorder  with  the  militia.  I'or  a  time  the  disturbers  were  overawed  by 
the  ])resence  of  armed  troups,  hut  the  truuhles  were  soon  renewed.  There 
folluwed  a  collision  between  the  troops  and  the  ]icople.  and  seseral  per- 
sons were  killed.  Intense  e.xcitement  prevailed,  and  the  governor  went 
in  person  t<j  the  scene  of  trouble.  Througii  his  efforts  the  turbulence 
was  quieted. 

This  was  a  peculiar  and  at  the  same  time  serinus  event  in  the  history 
of  Pennsylvania  and  the  city  of  Philadelphia.  It  was  the  beginning  of 
a  new  political  era.  and  a  movement  which  ultimately  led  to  the  organiza- 
tion of  a  great  political  ])arty :  but  manv  other  important  events  were  to 
take  place  before  that  partv  came  into  power.  Even  at  this  time  tlie 
question  of  slavery  in  the  states  south  of  the  Ma.son  and  Di.xon  line  was 
the  subject  of  serious  debate  in  the  free  states,  and  the  shadows  of  com- 
ing events  were  beginning  to  show  in  the  distance,  ^o  discord  had  yet 
developed,  hut  there  were  signs  of  approaching  danger.  As  the  abolition 
(if  slavery  l)egan  to  be  discussed  in  the  north,  the  south  began  to 
strengthen  the  laws  relative  to  esca])ing  slaves,  and  also  to  strengthen 
its  hold  on  the  federal  government  and  its  law-making  jjovver.  The 
real  contest  was  still  in  the  future,  but  the  section  of  countrv  most  deeply 
concerned  in  the  result  was  already  lx;ginning  to  jircpare  for  it.  The 
organization  of  the  "Xative  .\merican"  ])arty  had  mi  direct  relation  to 
these  events,  but  when  that  e])hemeral  organization  was  disintegrated,  its 
best  element  of  strength  was  united  with  the  forces  that  opposed  the 
institution  of  slavery  and  at  length  accomplished  its  downfall. 

In  1843  I'rancis  R.  Shunk.  a  lawyer  then  living  in  Pittsburg,  n 
nativ  e  of  Montgomerv  c^nuity,   was  elected  governor  of  Pennsylvania. 


158    coMrnxPfCM  or  history  .ixd  genealogy 

lie  li.-ul  Itcen  secretary  <>f  tlie  cunmioiiw ealtli  under  roitcr.  and  was  in 
jwilitical  harmony  witli  liini.  He  was  re-electe.l  at  the  end  .>t  liis  first 
term,  but  resigned  un  account  of  tailing  heahli.  July  (;.  1S48.  He  died 
in  Ilarrisburg.  July  30.  During  Governor  Sinnik's  first  term  tlic  war 
witli  Mexico  was  tougiit  and  easily  won.  President  I'olk  asked  for  six 
regiments  of  troops  from  Pennsylvania,  liut  tlic  response  was  so  prompt 
ami  so  general  that  nine  regiments  were  raised.  Two  of  tliese  and  ])art 
of  a  third  were  mustered  into  service,  and  they  fouglit  at  \'era  Cruz. 
Cerro  Gt)rdo.  Chepultepec,  and  .Mexico.  Tiic  splendid  monument  on 
Capitol  Mill  in  Harrishurg  was  erected  in  UKMUorx-  of  the  soldiers  of 
Pcnnsvlvania  who  served  during  the  Mexican  war.  in  1845  telegraphic 
communication  was  opened  between  Philadelphia  and  Xew  York,  and 
in  the  same  year  steps  were  taken  toward  the  construction  of  the  Penn- 
sylvania Railroad  between  Philadelphia  and  Ilarrisburg.  This  was  tlie 
beginning  of  a  movement  which  led  to  the  ac(|uisition  of  the  main  line 
of  the  state  public  wurks  liy  the  railroad  company. 

The  constitutional  provision  for  the  succession  of  liie  vacant  gov- 
ernor's cliair  placed  William  V.  Johnston,  speaker  of  the  senate,  in  that 
])lace,  but  he  did  not  take  the  oath  of  office  until  July  j6,  1848.  At  the 
next  election  he  was  chosen  to  serve  through  the  remainder  of  Governor 
Shunk's  second  term.  The  new  governor  was  an  ardent  Whig,  and 
was  instrumental  in  inlluencing  legislation  in  respect  to  the  iletcnlion  of 
fugitive  slaves.  Pennsylvania  went  so  far  as  to  prohibit  magistrates 
from  executing  the  old  law  of  ijyj;.  This  was  now  a  free  state  in  every 
sense,  and  while  the  old  law  stood  (,n  the  statute  tooks,  it  was  obsolete, 
and  not  in  harmony  with  the  s])irit  of  its  institution  of  government.  The 
use  of  jails  for  the  detention  of  slaves  was  also  forbidden,  and  the  privi- 
lege formerly  extended  non-residents  to  keep  slaves  temporarily  in  the 
-tate  was  alx>lished,  for  it  was  no  more  than  con.-^ent  that  sine  hunters 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  159 

might  take  and  liold  escaping  slaves  tenipurarily  within  the  state.  The 
spirit  of  abuHtiun  in  Pennsyhania  was  rampant,  and  cc instantly  spread- 
ing, and  almost  e\ery  aspirant  fur  jinhlic  otiice  was  chosen  with  reference 
to  his  views  on  the  slavery  (juesticjn. 

Previons  to  the  enactment  of  the  fugitive  slave  law  of  1850,  the 
territorx'  of  Peinisyhania  was  a  safe  refuge  for  escaping  Ixjudnien,  but 
after  that  law  went  into  effect  they  were  compelled  to  seek  freedom  in 
Canada.  To  facilitate  transit  through  this  state,  the  famous  "Under- 
ground Railroad"  was  established,  leading  from  Columbia,  in  Lancaster 
county,  through  Chester.  Montgomery  and  Bucks  counties,  Philadelphia, 
Ouakertown,  and  .Stroudsburg,  to  points  in  New  York  state:  thence  by 
like  means  to  Gerritt  Smith's  famous  colony,  ;ind  ultimately  ending  on 
the  free  soil  of  Canada. 

This  was  the  favorite  route  of  tra^•el  for  escaping  slaves,  but  it  was 
not  the  only  one:  e\'ery  county  had  its  association  of  abolitionists  whose 
helping  hand  was  alw  ays  ready  to  give  aid  to  the  fleeing  1)lacks,  although 
under  the  law  such  practices  were  punishable.  The  court  records  show 
fre(|uent  jiroceedings  against  persons  charged  with  offending  against  this 
law,  liut  ciin\ictions  were  few.  The  people  of  Pennsylvania  were  not 
in  symjjathy  with  the  law,  and  would  not  when  acting  as  jurors  enforce 
its  arbitrary  jiroxisions  against  a  fellow  citizen.  I'^requently  during  this 
period  of  agitation  there  were  encounters  1)etween  gox'ernment  officers 
and  citizens,  but  through  some  unseen  agency  the  ca])ti\'e  slaves  escaped 
their  keepers,  while  their  abolitionist  rescuers  were  saved  from  ]ninish- 
nient  through  the  aid  of  friendly  jurors  and  magistrates.  In  1851  a 
serious  encounter  took  place  at  Christiana,  in  Lancaster  countv,  where  a 
pursuing  owner  was  m<irtall}-  injured  b_\'  (.)ne  of  his  (5wn  sla\-es.  Arrests 
an<l  ti'ials  followed,  but  the  |)ersoiis  accused  were  never  convicted. 

Just  at  the  time  when  the  peo])le  were  most  excited  over  tlie  troubles 


160      COMPENDIUM  OF  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

growing  mit  of  llic  cMitorcciiicnt  of  tlic  fugitive  slave  law.  a  campaign  for 
the  govcrnurslii])  was  at  hand,  ami  natnraliy  ihe  (|uesti(in  then  uppermost 
in  tiie  pnl>lic  mind  was  ;m  imixirtanl  issue  in  llie  cunlcst.  JMlinslun  was 
nominated  hv  the  Whigs  and  Xalixe  American  i)anics.  and  the  Demo- 
crats up]H)seil  him  with  William  Bigier.  of  Cleariield.  a.  former  news- 
paper pul)lishcr.  hnt  then  a  prosperous  lumherman  and  husiness  man. 

Bigier  was  elected.  He  was  a  man  of  known  integrity,  and  enter- 
taineii  clear  convictions  on  all  the  leading  (|uestions  of  the  day.  I'loth 
before  and  after  election  he  favoreil  a  higher  standard  for  the  common 
schools,  and  a(l\<.>cated  the  employment  of  professional  teachers  in  all 
po])ulous  localities,  lie  had  excellent  ideas  regarding  the  canals,  and 
urged  the  completion  of  the  North  Lhanch  division,  that  an  outlet  might 
be  provided  for  the  immense  coal  product  of  that  region.  In  the  mean- 
time, in  1S54.  the  TennsyKania  Ivaihoad  was  completeil.  and  this,  with 
other  lines,  added  to  the  general  prosjjcrity  of  the  period  and  made  it  re- 
markable in  the  history  of  the  state.  However,  the  troubles  over  the 
slave  laws  still  continued,  hut  the  go\ernor,  seeing  the  drift  of  public 
sentiment,  let  matters  work  out  their  own  results,  lie  was  not  a  poli- 
tician, but  aimed  to  be  p<ilitic  and  reasonable  in  all  that  he  did.  Had  he 
l)cen  more  aggressive  in  his  pobcy,  he  might  have  fared  better;  but  then. 
Bigier  never  had  high  political  r!S])irations. 

Governor  Bigier  was  a  candidate  for  re-election  in  October.  if^34. 
but  it  was  impossible  for  him  to  conduct  his  own  campaign.  Hail  his 
health  permitted  him  to  go  before  the  peo])le  "on  the  slump."  he  probably 
would  have  lieen  elected,  for  his  administration  had  been  honest  and  his 
course  Jn  all  respects  commend.-.ble.  In  the  gubernaiori.il  contest  of  that 
year  three  candidates  battled  for  election.  Bigier  carried  the  standard 
of  the  straight  Democracy;  B.  Rush  Bradfonl  cham])ioned  the  doctrines 
of  the  new  "l-'ree  Soil"  party;  and  Judge  James  Pollock  was  the  stand- 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  161 

ard-bearer  of  the  Whigs  and  Native  Americans.  The  ■■I'"rce  Soilers"' 
drew  their  strength  from  tlie  ranks  nf  the  other  parties,  most  largeh' 
from  the  Deiiificracv.  and  in  less  nnmbers  from  the  Americans.  The 
latter  was  then  fast  disintegrating,  and  liad  come  to  l)e  known  as  the 
"Know  Nothing"  party.  The  W'liigs  more  llian  held  tlieir  own.  an<l 
were  sooti  to  develop  into  tlie  Repubhcan  ])art\.  who  adxucated  alxilition 
nntil  it  was  accomplisheil,  and  w  lio.  w  itli  the  assistance  of  many  loyal 
Democrats,  fought  for  that  principle  for  four  long  years,  and  1)\-  their 
united  efforts  preserved  intact  and  inseparable  the  federal  Union. 

Governor  Pollock  took  \\\)  the  duties  of  office  in  January.  1855.  and 
served  one  term.  His  administration  was  satisfactory,  but  owing  to 
increasing  uneasiness  throughout  the  country  on  account  of  the  slavery 
question,  and  the  defiant  attitude  of  the  south,  tliere  was  little  attempt  to 
inaugurate  new  or  untried  me;isures.  The  state  did,  howe\cr.  wisely 
determine,  in  1857.  to  sell  its  main  line  of  public  works,  the  combined 
line  of  railroads  and  canals  between  Philadelphia  and  rittslairg.  They 
were  purchased  by  the  I'ennsyivania  Railroad  Company  for  $7,500,000. 
Soon  afterward  the  canals  on  the  Sus(|uelianna  and  its  Ijranches  above 
Juniata,  together  with  the  Delaware  division,  were  sold  to  the  Sunbury 
and  Erie  Railroad  Comi)any  for  $3.500.0(kj.  The  sale  of  these  pro])- 
crties  materially  reduced  the  public  debt,  and  relieved  the  people  of  a 
burden  of  taxation.  Thereafter  the  state  was  forbidden,  by  act  of  the 
legislature,  to  build  or  maintain  public  works  or  to  acquire  stocks  in  any 
corporate  enterprise. 

The  sale  of  the  canals  was  accomplished  in  good  season,  ami  none 
too  early.  In  1857  a  financial  )>anic  swe]>t  the  country  like  a  whirlwind. 
and  spread  ruin  in  its  broad  path.  Hanks  were  wrecked,  mercantile  in- 
terests were  paralyzed,  and  all  enterprises  were  crippled  fur  the  time. 
In  order  to  rclie\e  tlie  situation  and  release  tlic  banks  from  penalties  pre- 


lt;2      COMPEXDIUM  OF  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

scribed  for  susi)ciisiun  of  specie  i)aymciit,  tlie  governor  convened  the  legr 
islatnre  in  special  session.  Tln-ougli  tliis  action  many  hanking  honses 
were  saved  from  complete  ruin,  and  many  cither  enterprises  were  enabled 
to  continne  bnsincss.  The  conrse  taken  by  the  governor  and  the  legis- 
lature was  commended  in  all  hnsiness  circles,  and  as  its  resnlt  tlie  people 
of  Pennsvlvania  suffered  less  than  in  states  where  all  enterprises  were 
compelled  to  save  themselves  without  assistance. 

The  political  contest  of  1S57  was  waged  when  the  lin.incial  i)anic 
was  at  its  height,  and  when  the  voting  population  was  in  dnnbt  as  tu 
which  leader  wmild  most  safely  carry  the  stale  through  the  stnrm  of  dis- 
aster and  depression.  The  Democrats  (locked  around  the  bainier  (jf 
William  1''.  Packer,  an  ex-jmn-nalist  and  a  legislator  of  experience.  The 
remnant  of  the  American  ])arty  put  Isaac  Hazelhnrst  in  the  field,  while 
the  Free-soilers  carried  the  standard  of  l)a\id  Wilniot.  he  of  "W'ilniot 
Proviso"  fame,  the  champion  of  anti-sla\erv.  .and  author  of  the  bill  to 
exclude  slavery  from  the  territory  i)nrch;ised  from  Mexico  in  1846. 
W'ilmot  also  received  the  support  of  the  recently  organized  Reijublican 
party,  which  had  absorbed  the  Whigs  and  was  .soon  to  draw  the  free  soil 
voters  into  its  ranks. 

Packer,  the  Democrat,  was  elected;  and  it  was  well,  for  he.  with 
an  influential  party  I)ehind  him,  with  lixed  ])rinciples  to  contend  lor,  was 
l)€St  fitted  to  deal  with  the  important  .atTairs  of  state  lli.it  reipiired  atten- 
tion: and  besides.  Packer  was  sound  on  all  the  leading  questions  of  the 
time,  and  was  not  a  novice  in  matters  of  legislation  and  the  relation 
thereto  of  the  executive.  Buchanan  was  now  president  of  the  United 
States.  His  attitude  on  the  slavery  (juestion  was  a  source  of  anxiety 
and  regret  in  every  anti-slavery  heart :  but  the  state  .adnnnistration  was 
not  in  full  sympathy  with  the  course  lUich.anan  was  i)ursviing  and  it  was 
well  that  a  conservative  Demrx-rat  should  occupy  the  gulicrnalorial  chair 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  163 

at  tliat  time.  A  little  later,  when  the  tiist  break  came,  ami  trouble  was 
threatening-.  Packer  declared  himself  in  ringing,  patriotic  voice,  and  the 
peo])le  of  Pennsylvania  rejoiced  that  this  loyal  son  of  Center  county  stood 
at  the  head  of  their  go\-ernment. 

GoN'ernor  Packer  assumed  the  duties  <ii  c/ltice  in  januar\-,  1858.  His 
predecessor  had  done  much  to  ])roniote  the  public  welfare,  but  the  cur- 
rency <|uestion  still  needed  altcutiou.  The  ])eople  of  the  state  at  large, 
however,  were  \  ery  little  concerned  about  local  matters,  for  all  attention 
was  directed  to  the  greater  question  which  involved  the  national  welfare 
and  safety.  James  Buchanan,  the  unly  man  Penn.sylvania  ever  sent  to 
the  presidential  chair,  urged  the  admission  of  Kansas  to  the  federal 
Union  as  a  slave  state,  and  that  desjiite  the  wishes  of  the  free  settlers  of 
that  territory.  He  declared  himself  clearh-  on  the  side  of  slaverv.  and 
at  that  time  there  was  nc)  more  ultra-abolition  sentiment  in  any  state  in 
the  Union  than  that  from  wliich  r)ncbanau  came.  His  own  Lancaster 
county  was  a  \-eritaljle  hotbed  of  abojitiouisni  both  befoi'e  and  after  this 
time,  and  the  ])eople  there  liad  regarded  lluchanan  as  a  favcirite  son.  Oh 
many  occasions  they  had  honored  him  w  itii  their  votes.  He  had  been 
elected  to  high  places,  and  from  181  _>.  when  he  began  the  practice  ()f  law 
in  Lancaster,  to  the  close  of  bis  ])residcutial  term,  he  was  most  of  the 
time  in  the  puljlic  serxice.  He  was  a  Dcnincrat  of  hrm  conxictions.  yet  he 
had  alwaxs  been  jjerfeclly  fair  and  candid  in  ileclaring  his  opinions 
and  policv. 

\\dicn  the  L'nited  States  supreme  coiu't  held  that  slaves  were  ciiattels. 
the  same  as  cattle,  the  people  were  not  o\erconie  with  siu'prise.  for  the 
tendencx'  of  that  high  tribunal  was  known  {o  be  pro-sla\ery:  but  when 
lUichanan  urged  the  admission  of  a  new  state  as  a  slave  state,  he  went 
I)eyond  the  expectations  of  his  Pennsyl\-ani:'  suiiporters.  and  ni.any  of 
them  deserted   him.      Among-  these  was    folm    W.   Fornev.   who   gained 


164      COMPENDIUM  OP  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

wide  prominence  in  journalistic  circles.  Biiclianan  liad  received  the 
electoral  vote  of  every  slave  state  and  several  of  tlie  nortlicrn  states,  and 
naturally  lie  most  favnred  the  interests  thai  iiad  elevated  him  to  power. 
But  when  he  disco\cred  aljoiit  llic  close  of  his  term  that  he  hail  over- 
reached himself,  and  ado])ted  his  so-called  "temporizing  policy,"  he 
brought  down  upon  his  own  head  the  condemnation  of  the  south  and 
did  not  by  his  course  regain  faxnr  with  the  iii>rlh. 

While  these  events  were  taking  place,  others  of  a  disturbing  nature 
were  following  one  another  in  cpiick  successiMH.  and  n<ine  of  them  were 
calculated  to  quiet  the  situation  or  relieve  the  exciteniciu  nf  tlic  peril  id. 
On  the  contrary,  each  nccurrence  seemed  to  mdicate  increased  trouble  in 
political  circles.  Party  ties  were  broken  auil  the  pc  ijjIc  arrayed  them- 
selves either  for  slavery  or  against  it:  there  was  no  other  issue.  Candi- 
dates were  chosen  with  reference  to  their  position  on  the  (juestion  of 
slavery,  and  all  other  (|uestions.  wIicUkt  Idcal  nr  •general  in  character, 
dwarfed  to  insignificance.  Another  i)residenlial  election  was  api)roach- 
ing.  Buchanan's  successor  must  be  elected,  and  it  was  exident  that  the 
free  states  must  rally  to  the  standard  of  the  candidate  who  would  stand 
unflinchingly  for  the  alxjlition  of  slavery  in  the  L'nited  States. 

In  the  midst  of  all  the  political  excitement  of  tiie  period.  Jdhn  I'.rown 
made  his  somewhat  fanmus  hut  ill-timetl  and  unsuccessful  raid.  He  had 
lived  a  short  time  in  Lhamhershurg.  and  w.i.s  knuwn  to  the  citizens  there 
as  Dr.  Smith,  a  mining  operator  having  interests  in  Maryland.  One 
Sunday  night  in  October,  1859.  Brown  set  out  on  the  desperate  errand 
by  which  he  pro])osed  to  strike  a  decisive  blow  against  the  institution  of 
slavery,  but  which  in  fact  landed  him  on  the  gallows  a  nmnth  afterward 
(December  _>).  It  was  swift  retribution — it  cannot  be  called  justice — 
that  overtook  John  Brown,  when  he  was  hanged  im  that  early  Decemlier 
morning;  it  was  a  nK^t  ijmmpt   enforcement  of  arbitrary  law,   but   it 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PEXXSVIAAMA.  165 

served  no  purpDse  ntlicr  tlian  tn  arouse  the  indignation  of  tlie  people 
throughout  tlie  entire  nortli.  In  Philadeljihia  there  was  intense  excite- 
ment, and.  on  tlie  morning  of  the  hanging.  Lucretia  Mott.  the  Quaker 
abolitionist,  and  other  speakers,  addressed  a  vast  assemblage  of  citizens: 
but  the  people  there  were  not  of  one  accord,  as  the  derisive  hisses  and 
groans  indicated  a  pro-sla\ery  sentiment  somewhere  in  the  great  city. 
Brown's  body  was  carried  tlirough  the  city  on  December  4,  when  there 
was  another  demonstration  of  sympathy  for  the  cause  he  assumed  to 
represent. 

These  events  in  Pennsylvania  history  were  of  an  unusual  character, 
and  were  not  conducive  to  its  peace  anrl  harmony.  The  conservative 
people  and  those  at  the  head  of  state  go\crnment  were  hoping  for  a 
peaceful  solution  of  the  ])()litical  problem,  and  made  strenuous  efforts  in 
that  direction.  A  presidentird  campaign  was  at  hand.  The  people  of 
the  state  were  stirred  with  excitement,  and  if  there  was  to  be  a  fair 
expression  of  popular  sentiment,  men  in  ofhcial  circles  must  be  calm, 
and  detcrminefl  to  preser\e  good  order  among  the  people.  These  views 
were  lieM  liy  Giixernor  Packer  and  his  administration,  and  something 
of  their  s])irit  appears  to  ha\-e  animated  the  people  of  Pennsylvania  and 
restraine<l  them  from  violence  or  ill-tempered  speech  during  the  si.x 
months  immediately  i)receding  the  presidential  election  of  i860.  Xever 
before  had  so  much  depended  upon  the  result  of  the  ballot. 

\\'hcn  the  time  arrived  for  the  selection  of  candidates  for  the  na- 
tional and  state  tickets  in  i860,  business  interests  were  temporarily  put 
aside,  and  all  attention  was  rix'cted  on  the  pri^ceedings  and  final  action 
of  the  conventions.  In  this  state  the  best  and  wisest  men  were  chosen 
to  sit  in  that  bodv  and  share  in  its  deliberations,  and  the  people  were 
satisfied  that  wisdom  would  govern  its  councils.     There  was  only  one 


iii«i    coMPBxnirM  or  history  .ixn  cnxr.Ai.ocY 

question  to  discuss,  and  tliat :  sliall  tlic  insiituiinn  ni  slavery  In?  con- 
tinued in  tin-  I'liiied  States? 

Tlie  Democrats  of  I'cnnsylvania  were  united  on  Henry  D.  Foster, 
tlieir  candidate  tor  governor.  Imt  were  di\idcd  in  tlic  clioice  for  presi- 
dent, one  taction  favoring  the  ticket  lieaded  \>y  i'.rcckenrid.Lje.  and  llie 
otlier  advocating  sujiport  for  Donglas.  Tlie  Rci)ulilicans  witli  one  accord 
favored  Lincoln  and  Hamlin  :'.s  presidcnti.il  nominees.  ;uid  were  a  unit 
for  .\ndre\v  (i.  Curtin  for  governor.  At  the  ])o]ls  ilie  l\c|)ulilican  ticket 
was  successful.  Curtin  was  elected  by  a  clear  ni.ijorily.  The  n:itioiial 
ticket  lieaded  by  .\l)raliani  Lincoln  also  was  successful,  and  now  for  the 
first  time  the  recently  organized  Repulilic.in  p;irty  had  electeil  a  president 
— an  alx)litionist — originalK.  ni  his  yoiniL;  manhood  ;i  "r.-iil-sjyliller," 
later  a  law  ver.  and  now  (  iSf>o).  by  the  exi)ressed  will  of  the  American 
people,  the  chief  executive  of  the  greatest  republic  on  the  earth. 

Andrew  <"■.  Lurtin.  the  "War  ( lovernor"  of  I'ennsyKania.  the  friend 
and  associate  of  Lincoln  .'uid  Cameron,  first  api)carcd  as  a  ligiue  in  state 
history  in  1835.  when  he  became  secretary  of  the  commonwealth  ,ind. 
b\  \irtue  of  that  office,  suiierintendent  of  common  schools.  He  was 
Ixirn  in  Bellefonte.  ("enter  county.  .\])ril  jS.  iSij.  ;md  was  educated  for 
tlie  legal  profe.ssion.  He  scrxed  as  secretary  of  the  commonwealth  .and 
superintendent  of  schools  from  i<"^53  to  1X5S.  and  in  iS^k:)  was  elected 
governor.  The  six  years  next  following  his  ])ublic  record  formed  an 
inijiortant  cliajiter  in  Pennsylvania  and  national  history,  for  he  was  the 
close  friend  and  adviser  of  Lincf)ln.  .and  when  Mr.  Cameron  was  callec' 
into  the  president's  cabinet,  there  were  three  consjjicuous  flgmes  in  ciuv 
state  (as  well  as  national)  military  history — Lincoln.  C'urtin.  and  C'.im- 
eron — three  splendid  specimens  of  true  American  manhood,  two  of  them 
natives  of  the  state,  and  the  other  allied  to  it  by  ties  of  kinship.  Tiie 
president  was  of  that  family  of  Liiicolns  who  came  from  Massachusetts 


OP  THE  STATE  OF  PEXXSYLrAMA.  167 

and  settled  in  Berks  ciiunty  early  in  the  eighteenth  century.  Mordecai 
•Lincoln  was  the  pioneer,  and  his  son  Jnhn,  who  afterward  emigrated  to 
Virginia,  was  grandfather  oi  Abraham  Lincoln,  the  president. 

In  the  sonth  the  election  of  i860  was  followed  by  open  defiance  of 
the  will  of  the  majority,  and  the  manifestations  of  that  will  took  form 
according  to  the  temper  of  those  who  controlled  its  policy.  While 
Buchanan  was  still  in  the  presidential  chair,  before  Cnrtin  had  been 
seated  governor  of  PennsyKania.  South  Carolina  adopted  an  ordinance 
of  secession,  and  her  action  was  being  considered  by  other  states  with  a 
like  purpose  in  view.  It  was  this  extraorflinarv  action  that  e\oked  from 
Packer  the  patriotic  utterances  that  endeared  him  to  e\-ery  loval  Penn- 
syh'anian  ;  "The  advocates  of  secession  claim  that  the  Union  is  merelv 
a  compact  between  the  several  states  composing  it.  and  that  anv  one  of 
the  .states,  when  aggriexed,  m;'.y,  at  its  pleasure,  declare  it  w  ill  no  longer 
be  a  party  to  the  com])act.      This  doctrine  is  clearh-  erroneous." 

Packer  was  ni't  at  all  in  sym]5athy  with  P.uchanan's  pro-slavery 
leanings,  and  raised  his  voice  against  the  president's  indifference  to  the 
welfare  of  Pemisyhania  wher,  the  rebellious  south  was  making  every 
preparation  for  war.  and  the  north  was  powerless  to  prevent  it.  Soon 
after  the  election  tlic  secretary  of  war  in  \\'ashington  ordered  the  arms 
and  amnnuiitiou  in  the  arsenal  at  Lawrencev'ille  to  be  shipped  to  New 
Orleans,  for  the  purpose  of  strengthening  the  defenses  of  that  city.  Thi.s 
\mM  and  unwarranted  action  was  known  to  the  president.  l)ut  be  made 
no  mo\e  to  stop  it. 

Buchanan  knew  that  Pcnrisylvauia  was  the  most  intensely  anti- 
slavery  state  in  the  feder.al  L'nion ;  he  knew  that  its  southern  boundary 
was  the  dividing  line  between  the  slave  states  and  the  free  states;  and 
he  must  have  known  that  in  case  of  war  its  territory  would  certainly  be 
subject  to  invasion  by  the  southern  army,  and  that  the  revengeful  south- 


ic.N    co.Mri'.\nii'M  <^i'  iiisTORV  .i\n  cr.XF..4f.oGV 

ern  spint  \\<>ukl  seek  to  visit  its  wratli  uih.h  the  people  who  had  most 
vigorously  comlKitteti  their  nlleged  "sacred  institution."  Yet  Buchanan 
permitted  the  agents  of  the  -•mth  to  weaken  the  defenses  of  his  own 
state;  and  it  was  not  iiniil  the  people  of  reiinsylvania  arose  in  loud  pro- 
test against  the  iniquitx  that  the  president's  seiMclary  of  w;tr  informed 
iheni  that  the  order  of  removal  would  \h;  couiuernianded.  It  was  a<ked. 
to.  1.  that  the  iirc-^idcnt  "purse  his  cahinet  of  disloyal  nicnihers.  and  see  lo 
it  that  the  republic  *utiVr  \m<  dttriment"  as  long  as  its  chief  magistracy 
was  in  his  hands:  hut  I'.urii.ni.ui  hcl<l  on  to  the  end  without  changing 
his  policy,  and  then  retired  to  Wheatland,  his  country  estate  near  Lan- 
caster, where  he  died  June  i.  1868. 


or  THE  STATU  OF  PEXXSVLJ'AXIA.  If'!* 


CHAPTER    VIII. 
Pexxsviaaxia  DiRixc;  ttie  War  of  1861-1863. 

Gnvernor  Curtin  indk  uy,  ilie  reins  of  state  gTivenimcnt  Jamuiry  15, 
1861:  .\l)ialKim  l.inoiln  wa-;  inaugurated  president  of  tlie  United  States 
Marcli  4.  tSOi.  The  i^ii\-ernor's  administration  was  sustained  and  sup- 
ported ))\'  a  legTlature  in  (lerfect  accord  with  his  own  political  \icws,  and 
the  measures  suggested  and  adcjitcd  li\"  tliem  were  s.anctioned  1)_\-  the  loyal 
people  ^\■ho  had  placed  them  in  powci'.  and  who  had  absolute  confidence 
in  their  ability  and  integrity.  When  in  the  course  of  a  few  months  it 
became  necessarx'  for  the  go\crnor  to  call  upon  his  people  for  volunteers, 
the  answer  was  so  ])ronipt  tliat  the  honor  of  placing  the  first  trc^ops  in 
Washington  for  the  defense  of  country,  was  accorded  to  men  of  Penn- 
sylvania— to  the  "First  Defenders." 

Mr.  Lincoln's  introduction  to  ofificial  station  was  less  eventful  than 
Governor  Curtin's.  and  almost  from  the  day  he  left  home  for  the  national 
capital  it  was  deemed  iirndent  to  ado])t  precautionary  measures  to  insure 
his  personal  safety.  When  he  arri\cd  in  Harrisburg.  on  Fel)ruar\"  23. 
he  was  welcomed  l)v  a  \'ast  throng  of  ])co]ilc.  and  also  A\as  cordiallv 
greeted  by  both  branches  of  the  legislature,  whom  he  in  return  addressed. 
But  when  he  left  the  -^tale  cajiital  for  Washington,  it  became  adxisable 
to  tra\el  secretly  In-  a  circuitous  route  to  Philadel])hia.  and  thence  south- 
ward, for  it  \\as  rniuored  th.al  a  plot  had  been  Laid  in  Daltiniore  to  assas- 
sinate him  while  enronte  through  that  city.  Thus  in  iBCii  the  peo])le  of 
Pennsylvania  did  honor  to  the  "great  emancipator":  for  four  long  years 
afterward  they  fought  to  m.'iinlain  the  principles  for  which  he  stood: 
and  in  1865  they  did  honor  to  his  memory  when  his  body,  cold  and  still 


170    coMrnxDRM  or  lusroh'v  a\d  gexeai.ogy 

ill  (Iciilli.  was  r.inii-il  tlimiitili  tin-  streets  of  I'liiladclphia.  Tlie  wtJik  of 
tlie  assassin  luul  been  delaved.  hut  it  was  not  less  fatal. 

Tlie  earlv  part  of  Governor  Curtin's  first  term  was  devoted  to  the 
rearran"'einent  of  his  otficial  honseliold.  He  surroundeii  himself  with 
careful  advisers,  vet  in  all  th.at  was  done  he  himself  took  the  initiative 
and  suggested  and  carried  into  effect  many  imi)ortant  measures.  He 
knew  that  war  was  incvitahle.  and.  while  he  labored  earne?tly  for  a  peace- 
ful adjustment  of  existing  differences,  at  the  same  time  he  was  making 
preparations  for  the  outbreak.  In  his  inaugural  address  to  the  legislature 
he  said  "tliai  rennsylvania  would,  under  any  circumstances,  render  a 
full  and  determined  support  of  the  free  institutions  of  the  Union,"  and 
he  pledged  himself  and  his  state  to  the  supjiort  of  the  constitution  and  the 
maintenance  of  the  national  compact.  The  legislature  had  already  ])laced 
itself  on  recortl  in  a  series  of  patriotic  resolutions,  and  there  was  now  no 
doubt  as  to  the  loyalty  of  the  reimsyl\;iiiians  in  case  of  war  with  the 
south. 

The  break  came  earlier  than  was  expected :  it  was  never  hoped  for 
bv  the  north,  and  at  the  time  little  jireparation  had  been  made  for  the 
emergency.  Indeed,  the  new  ailministration  was  seriously  handicapped. 
The  machinery  of  the  government  had  been  largely  in  the  hands  of  the 
.southerners,  or  of  their  sympathizers,  and  c\ery  available  instrument  of 
war  had  been  turned  over  into  their  hands. 

On  the  eventful  morning  of  .\])ril  u.  1861.  Moultrie's  guns  were 
trained  on  l-'ort  Sumter,  and  ci\il  war  proclaimed  throughout  the  land. 
Xo  formal  declaration  was  made;  none  was  needed,  for  the  action  was 
enough  to  satisfy  the  country  as  to  the  intentions  of  the  states  in  seces- 
sion. It  meant  war.  long  drawn  out  through  almost  \\\c  full  years, 
until  the  final  .surrender  at  Appomattox  in  1865. 

With  Lincoln  the  attack  on  Sumter  meant  not  reflection,  but  action, 


or  THE  STATE  OF  PEXXSVLl'AXIA.  171 

and  lie  imiiieiliatelx'  called  ii>r  73.000  men  of  t'ne  militia  of  tlie  loyal  states 
to  "snppress  treasonaMe  insurrection."  PennsyK-ania  was  asked  to  con- 
tribute 14.000  lit  this  nunilier,  and  f  Irivernor  Curtin  immediately  issued 
his  proclamation  calling  for  volunteers.  The  response  was  quick,  and 
within  forty-eight  hours  fi\e  companies,  armed,  uniformed,  and  equipped. 
3_^o  strong,  wore  read\-  f<ir  <cr\ice.  These  men  were  needed  at  \\'ash- 
ington,  and  were  tin.'  lirst  troops  to  arrive  in  that  cit\'.  Thev  were  the 
famous  "First  Defenders."  and  comprised  the  Ringgold  Light  Artillery. 
of  Readitig:  the  Logan  Guards,  of  Lewistown  :  the  \\'ashington  Artillery, 
and  the  Xati(^nal  Light  Infantry,  of  Potts\-ille:  and  the  Allen  Rifles,  of 
Allentown. 

This  was  the  battalion  that  marched  through  the  streets  of  Pialti- 
more.  accompanied  \\  ith  a  detachment  of  L'nited  States  regulars  intended 
for  garrison  dutv.  and.  was  the  notable  commanrl  that  was  sulijected  to 
the  sneers  and  jeers,  the  insults  and  assaults  of  as  mean  a  set  of  rebel 
sympathizers  as  ever  lived.  P)Ut  the  soldiers  withstr>nd  the  attacks  and 
made  no  attempt  at  resistance.  They  might  ha\-e  formed  battalion  front 
and  charged,  but  thev  could  not  have  obe\'ed.  a  command  to  "fire."  for 
there  was  not  a  single  round  of  ammunition  among  them :  but  the  seces- 
sionists did  not  know  tliis. 

Before  the  "nefenders"  vi-ere  safely  arrived  at  Washington,  the 
streets  of  Tlarrislmrg  were  overnm  with  thousands  of  men  from  every 
(|uarter  nf  the  state.  ;md  it  at  once  became  e\ident  that  Governor  Cnrtiu 
had  not  o\-er-estimated  the  lovaltx"  of  his  jieople.  l'"oin"teen  thous.nnd 
men  had  lieen  called  for.  and  more  than  U>uv  times  fom'teen  thousand 
volunteers  reported  in  answer  to  the  call.  Within  one  month's  time 
twentv-five  regiments  were  organized  and  sent  to  the  front,  and  the 
services  of  thirty  more  regiments  were  ofYered,  but  not  accepted.     The 


172    coMrExnii'M  or  history  .ixd  genealogy 

war  ilepariiiicpt  diil  not  favor  accoptiiiir  tnim  any  state  nmrc  men  than 
its  regular  iiimta. 

Tlie  overplus  of  volunteer?  were  not  returned  in  their  lionies.  but 
were  formed  into  that  famous  organization  known  as  tlie  "reniisylvania 
Reserve  Volunteer  Corps."  under  tlie  jirox  isions  of  an  act  of  tlic  legisla- 
ture, passed  Mav  15.  1861.  iliey  were  mustered  into  service  for  three 
years  and  numl>ered  sixteen  thousand  men.  comi)rising  tliiriecn  regiments 
of  infantrv.  one  of  cavalry,  ami  one  of  artillery,  t  nrtin  and  Cameron 
were  satisfied  that  Pennsylvani;!  \\iinld  he  required  to  furiiisii  nmre  tlKin 
twenty-five  regiments  of  troops  before  tlie  war  woulil  he  ended.  ;ind  at 
tlie  same  time  tliev  were  aware  tliat  the  southern  ])ortioiis  of  the  state 
were  dangerouslv  near  the  encni\"s  country,  and  therefore  were  subject 
to  invasion.  Tlie  original  pur]>ose  in  organi.'.ing  the  Reserve  Corps  was 
to  defend  the  state  against  invasion,  and  also  to  l)e  prepared  for  any  call 
for  inore  volunteers  l)y  the  president.  This  came  sooner  than  was  e.\- 
pected.  for  after  the  disastrous  defeat  at  T.ull  Run.  in  July,  the  i)rcsident 
immediately  called  for  500.000  men.  and  the  Reserve  Corps  was  called 
into  active  service  at  the  front. 

The  first  vear  of  the  war  was  devoted  chiefly  to  work  of  organization 
and  preparation  for  later  events.  There  was  no  dif^culty  in  raising  men ; 
in  this  respect  the  resources  of  the  state  ne\  er  were  overtaxed.  But  the 
governor  and  his  Ixiard  of  war  were  desirous  to  perfect  a  military  estab- 
lishment within  the  state,  independent  of  that  of  the  general  government. 
For  the  accomplishment  of  this  end  many  things  were  required  to  l)c 
done,  but  all  the  means  to  work  them  out  were  not  at  haml.  .\t  the  out- 
break of  the  war  tiie  state  had  less  tlian  fifteen  tliousand  stands  of  cfYect- 
ive  arms,  and  even  those  were  mostly  of  old  jjatterns.  ihe  supply  of 
artillery  pieces  was  moderate,  and  fair  in  (|nalit\'.  hut  the  guns  were  not 
new  models.     The  only  material  of  war  which  the  state  possessed  in 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  ITS 

abundance  was  enthusiasm  and  men.  These  were  always  at  the  com- 
mand of  the  governor,  and  the  oilier  requisites  were  furnished  by  the 
war  department  at  Washington. 

Although  the  innnher  of  volunteers  furnished  by  I'en.nsylvania  for 
the  service  tluring  the  first  year  n(  the  war  exceeded  the  expectations  of 
the  governor,  the  resources  of  the  stale  in  that  respect  were  not  seriously 
taxed.  There  still  remained  an  abundance  of  material  to  provide  for  the 
exigencies  of  the  next  }ear.  In  iSAj  it  Ijecanie  necessary  to  make  a 
draft  under  the  direction  of  the  general  government.  Jt  was  also  pro- 
\i(led  that  drafted  men  could  furnish  substitutes,  or  could  relieve  them- 
selves from  military  duty  on  payment  of  three  hundred  dollars.  This 
alternati\e  proxision  led  U>  abuses,  and  drew  into  the  ranks  of  the  army 
many  men  who  were  iiior;dl_\-  unlit  for  military  service.  Buying  and 
selling  substitutes  became  a  regular  l)usiness,  which  in  itself  was  legiti- 
mate enough.  Init  it  led  to  a  |)eniicious  practice  called  "bountv  jumping." 
with  all  its  attending  evil  results.  But  it  was  practiced  in  all  the  states, 
and  no  more  in  I'ennsyKania  than  elsewhere. 

The  successes  of  the  Confederate  arms  during  the  summer  of  1862 
made  it  evident  that  an  invasion  of  Pennsylvania  would  l)e  attempted 
before  the  end  of  the  year,  but  when  and  where  were  (juestions  of  specu- 
lation. The  opportunit\'  came  in  the  fall.  when,  on  October  10,  General 
Stuart  and  his  troop  of  caxalrv  made  a  dash  across  the  line  into  i'ranklin 
county  and  spread  terror  among  the  quiet  people  of  Chamlx-rsburg.  Th.e 
invaders  ransacked  private  dwellings.  ]ilundered  stores,  and  every  build- 
ing that  tcmptei!  them.  On  the  following  morning  thev  sacked  the  mili- 
tary storehouse,  set  tire  to  th.it  --tructure.  and  carried  away  all  the  booty 
they  could  i)ack  on  twelve  luiudrcd  stolen  horses.  .Stuart's  men  departed 
as  secretly  as  the)'  came,  and  before  it  was  possible  to  raise  an  army  to 
oppose  them. 


174      COMPEXDIUM  OF  HISTORY  JXD  GENEALOGY 

In  tin.-  next  year  a  still  nmie  I'mniidalilc  raid  was  planned,  Imt  was 
i.U)t  carried  out  as  successfully  as  its  (iiit^inalors  had  dc>ir(.d.  This  was 
Lee's  invasion  witli  his  entire  a.rni)  i>\  \unw  than  ei,t;ht\'  llniusaud  trained 
and  tiespcrate  lighters.  It  wa'^  mil  that  Lac  was  tcni])ted  U>  in\ade  l'c;in- 
sylvania  territor_\-  sulely  I'nr  pmin'scs  n\  plunder,  ny  fi  replcnisii  his 
supply  (il  niilitar}'  stores,  hut  rather  tn  shilt  the  scenes  nf  war  to  a  ;rec 
state,  one  which  had  most  slienunnsly  opposed  the  institutiim  of  slavery, 
and  therefore  was  considered  the  hitleresl  enemy  aj^ainst  which  the 
south  had  to  contend.  If  this  state  culd  he  laid  under  suhjcction,  it 
was  assumed  In'  the  Confederacy  that  the  whole  UMrtli  wnuld  soon  he 
overcome,  I  lad  the  I'chel  :irniv  heen  siicccsslul  at  Anticlani,  in  .Seiiteni- 
ber,  i86j.  I'ennsyl\-ania  wnuld  ha\e  heen  in\cslcil  durini;"  that  \ear,  hut 
the  results  of  '.iiat  hattlc  lurntd  the  enemy  in  .uiMiher  direction.  The 
greater  success  at  Chancellors\  ille.  May  1-3,  1863,  ya\e  Lee  an  oppor- 
tunity, and  lie  look  (piick  ad\antaf;e  of  it. 

In  June  the  southern  cnunties  of  the  >late  from  >  lue  end  Id  the  dther 
were  threatened  with  invasion,  and  in  several  nf  them  small  detachments 
of  Confederate  troo])S  made  their  api)ear.ince  and  committed  numerous 
petty  depredations.  On  June  13.  Jenkins  ca\,ilry  entered  (Ireencastle, 
and  on  the  evening  of  that  d.iv  C  haniherslnng  was  again  invested.  I^hi])- 
pensburg  and  Carlisle  were  likewise  visited.  Init  l.ee's  wliereahouts  and 
intentions  could  not  he  determined.  C)n  the  Jjth.  I''well,  who  com- 
manded Lee's  advance,  took  possession  of  Carlisle,  ll  was  then  sn|i- 
p(jsed  that  Harrisburg  would  be  attacked,  an<l  jjrcparatious  were  made 
to  defeiul  it.  On  the  2r)th  dovernor  Curtiu  called  fur  sixty  llmusand 
volunteers  to  defend  the  stale,  .ind  almost  every  ahle-hodied  man  tendered 
his  services,  Harrisburg  was  put  in  a  condition  for  defense,  the  ap- 
proaches to  the  city  were  strongly  guarded  or  destroyed,  and  nearlv  all 
jiersons  who  could  not  remain  and  tight   dei)arted  to  places  of  safety. 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  175 

The  cajiital  cilv  was  tlireateiu'd,  !nit  tlic  attack  was  not  made;  tlie  demon- 
stratinii  was  a  ruse  to  divert  tlie  attention  of  tiie  defensi\e  force. 

l^lwell's  aih'anoc  was  fdll'iwed  1)\'  Lee's  main  army,  hut  instead  of 
la\'ing  siej;e  to  the  capital,  the  S'reat  Confederate  commander  turned 
toward  ("iett\'shurg',  marchint;'  liy  wa_\'  of  Caslitown.  Here  his  f(]rce  was 
(hvided.  Gordon's  (hx'ision  taking  possession  of  ( jett}sl)urg,  and  Early 
occupyini;"  ^drk,  upon  whose  people  he  lexied  hea\_\'  trihute  in  gox-erU' 
ment  money  and  ])ro\isions.  In  all  these  [jrclinnnary  mo\emcnts  several 
skirmishes  took  ])lace.  for  the  rehel  advance  was  not  wholl}'  unopposed. 
Carlisle  was  shelled  and  set  nn  hre;  raids  were  made  in  the  direction  of 
Ilarrishurg :  a  skirmish  took  place  at  \\  rightsNille :  and  at  Hano\-er  Kil- 
patrick's  cavalry  clashe<i  with  Stuart's  raiders.  'Idiesc.  however,  were 
only  the  l)y-pla\'s  which  preceded  the  greater  Ixittle — a  hattle  of  giant 
forces,  without  jiarallcl  in  the  annals  of  warfare. 

While  the  Confederate  armv  was  laying  waste  the  horder  townships 
and  deciding  on  a  ])osition  in  which  to  niake  a  stand,  tiic  L'uion  com- 
manders were  not  idle,  (jeneral  Meade  had  hecn  ordered  in  pursuit  nf 
Lee,  and  rdl  this  time  had  licen  watching  liis  movements  through  the 
efficient  action  of  Reynolds,  who  held  the  left  of  the  line.  It  was  well 
that  these  twn  noted  genei"als.  .Meade,  first  in  comniaml.  with  Rev'nnlds 
second,  should  lead  the  L'nion  forces  against  the  enemy  im  this  memor- 
ahle  occasion;  they  were  Penns\-lv;uiians,  and  it  was  their  dutv  and 
pleasure  to  give  hattle  to  the  foe  who  dared  tn  inva<le  the  territoi-\'  of 
their  state. 

The  hattle  of  (iettyshurg  was  fought  July  !-_:;.  iSi'i^.  A  detailed 
narrative  i)f  its  events  from  hcginning  to  end  is  hardly  necessarv  in  these 
])ages.  It  has  heen  made  the  suhject  of  volumes,  and  has  heen  pulilished 
in  foreign  countries.  It  is  read  in  everv  schoolroom,  and  an  account  of 
it  is  kept   in  everv  family  in   Pennsylvania.     It  was  tlie  most  memorahle 


176      COMPEXDIUM  OF  HISTORY  AXD  GEXEALOGY 

tattle  (if  tlie  war.  Its  result  checked  the  advance  (if  the  (."on federates 
into  the  northern  free  states,  and  was  tlie  lurniuj^  inmit  in  the  Inrtuncs 
nf  the  war.  It  <leveliii)e<i  military  genius,  and  hniuglit  inl'i  innniineiice 
iiKire  military  commanders  tlian  any  oilier  battle  fought  during  the  war. 
General  George  J.  Meade  was  ])itted  against  {"lencra!  Robert  K.  ix-e.  the 
latter  the  commander-in-chief  of  the  Cotifedcralc  armies,  and  cuncededly 
fine  nf  the  ablest  generals  of  his  time;  but  mi  the  third  day  at  Ciettysburg 
Meade  clearlv  i mtgeneraled  and  outwiUcd  Lcc,  and  when  the  latter  least 
expected  it  and  was  least  prepared  fur  it.  tlie  L'ninn  artillery  swqit  down 
the  enemv  as  grass  before  the  scxlhc:  and  llie  Ininn  inf.mtry  ]xpured  into 
the  ranks  of  their  foes  such  withering  vnijcys  of  musketry  that  the  dead 
and  wounded  lay  in  great  heajjs  on  llie  lilond-stained  earth. 

Gettysburg  was  nut  wholly  Meade's  \ictory.  nor  Hancock's,  nor 
Reynolds',  who  was  killed  early  in  the  battle:  nur  Dmibleday's.  imr 
Geary's,  nor  Sickles.  The  Imnor  nf  the  \  ictory  belonged  to  all  of  them, 
officers  ;u)d  men  alike,  whether  adorned  with  shoulder  straps  and  sword, 
or  carrying  the  heavy  nld  armv  musket  i>f  that  time.  It  was  the  \ict<>ry 
of  the  l'ninn  army.  coni])osed  of  ntVicers  and  men  frnni  a  dnzen  states. 
but  among  the  niie  hundred  thousimd  snidiers  whom  Meade  and  his 
suljordinates  commanded  in  that  fierce  three  days"  light,  there  were  far 
more  Pennsylvanians  than  men  frnni  any  nthcr  state. 

There  were  bra\e  ofilicers  and  ecpialK  bra\e  men  nn  Imtb  sides  at  the 
Gettysburg  light,  and  they  fought  like  hemes;  and  they  died  like  heroes. 
On  the  Union  side  the  losses  amounted  tn  4,834 -killed.  14.709  wounded. 
and  6.643  missing,  a  tntal  loss  of  23.1 86  ofiicers  and  men.  On  the 
Confederate  side  the  loss  was  6.500  killed.  26.000  wnundcd.  and  ij.ooo 
prisoners.  Lee  went  into  the  fight  with  about  So.otx)  men.  but  when  he 
turne<l  his  face  southward  .at  the  dnse  of  the  third  <lay.  hardly  nmre  than 
half  that  number  were  with  him.      Tbe  Inion  forces  aggregalcil  about 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PEXXSYLVANIA.  177 

loo.ooo  men.  Some  <it  these  were  raw  tr(j<ips.  liastily  gatliereil  from 
tliis  and  Xew   Idrk  >-latL',  ami  (irj^anized  l)y  (General  Couch. 

Among  the  officers  killed  were  (ienerals  Reynolds.  \'incent.  Weed, 
Zook,  Cross,  and  Farnsworth.  Tlie  list  of  wnunded  officers  included  the 
names  of  Major  (jenerals  Sickles.  1  lancock.  LUitterfield,  Doubledax',  and 
ISiernev,  and  Ijrigadier  ( ieuerrds  llarlow  ,  Barnes,  (lihhon.  Hunt.  Crahani. 
I'aul,  and  W  illard.  Aninng  tlie  ])roniinent  officers  killed  on  the  Con- 
lederate  side  were  Major  Ceneral  IVMxler  and  I'.rigadier  Cenerals  Barks- 
dale  (died  on  the  field).  Armistead  (died  in  I'nion  hospital),  Garnett, 
and  Seninies.  The  wounded  list  included  Major  (ienerals  Hood.  Heth. 
and  Trimble,  and  Brigadier  (ienerals  Kem])er,  Scales.  Anderson.  Petti- 
grew.  Hampton.  Jones,  and  Jenkins. 

After  the  battle  of  (Gettysburg  comparative  peace  reigned  within  the 
state  during  the  remainder  of  the  \'ear.  The  emergenc}-  militia  returned 
to  their  homes,  but  held  themsel\-es  in  readiness  to  answer  anv  further 
call  for  their  ser\ice.  Thex-  had  put  the  state  capital  in  condition  for 
defense,  and  had  gone  to  the  assistance  of  the  main  army  at  the  time  of 
the  battle,  ;ifter  making  a  successful  stand  a.gainst  the  enemx'  at  Carli'ile. 

Xotwithstanding  the  heavy  drains  on  the  resources  of  the  state  dur- 
ing the  first  three  years  of  the  war.  there  \'et  remained  more  men  and 
more  of  the  old  martial  spirit  for  which  I'ennsylvania  e\  er  has  been 
noted.  The  reports  of  the  ad.jutant  general  show  that  at  the  close  of 
the  year  1863.  the  state  had  sent  into  the  service  a  total  of  alnmst  two 
hundred  and  fifty  thousand  nien.  'I"he  entire  population  in  1860  was  a 
little  less  than  three  millions,  and  it  was  ne\er  thought  that  the  war 
would  call  into  the  ser\  ice  from  a  single  state  such  a  \'ast  army  of  sol- 
diers. The  demands  had  been  great,  but  the\'  were  promptly  coiuplied 
with.  The  militar\'  establisbnient  of  the  state  was  now  in  systematic 
order,  and  no  longer  did  the  Ouaker  element  oppose  the  wisiies  of  the 


ITS      COMPENPIiM  Ol-  HISTORY  AXD  GENEALOGY 

pet)j)le.  Indeed,  llic  iiiilit;irv  records  slmw  tliai  lluiusaud.s  of  (Juaker 
descendants  were  cidislcd  in  llie  ranks,  and  otliers  were  commissioned 
officers  during  llie  war,  antl  lliey  proved  thorough  soldiers  and  good 
figliters. 

It  liad  l)cen  hoped  that  tlie  (hsastrous  defeat  of  Lee's  army  at  Gettys- 
burg would  put  an  end  to  rclicl  invasions  of  the  Icnitiuv  of  1 'cnnsyhania, 
yet  still  another  raid  was  made  in  Jnly.  iS()4,  and  "ncc  niore  I'liamhcrs- 
hurg  was  nuulc  llie  object  o\  attack.  I  he  jn'oplc  licrc  nc\cr  iiad  ttlt 
secure,  ami  after  the  first  \isit  in  iS6_'  they  i)ul  away  in  secure  places 
as  much  as  possible  of  tiieir  xaluahle  ]inipiTly.  indecil,  at  the  lime  of 
the  tliird  raid  llie  inhai)itants  had  Iml  lillle  Icfl :  llicir  resources  h;id  been 
drawn  u])on  for  the  general  needs  of  the  war.  as  had  those  of  otlicr  lo- 
calities, but  Stuart's  cavalry  raid  in  i8')j.  and  Lee's  invasion  in  the  next 
year  had  taken  nearly  all  they  liad  left,  hiil  now.  on  July  30,  18^)4.  a 
column  of  three  thousand  Confederate  soldiers  under  (ieneral  McCausland 
laid  siege  to  the  town  w  ith  two  batteries  of  artillery  and  threatened  its  de- 
struction unless  the  inhabitants  would  ])ay  $500,000  in  greenbacks  or 
$100,000  in  gold.  .\  half  hour's  time  was  granted  in  which  t<i  comply 
with  the  demand,  but  the  Confederate  commander  was  told  th.it  "C'ham- 
bcrsburg  could  not  and  would  not  pa\'  ;niy  r.msom."  Then  the  invaders 
rang  the  court  house  bell  to  a.-'-semble  the  people,  but  none  came.  Next 
many  prominent  citizens  were  taken  into  custmly.  and  threats  were  made 
to  carry  them  to  Richmond,  unless  the  demands  \vere  satisfied.  lUit  .ill 
this  was  to  no  i)urpose.  and.  seeing  which,  the  Confederates  set  fire  to 
the  town  and  in  the  course  of  a  few  hours  destroved  prMperlv  of  the 
value  of  $3,000,000,  and  left  three  thousand  jjcrsons  homeless  and  penni- 
less. Thus  Chambersburg  was  the  only  town  within  the  limits  of  the 
Union  states  that  was  totally  destroyed  by  the  enemy  during  the  war. 

"The  burning  of  Chambersburg,"  says  Egle,  "was  an  act  of  ruth- 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PEXNSYLJ\4NIA.  179 

less  \anilalisni,  unnecessary  at  tlic  time  as  a  means  of  pn.imutin"^  the 
[ii'dtecliiiii  '<]■  the  success  nf  tlie  iinader.  and  ijcrpetrated  merely  as  a  show 
(if  l)ra\adii,  in  defiance  of  all  Iiunnral'le  warfare  and  the  sacred  rig'hts  of 
hunianitx'.  The  inhahilants  offei  ed  no  resistarice  at  the  time  to  the  ad- 
\-ance — there  was  no  L'nion  force  intrenched  in  the  town  and.  therefore. 
no  necessity  to  tire  it  as  a  means  of  dislodj^^int;'  an  enemy."' 

McCausland's  raid  in  1864  was  the  last  invasion  of  this  state  duriny 
the  war.  The  scene  of  events  was  laid  in  other  localities,  and  the  gov- 
ernor  kept  u])  lii'^  wiprk  of  oro-anizing  regiments  and  comjjanies  and  send- 
ing them  on  to  the  front  to  replenish  the  depleted  ranks  of  the  army. 
The  last  year  of  the  war  was  nnexentfnl  so  far  as  PennsyKania  was  con- 
cerned. The  Confedei'ate  arniies  had  heen  driven  hack  and  constantly 
heaten  1)\  the  victorious  Union  Iroojis.  an<l  gradually  the  people  at  home 
hegan  to  turn  their  attention  to  accustomed  pursuits.  However,  d.uring 
tlie  year  1865.  the  state  furn.islied  for  the  servdce  -'3.840  men  in  addition  ' 
to  those  already  sent  into  the  field. 

Pennsyhania's  contrilnition  to  the  service  of  the  government  during 

the  period  of  the  war  aggregated  387. -'84  men,  who  were  recruited  and 

raised  umler  the  several  calls  for  tro<ips  in  each  year  as  follows: 

1861. — I'nder  call  of  .\pril   15.  for  three  months.  .  .  .    -'0.979 
Under  call  of  July  22,  for  three  years,  the  Penn- 
sylvania Res.  Vol.  Corps U^^'^S^ 

Under  Act  of  Congress  of  July  22.   for  three 

years   0.^.759 

Total    I'or    1861 130.594 

1862. — Under  call  of  July  7,  including   18  nine-mos. 

regis '. '. 40.383 

Under  draft  nf  Aug.  4.  for  nine  mos 15.100 

Ind.  Cos.  for  three  years ^•35'^ 

Recruits  forw  arded    9--59 

Enlisted  in  or,^anizatioi's  of  other  states,  and 

in    regular   annv    5,000 

Total   for   iSi'2    71  100 


IRii      COMPEXDIIM  or  fUSTOR)'  .IX P  GENEALOGY 

1863. — L'luler  aiitliDrity  ni  \\';ir  Dcpt.,  fur  ilircc  yrs.  .  1,066 

L'ndcr  president's  call  in  jinic.  tHr  six  mos.  .  .  4.484 

Emergency   volunteers    7,062 

Recruits    forwarded    4.458 

F.nl.  in  re.ijular  army 934 

Militia  called  <iut  in  June,  fur  90  days -5.042 

Total  for  1863   43.046 

1864. — Re-cnlistnients   for  three  years    17,876 

Under  autimrity  of  War  Dept..  for  three  yrs.  .  9.867 

I'nder  call  of  July  6,  for  100  days 7,675 

I'nder  call  of  July  2~.  for  one  year 16.094 

Recruits    forwarded    26.567 

Drafted  men  and  substitutes   10,631 

Recruits  for  regular  armv -.974 

Total  for   1864   91.704 

1865. — I'nder  call  of  Dec.  19.  1864.  for  one  year 0.^'45 

l-^ecruits  forwarded    9.133 

Drafted  men  and  substitutes   6,675 

Recruits  for  regular  army   ^^i^j 

Total  for  1865  25,840 

The  war  of  1861-65  closed  with  the  final  surrender  at  .\ppomattox 
in  .\pril.  1865.  .-dlhough  hostilities  on  ;i  minor  scale  were  continued  in 
other  localities  for  sunie  weeks.  I'cnns\l\ania  tmops  toi.k  pari  in  the 
hnal  e\ent.  as  they  h;id  done  before  in  almost  every  important  battle  of 
the  war.  Their  services,  with  those  of  the  loyal  peo])!e  of  Pennsylvania, 
•luring  tlie  long  struggle  were  made  the  subject  of  a  special  message  from 
Governor  Curtin  to  the  legislature,  in  \\1iicb  lie  s.iid  : 

"Proceeding  in  the  strict  line  of  duty,  the  resources  of  I'emisyl.vania, 
whetlier  in  men  or  money,  have  neither  been  withheld  nor  sfpiandcred. 
The  history  of  the  conduct  of  cur  peo])le  in  llie  field  is  illuminated  with 
incidents  of  heroism  worthy  of  conspicuous  notice,  but  it  would  be  im- 
possible to  mention  them  in  the  i)roj)er  limits  df  a  message,  w  ithout  doing 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  FEXXSVFr.-IXLl.  181 

injustice,  or,  perliaps.  making  iii\i(li(]iis  distinctions.  It  wnuld  he  a'il<e 
impossible  to  furnisli  a  histurx'  of  tlie  associated  benevolence  and  of  tlie 
large  indi\'idual  contributidus  to  the  comic )rt  of  our  people  in  the  field 
and  hospital,  or  of  the  names  and  serx'ices,  at  all  times,  of  our  \'ohinteer 
surgeons,  when  called  to  assist  in  the  hospital  ur  on  the  battlefield;  nor 
is  it  possible  to  do  justice  tn  the  manv  ]>atriotic  Christian  men,  who  were 
ahvavs  ready  to  respond  w  hen  summoned  to  the  exercise  of  acts  of  human- 
ity and  benevolence.  Our  armies  were  sustained  and  strengthened  in 
the  field  by  the  patriotic  devotion  of  their  friends  at  home:  and  we  can 
never  render  full  iustice  to  the  heaven-directed,  patriotic.  Christian 
benevolence  of  the  women  of  the  state." 

Soon  after  the  battle  of  dcttysliurg.  Governor  Curtin  suggestefi  to 
the  governors  of  several  other  states  the  propriety  of  establishing  a  final 
resting  place  for  the  dead  who  gave  up  their  lixxs  in  that  memorable  en- 
gagement. The  idea  met  with  general  a])pr(ival,  and  resulted  in  a  meet- 
ing of  persons  ajipointcd  by  the  go\-ernors  of  the  respecti\-e  states.  The 
conimissioner  acted  with  promptness,  com])leled  a  formal  organization, 
and  the  battlefield  of  (iettysburg  was  set  apart  for  a  soldiers'  cemetery. 
It  was  formally  dedicated  Xoxember  19,  1863.  Under  the  agreement 
and  regulations,  reuns)l\ania  retained  sovereignty  o\er  the  cemetery 
lands,  but  in  1872  ownership  ;uul  management  were  \-ested  in  the  federal 
government.  ilie  National  Soldiers"  Cemetery  is  now  one  of  the  institu- 
tions of  the  United  States.  Any  state  which  was  represented  by  soldiers 
in  the  (iettysburg  battle  is  entitled  to  share  in  its  pri\ileges.  This  has 
been  \'ery  generally  accepted,  and  luimerous  s])lendid  luonuments  mark 
the  li^calities  where  state  troo])s  fought  or  held  positions.  In  the  same 
manner,  scattered  here  and  there  o\cr  the  broad  extent  of  this  sacred 
silent  city,  are  hundreds  of  monuiucnts  which  commemorate  the  deeds 
of   regiments   which    participated    in    the   engagement :     and   thousands 


182      COMPEXnJl'M  OF  lllSroh')'     ;\7)  CryFALOGY 

upon  tlioiisands  ol  ■'iiiarUcrs"  iiidicalc  llic  rcsliny  place  of  lnave  men 
wlio  "here  gave  tlieir  lives  ihat  the  nation  nii.tjht  live."  The  National 
Soldiers'  Cemetery  is  regarded  as  one  of  the  most  historic  |)laces  in 
America,  and  every  year  is  visited  hy  ihonsands  of  sur\i\ors  of  the  great 
liattle.  and  nianv  more  thousands  of  interested,  lihcrty-losing  citizens 
from  every  stale  in  the  L'nion. 

Tlie  Snliliers"  Orphan  Scliools.  three  in  nnmlier.  are  tlic  direct  out- 
growth of  tlie  war  of  1^61-^5,  and  owe  their  orii^in  to  (i<ivernor  ("urtin's 
]ileilge  at  the  ))eginning  of  ilie  contest  to  sustain,  clothe,  and  educate  the 
cliildren  wlio  were  thereliy  made  destitute  and  dependent.  The  governor 
was  ever  min<lfu!  of  this  ])romise.  hut  the  opp(irtnnitv  for  its  fulfillment 
was  presented  i|uile  une.xpectedly.  In  iS'')^  the  rennsylv;iuia  R.iilroad 
Companv,  through  its  vice-])resident.  (  olnncl  Thoni.is  .Scott,  douateil  to 
the  state  fifty  tlionsand  dollars  to  he  ])aid  as  hounties  to  \dlunte>-rs. 
This  generous  gift  the  goveinor  declined,  hccause  he  had  no  authority 
to  accept  in  an  otificial  capacity',  and  was  unwilling  to  luidcrtake  its  dis- 
l)in"senient  in  any  other  \va\'.  Then  Colonel  .*^cott  suggested  tli.at  the 
fund  he  used  to  estaljjish  a  system  of  education  for  the  henelit  of  the 
destitute  orphans  of  soldiers. 

The  subject  in  its  new  form  was  taken  under  consideration,  ;uid  a  hill 
was  i)rei)ared  emhodying  the  ]irovisions  necessary  to  cai;ry  the  ])roi)osed 
measures  into  effect.  The  liill  was  not  acted  upon  at  once,  hm  the  legisla- 
ture autliorized  tlie  governor  to  accept  the  gift,  and  to  use  it  for  the  ])ur- 
l)ose  last  indicated.  .Vccordingly,  on  Jtnie  lO.  iS']4.  ( iovenior  C'urtin  a])- 
pointed  Thomas  11.  llurrowes  superiuteiKlcnl  of  soldiers'  <ir))hans,  .and 
entrusted  him  with  the  work  of  organizing  a  system  of  education  for 
their  especial  benefit.  .\t  first  Dr.  I'urrowes  selected  several  schools  in 
different  parts  of  the  state  whose  commissioners  were  willing  to  accept 
pupils  under  the  prescribed  regulations.     At  the  beginning  of  1865  six 


OF  THE  STATU  OF  PF.WSVI.rJMA.  183 

schools  and  live  limiK's  liad  agreed  Ui  receive  two  liundred  and  seventy- 
six  orphan  pupils. 

This  system,  hdwever.  did  mil  work  satisfactorily.  The  fund  then 
at  the  command  of  the  superintendent  was  small,  and  there  was  shown 
a  reluctance  in  many  places  to  erect  the  Imildings  necessary  for  proper 
compliance  with  the  regulations.  In  remedy,  the  legislature,  on  March 
26,  1S65,  pased  an  act  "estahlishing  the  right  principle  that  the  destitute 
orphans  of  our  hrave  soldiers  are  to  he  the  children  of  the  state."  This 
act  brought  the  system  nmre  directly  under  the  control  of  the  state,  and 
to  achance  its  efficiency,  the  sum  of  $75,000  was  appropriated  to  carry 
on  the  work.  This  measure  was  opposed  in  certain  quarters,  hut  the 
governor's  influence  carried  it  to  a  successful  end.  For  nearly  ten  years 
afterward  alxiut  eight  thon^auil  orphans  were  cared  for  annually  by  the 
state,  at  an  expense  of  aboiu  hall  a  million  dollars. 

Under  the  act  of  May  25,  18S9,  a  commission  of  soldiers"  orphan 
schools  was  established,  and  has  since  been  continued.  It  comprises  the 
governor,  ex-officio,  two  senators,  three  members  oi  the  house  of  repre- 
sentatives, and  five  other  aijjxiintees  chosen  from  the  Grand  .Army  of  the 
Republic  posts  of  the  state.  .\s  now  established,  three  schools  are  main- 
tained; the  industrial  school  at  Scotland,  Franklin  county;  one  school  at 
Chester  Springs.  Chester  countw  and  one  at  Jumon\-ille,  Fayette  county. 
As  tending  to  show  the  importance  and  \'ahie  rif  the  soldiers"  orphan 
schools  and  the  regard  in  which  the\'  ha\e  been  lield  bv  the  people  of 
Pennsylvania,  the  following  extract  is  taken  from  Governor  Geary's 
message  in  1868 : 

"No  calculation  can  furnish  an  estimate  of  the  fienefits  and  blessings- 
that  are  constantlv  llowiug  from  these  institutions.  Thousands  of 
ori)han  children  are  enjoying  their  parental  care,  moral  cultiu'e,  and  eilu- 
cational  training,  who  otherwise  would  ha\e  suffered  poverty  and  want. 


i>4    coMPiixnirM  or  iiistorv  .txn  gfxp.aj.ogy 

anfl  licen  left  to  prow  up  in  iillcness  and  ncgicti.  Many  a  widMw's  heart 
lias  been  gladdened  1)V  the  ])rotection.  conifiin,  and  rciigiijus  sulicituile 
extended  to  her  t'atherlcss  offspring,  and  timusaniU  are  the  prayers  de- 
\outlv  uttered  I'nr  tlx^se  who  ha\c  not  been  unnnndfnl  uf  them  in  the 
time  nt  tlicir  altlictinn.  In  making  the  gcnercms  dis])iisitii)n  it  has  done 
for  these  destilnle  and  helpless  orphans,  liie  legislature  deserves  and 
receives  llie  heartiest  thanks  of  e\cry  g(iod  citizen,  all  uf  \vhi>ni  will  cor- 
<liallv  approve  a  cnntinnance  uf  that  heneficence.  In  '^hiilding,  iirutect- 
ing.  and  educating  the  children  of  our  dead  soldiers,  the  legislatiu'e  is 
nol)l\  performing  its  duty,  'i'hese  children  are  not  mere  olijects  \A 
cliaritv  or  pensioners  u])on  our  houtuw  hut  the  w.irds  of  the  common- 
wealth, and  have  just  claims,  earned  liy  tlic  l)loo<l  of  their  f.uhers.  upon 
its  support  and  guardianship,  which  can  only  In-  withheld  at  the  s.acritice 
nf  phiianthro])y.  honor,  jialriotisiu.  st.ate  ]iride.  and  e\ei y  jirinciple  of 
liuiiianitv." 


OF   THE  STATE  OF  PEXXSVLJ-JMA.  18; 


CHAPTER    TX. 

Penxsvlvaxia  fro.m  tiir  Civil.  War  to  the  Presext  Time. 

.After  tlie  close  of  the  \\ar  Ciovcnior  Curtin"s  administration  ilexoted 
its  energies  to  tlie  ways  lA  jieace  witli  the  same  zeal  that  characterized 
it  while  the  rehellion  was  in  progress.  It  had  heen  in  all  respects  a  suc- 
cessful administration,  and  recei\ed  the  commendation  of  the  people  of 
the  whole  state.  The  ]nil>lic  deht  was  necessarily  large,  hut  it  was  not 
hurdensonie.  for  now  ]'enns\l\ania  had  sources  of  revenue  not  hefore 
enjoyed.  The  exigencies  of  the  war  had  created  a  demand  for  mineral 
products  such  as  Pennsyh-ania  alone  could  and  did  produce,  and  when 
the  period  of  war  was  ended  the  whole  male  population  was  required  to 
produce  that  which  went  to  supjily  the  wants  of  other  states.  The  iron 
ores  were  required  in  thousands  of  manufactories.  The  coal  product 
was  required  in  e\cv\  eastern  state,  hoth  for  manufacturing  uses  and 
household  consumi^tion.  Coal  began  to  replace  wood  as  a  house-warm- 
ing agent  in  .states  outside  of  T'ennsyKania  soon  after  t86o.  and  came 
into  general  use  within  the  ne.xt  ten  years.  Then  the  mines  in  cjperation 
nuniliered  less  tlian  tifty.  and  the  out])iU  was  counted  hv  thousands  of 
tons.  Xow  tlie  mines  are  counted  hy  hundreds,  the  i)Ut])ut  hv  millions 
of  tons,  while  the  em])lovees  and  mine  wurkers  at  the  present  time  aggre- 
gate nearlv  one  luuidrcd  and  lifty  thousand  persons. 

Soon  after  tlie  end  of  the  war  lumhering  hecame  an  estahlished  and 
iniiMirtant  hranch  of  husiness.  and  was  carried  mi  ]\y  thousands  of  o])er- 
ators  until  the  \ast  forests  of  the  state  were  almost  strijipcd  of  their 
most  \aluahle  timber.  .\Imost  every  stream  of  any  conse(|uence  was 
made  a  public  highway,  and  annually  for  about  ten  oi-  lifteeii  years  these 


1S6    coMrr.xnirM  or  histor)'  jxd  genealogy 

watercourses  were  liucil  with  rafts  i<\  lii<;s  ainl  luiiilcr  nii  llicir  w  :iy 
I..  iinirnal>lc  nuirUcts  at  tidewater.  'I'liis  threat  imlustry  iiractically  Iniilt 
tip  \\'illiaiiis|)iirt.  l)iit  Inmdrcds  of  otlicr  cities  and  towns  derived  grea^ 
iKjnel'it  fnun  it.  F,xtensi\c  lunilicriniL;  o|)oratiiMis  are  no  longer  known 
in  Pennsylvania,  yet  on  a  lesser  scale  the  business  is  still  carried  on  with 
profit.  Tlic  pin"pose  of  the  forestry  dcpartnieiil  is  to  restore  the  forest 
growths  and  prevent  the  total  destruction  nf  that  whidi  has  contrihutcd 
so  nmch  to  the  wealth  of  man. 

The  itnrsuits  of  agriculture,  also,  reached  their  highest  development 
(hiring  the  .score  of  years  wliicli  began  with  the  end  of  the  war  of 
1861-65.  A  large  jiroportion  of  the  \cihinteer  iccniits  sent  out  from 
this  state  during  the  war  came  fiiiu  the  farm.  They  were  farmers' 
sons,  anil  they  made  excellent  soldiers:  and  after  the  return  of  peace  they 
went  liack  to  the  f;uiii  and  worked  with  the  same  ch.aracteristic  energy 
thev  h,id  exhibited  at  dettyslnirg.  and  on  ;i  bmidred  other  battlefields  of 
tlie  soutli.  These  loyal  sons  of  Pennsylvania  had  sliow  11  th.it  they  crid 
successfully  defeiul  their  state  against  ;m  invading  army,  and  after\<  ;ird, 
in  ])eace.  they  showed  how  well  they  could  develn])  its  resources  .uid 
make  the  earth  bring  t'orth  its  fruits. 

These  jnirsuits  had  their  beginning,  of  course,  long  before  dnvcrnor 
C'urlin's  time,  but  they  reached  their  highest  degree  of  success  and  ])rofit 
during  his  term  and  that  of  his  successor  in  otil'icc.  deneral  Geary.  The 
famous  "War  Ciovernor"  served  six  years — a  memorable  I'erind  in  Penn- 
.sylvania  and  national  history — and  when  he  retired  bis  successor  was 
chosen  from  the  ranks  of  the  army.  John  W.  Cieary  was  the  candidate 
of  the  Republican  party,  and  received  a  majority  of  seventeen  thrmsand 
votes  over  Iliester  Clymer.  the  Democratic  nominee.  .\t  this  time  there 
were  hut  two  political  parties  in  the  state,  and  (icncral  deary's  election 
was  almost  a  certainty  w hen  the  nominating  C(jn\eiition  placed  his  name 


OF  THE  STATE  OE  PEXXSYLEAMA.  187 

at  the  lieail  (if  tlit  RcpuMicaii  ticket.  He  was  a  W'estmnreland  county 
man.  a  civil  engineer,  and  alsn  a  farmer.  He  served  witli  credit  as 
lieutenant  colonel  of  the  Second  Pennsylvania  Regiment  during  the  war 
with  ATe.xico.  and  after  the  ca])ture  nf  the  City  of  Me.xico  he  was  made 
its  niilitar_\-  commander,  in  iS4(;  he  was  jjostmaster  of  San  I'rancisco, 
and  later  was  the  first  maycr  of  that  city.  He  returned  to  I'ennsvlvania 
in  1852  and  settled  en  his  farm.  Still  later  he  was  for  nearl_\-  a  year 
go\-ernor  of  Kansas. 

General  (leary's  military  career  was  indeed  praiseworthy.  In  1861 
he  raised  and  e(|uip])ed  the  Twenty-eighth  Pennsylvania  \'(i]untcer  In- 
tantry,  was  promoted  tn  brigadier-general  .\pril  2^,  1862:  woundecl  at 
Cedar  Aiountain:  led  the  Second  Division.  Twelfth  Cor]is,  in  se\-eral 
meniDrahle  battles:  commanded  the  Second  Dixisiijn,  Twentieth  Crirps. 
in  Slierman's  march  tn  the  sea;  wris  military  governor  at  Sa\annah  after 
its  capture.  Decemlier  22.  18^14.  He  never  entered  politics;  the  public 
ser\-ice  called  him  and  he  acce])ted  its  I'esponsibilities.  llis  part  was 
alwa}-s  well  done,  and  he  retircij  from  office  with  the  respect  of  the  people 
of  his  state.  His  was  nut  a  ref(.rm  administration,  as  there  was  nothing 
in  the  affairs  of  state  that  recpured  refnrmatiiin.  Cnrtin  had  made  clean 
the  ]iathway,  and  deary  was  reipnred  nnh'  to  tVillow  his  e.xample  and 
carry  nn  the  wi.rk-  so  well  begun.  The  six  \-ears  of  his  goyernorshi])  wit- 
nessed unjirecedentcd  grciwth  in  every  br.anrh  of  business  life,  and  Penn- 
syl\-nnia  ])r()S])ered  as  ne\'er  bcfnrc  in  its  ]nstor\-.  The  state  debt  was 
reduced  ninre  than  ten  million  dnllars. 

llowexer,  in  the  counties  alniig  the  snuthern  border  of  the  st.'ite  the 
pco])le  were  slow  m  recnxering  from  the  serious  etTects  of  the  w.ar.  In 
1868  the  legislature  did  something  to  relieve  their  condition,  but  the 
injuries  had  been  such  that  iuone\"  compensation  alone  C(.iuld  not  fully 
repair  the  losses.     ^Vgain,  in  1871,  Lxcoming  county  became  the  center 


188     COMPEXDUM  of  history  .-IX n  gexralogy 

of  a  ilisturhance  kmnvn  as  '"the  sa\v-<hist  war."  which  leiiuircd  tlie 
presence  of  the  slate  militia  to  suppress.  It  was  tlic  first  affair  of  its 
kind  in  tlie  st.ite.  and  naturally  was  the  occasii^n  of  niucli  excitement: 
but  it  passed  away  without  serinus  rcsuhs.  In  a  way  it  recalled  the 
events  of  the  whisky  insurrection  and  h'ries'  rebellion,  but  was  less 
serious  tlian  eitlier  of  them,  in  later  years  Pennsylvania  became  accus- 
tomed to  internal  uprisings,  especially  in  labur  circles,  hence  such  events 
as  those  noted  attract  less  attention  tlian  formerly. 

General  John  iMcderick  Hartranft  was  elected  governor  in  1S72. 
and  was  re-elected  in  1875,  serving  in  all  six  years.  He  was  the  second 
of  the  soldier  governors  chosen  after  the  close  of  the  war.  lie  was 
Montgomer\'  coiuitx's  contribution  to  the  executive  chair,  and  won  dis- 
tinction by  his  niilitarx-  career.  He  raise<l  the  I'oiuth  I'ennsyKania  \''ol- 
unteer  Infantry,  f'lr  three  months'  service,  and  al'terw.ird  organized  the 
Fifty-hrst  Regiment.  He  rose  steadily  through  various  militar\-  grades, 
an<l  was  brevetted  major  general  f<ir  meritorious  services  in  the  capture 
of  I'ort  Steadman  in  .March.  18^)5.  He  was  elected  auditor  general  of 
Pennsylvania  in  November  of  the  same  year,  ami  in  1X66  was  offered  a 
colonel's  commission  in  the  regular  .'uniy.  'I'his  honor  he  declined.  In 
1868  he  was  re-elected  auditor  general,  and  in  187 J  became  governor. 

The  political  campaign  in  1872  was  the  most  remarkable  contest  in 
the  history  of  the  state  down  to  that  time.  (Irant  was  president  and 
was  seeking  re-election  as  the  candidate  of  the  national  Republican  con- 
vention, while  opposed  to  him  was  Horace  Greeley,  who  led  the  forces  of 
a  dissentient  element  of  tlie  dominant  party  known  as  "Lil>erals."  and 
also  as  "Independents."  The  seceders  assumed  not  to  sacrifice  any 
Republican  principle,  but  were  unalterably  opposed  to  (Jrant's  re-election. 
He  was  tix)  radical,  too  intensely  Republican  to  meet  their  views;  and 
besides  they  charged  him  with  yielding  the  appointing  power  into  the 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  189 

hands  of  designing  politicians.  Tlie  deniDralizcd  Democracy,  now  in  a 
hopeless  minority  in  the  state  and  country,  was  witliout  a  presidential 
candidate.  Init  indorsed  Greeley,  hoping  b)-  this  means  to  overcome  the 
regular  Republican  majnrity. 

The  campaign  of  the  year  was  bitterly  contested  on  both  sides,  and 
for  the  first  time  practical  politics  made  its  a])pearauce  as  a  factor  in  the 
state  and  national  c;ui\ass;  and  from  that  time  td  the  present  it  has  been 
a  dominant  power  in  the  history  of  both  of  the  great  parties.  So  far 
as  the  state  ticket  was  concerned,  there-  was  less  breakir.g  away  from 
party  lines,  but  many  nf  the  so-called  "Liberals"  found  themselves  within 
the  Democratic  fold,  while  on  the  other  hand  a  considerable  number 
of  "old-liners"  of  the  Democracy  refused  to  support  Greeley,  and  thus 
became  alienated  from  its  ticket.  In  this  campaign,  too.  the  new  Pro- 
hibition party  made  its  ajjpcarance.  and  jiut  a  gul)ernatori<'d  candidate  in 
the  field. 

At  the  polls  the  candiilatcs  of  the  parties  were  General  J(jhn  F. 
Hartranft,  Republican.  Charles  R.  Buckalew .  Democrat,  and  S.  B.  Chase, 
Prohibitionist.  E\ery  sinew  of  political  warfare  was  brought  into  the 
contest  for  the  governorship,  for  the  result  was  to  be  taken  as  an  index 
of  the  strength  of  the  jiarties  and  their  candidates  on  the  presidential 
tickets  to  lie  voted  for  in  Noxember.  Plartranft  was  re-elected  by  a 
comfortable  majority,  while  Chase,  the  standard-bearer  of  the  Prohibi- 
tionists, receixed  a  little  more  than  twehe  hundred  \-otes.  drawn  largely 
from  the  Republican  ranks.  This  was  the  first  a]ii)earance  of  the  new 
liartv  in  acti\e  ixjlitics.  It  has  since  maintained  an  existence  and  made 
some  gains  in  numerical  strength.  Occasionally  it  has  elected  a  c;uuli- 
date  to  minor  offices,  but  ne\  er  has  become  a  positi\e  factor  in  ])olitical 
circles.  Its  principles  and  ])latforms  have  been  ])raiseworthy.  from  a 
])urely  moral  stan(1])oinl.  but  the  projjosed  applicati(.)n  of  those  principles 


100    coMPF.xpn'M  or  iifsroRv  .ixn  genealogy 

ti)  practical  governmental  nietlunls  and  customs  liavc  not  seemeil  tn  meet 
willi  approval  of  c<»nsistcnl  men. 

Governor  Hartranft  began  his  lirst  term  in  January.  iSj^^  was 
re-elected,  and  served  until  January.  1S79.  This  six  years  constituted 
an  eventful  ])erii)d  in  the  civil  and  pulilical  liistiMv  nl  llie  cuniuii  invv  ealtli ; 
a  peril  id  nf  vicissitudes  and  remarkable  uccurrences.  some  of  tlicm  nf  a 
depressing  character  so  far  as  the  public  weal  was  cimccrned.  but  nunc 
of  such  serious  nature  as  tn  disturb  the  rnundatinns  nf  state  gnvernnicnt. 
During  Governor  Geary's  adminisiralinii,  ir.  iSOS.  theii'  nccurred  the 
first  serious  disturbances  between  lalmr  and  capital  in  ibe  anthracite  coal 
regions.  There  had  been  earlier  diltcrcnco.  but  none  bad  attracted 
uuich  attention. 

In  1871  there  w.'is  another  strike,  this  lime  against  a  reduction  of 
wages,  and  the  militia  was  sent  to  ScraiUou  to  quiet  a  riotous  spirit  that 
manifested  itself  on  that  occasion.  In  1S73  the  miners  in  the  Schuvlkill 
and  Lehigh  regions  went  out  on  the  so-calleil  "long  strike."  and  for  six 
months  were  unable  to  reconcile  their  differences  with  the  operators. 
While  this  strike  was  in  |)rogress  the  slate  militia  was  again  called  into 
service,  but  the  occasion  passed  without  serious  disaster.  In  later  years 
strikes  have  been  of  jjeriodital  occurrence,  and,  by  reason  of  the  in- 
creased number  of  ])ersons  involved  in  them,  and  the  general  tendency 
on  the  ])art  of  employes  to  "unionize."  they  have  at  times  assumed  a 
serious  character,  and  have  temporarily  injured  business  interests.  Tenn- 
sylvanians  are  no  longer  surprised  at  the  declaration  of  a  strike  in  lalwr 
circles,  for  these  occurrences  have  come  to  be  looked  upon  as  natural 
results  of  the  dilTerences  between  corporations  and  their  employes.  The 
lal)or  i)roblem,  the  true  and  just  relations  of  labor  and  cajiital.  remains 
to  l)c  solved  in  this  state.  ;ind.  indeed,  in  the  United  States. 

The  year  187,^  witnessed  the  end  of  the  jieriod  of  prosperity  which 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  191 

followed  llie  cli)se  of  the  war.  and  hir  the  next  two  or  tln'ce  years  the 
ciiiiiplaint  (if  "hard  times""  was  heard  llirciUi;hi  ml  the  laml.  it  was  a 
disastrous  event  in  hnsiness  circles  in  parlicnlar,  but  all  interests  :::}t\ 
pursuits  were  adversely  affected  hy  it.  The  great  linancial  storm  nf 
1873  originated  in  riiiladelphia,  hy  the  failure  of  the  hanking  hrm  of 
Jay  Cooke  and  Company,  whose  dtjors  were  closed  on  Septeml)er  18. 
This  created  a  general  jianic  in  hanking  circles,  and  one  house  after 
another  g;i\e  way  hefore  the  ])ressni'e  of  deman<ls  hy  clamorous  creditors. 
Then  the  infection  s])read  to  other  cities,  and  in  less  than  four  months 
a  condition  of  depression  had  entirely  replaced  the  former  prosperity  and 
hail  extended  itself  throughout  the  country. 

At  the  time  the  origin  of  the  depressed  condition  was  .attributed  to 
\arious  sources,  hut  hefore  the  period  was  passed  the  husine.ss  world  was 
made  to  understand  that  the  re\ulsion  was  due  to  natural  causes,  and 
was  onlv  the  settling  down,  on  a  solid  foundation,  of  the  unstable  ele- 
ments that  conijjrised  our  financial  structure  during  an  er;i  of  intlation. 
The  business  woidd  ajiparenth-  had  become  impressed  with  the  talse 
notion  that  ])nces  always  would  be  high:  that  nionex'  alwa\s  would  he 
plenty,  and  th.at  there  could  not  i)e  a  change  in  existing  conditions:  that 
the  result  of  the  w.ar  insured  the  ]ierpetuitv  of  the  national  L'nicni.  ;md 
that  continued  pros])erity  was  its  natural  outcome:  th.at  there  could  be 
no  return  to  old  conditions,  ar-d,  consecjuentiv.  that  all  business  opera- 
tions could  he  conducted  on  a  gigantic  scale  without  limit  as  to  time  and 
without  restriction  as  to  crclit  and  borrowing  ])ower. 

The  hypothesis  pro\c(l  false,  hut  the  assumijtion  of  its  correctness 
led  operators  into  extravagant  methods;  and  when  the  break  did  come 
its  effects  were  more  disastrous  th.an  tliev  would  ha\e  been  had  wisdom 
pre\ailed  in  the  trans.actions  of  borrowers  ;md  lenders  of  monev.  The 
panic  itself  was  of  short  dur.atiou  but  the  restoration  to  normal  conditions 


192      COMPENDIUM  OF  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

required  several  years  to  accuinplisli.  In  ilue  season  tliis  was  (Iniic.  and 
wilh  confidence  once  nK>re  restored,  peace  and  prosperity  ucre  tlie  reccjni- 
pense  of  those  wlio  withstood  the  storm  of  adversity. 

Xotwithstaniiing  ihe  numerous  c-niharrassnicnts  tliat  alteiidcd  the 
financial  panic,  tlie  people  of  I 'ennsyivania.  and  of  the  I'liitcd  States, 
were  inakini;  preparations  for  tlic  "(.  enlciniial  I'.xhihiiiun"  :  to  littins^ly 
celehrate  the  one  hundreilth  anniversary  of  American  independence. 
Philadelphia  was  appiniiri.ilely  chosen  as  the  scat  ni  this  j^reat  event. 
In  all  ahout  one  hundred  and  eij^hty  liuil<!in.t;s  were  erected  on  tlic 
grounds.  Each  state  in  the  l'ni"ii  had  its  huildinj;  ;  and  so  also  had 
the  L"nile<l  States,  manv  foreign  governments,  and  many  enterprising 
corporations  and  indi\iiluals.  'I'Jic  exhihition  was  opened  .May  lo.  1876. 
and  was  closed  Xo\eniher  10  of  the  same  year.  ( )n  "Peniisyhania 
Day,"  Septeniher  _'8.  two  hundred  and  sevenl\-li\e  ttiousand  persons 
visited  the  grounds.  The  e.xhihition  itself  was  a  notahle  e\ent  in  Penn- 
sylvania history. 

Such,  in  hrief.  are  some  of  the  leading  events  in  our  state  histf>ry 
during  (iovernor  Hartranfl's  term  nf  dftice.  The  government  was  in 
no  wise  concerned  in  them,  or  rcspijusihle  for  tlicm.  hut  wliene\er  action 
was  necessary  the  executive  ."nd  legislative  Inanches  performed  their 
duty  without  fear  or  favor.  During  flartranft's  term.  too.  the  new  con- 
stitution of  1873  was  ado|)ted:  and  it  still  is  in  effect.  It  was  an  im- 
portant ste])  in  stale  progress,  for  it  contained  all  the  ]irovisions  neces- 
sary for  the  administration  of  govennncnl  in  conformity  to  motlcrn 
methods  and  re(|uirements. 

In  icS/S  .another  election  inr  governor  and  other  >tate  officers  was 
held.  There  were  four  c;mdidates  in  the  held  at  the  head  of  the  tickets. 
Hein-y  M.  Hoyt  was  nominated  hy  the  Repuhlicans ;  .\ndrew  H.  Dill 
hy  the  Democracy;  Franklin  H.  Lane  hv  the  I'rohihilinnists:  and  Samuel 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PEXXSyLJ\^XlA.  103 

R.  Masijii  U}'  the  new  ]iiilitical  organizaliiiii  knuwii  as  the  (ireenljack 
part}-,  which  was  ci  mipnsed  of  (hsgruntlcd  elements  fruni  hmh  of  the 
great  parties.  Imt  in  this  state  (hd  not  gain  suthcient  strengtli  to  Ijeconie 
a  factor  tor  gcKjd  or  e\ih  The  Repuhhcans.  hirgelx'  in  a  ni.'i jority,  elected 
their  candidate,  and  (joxeinc  r  Hoyt  took  up  the  duties  of  olilce  in  Jan- 
uary. 1879.  He  was  a  prudent  puhlic  servant,  and  urged  that  expendi- 
tures in  all  departments  of  state  go\ernment  he  carefully  ordered.  His 
administration  was  successful.  The  eflects  of  the  recent  Ijusiness  de- 
pression were  felt  less  se\crel\-,  and  except  for  local  disturhances  in  the 
mining  disti'icts.  where  many  foreigners  were  colonized.  coniparati\'e 
quiet  reigned  within  the  horder.s  of  the  state.  The  pro\'isions  of  the  new- 
constitution.  Some  of  which  were  radical  changes  as  com])are(l  with 
former  rules  of  go\-ernnient,  had  hcen  thoroughly  tested  and  had  \V(-)rked 
well.  .\t  first  the  new  system  had  heen  criticised,  hut  there  was  sh(jwn 
a  disposition  to  give  it  an  impartial  trial.  It  was  tried,  and  ai)proved. 
and  there  was  not  afterward  shown  a  desire  to  restore  the  old  cust<:)ms  of 
former  years. 

In  1882.  for  the  first  time  since  Packer  occupied  the  chair,  the 
Democrats  elected  their  guhernatorial  candidate  and  returned  to  power 
in  the  state.  At  this  time  there  was  a  split  in  the  Ke])uhhcan  |)arty; 
there  were  serious  charges  of  corruption  against  the  doniinant  power, 
hoth  in  national  and  state  politics.  Tn  rcnnsyhania  there  was  a  strcing' 
disposition  to  ,icce])t  the  promises  of  aspirants  for  political  ])referment 
and  \'otc  into  j)o\\er  those  who  were  ])ledg-ed  to  reform,  in  the  can-i- 
paign  (jf  that  year  the  names  (if  fixe  camjidates  were  i>i-esented  to  the 
people  for  sup])ort.  and  each  i)Iatform  conimitteil  its  part\-  to  the  w-ork 
of  eliminating  from  the  state  goxernment  e\ery  clement  of  corruption, 
riie  cani])aigu   was   \  igorously  conducted,   and  every  possihle   influence 


I'.'4      COMPEXDILM  Ul'   IIISTOi^i'  .IXP  GENEALOGY 

was  hrmiyiit   into  the  omti-st   that  tcinlcd  to  inniiicite  the  advantage  uf 
tlie  Iwu  great  parties — tlie  l\ei)nl)lican  and  the  I  )enii.cratic. 

Tile  Re|)iil)liean  convention  i)Ut  in  udniiualion  ( ieneral  lames  A. 
licaver.  of  Center  county:  llie  Democrats  ralhed  undci'  the  haniier  that 
carried  tlie  name  of  Robert  E.  Pattison.  of  Philadclphi.i ;  the  indi'pendenl 
Rc])iiblicans  broke  away  lr(iiii  their  i>arly  and  nominated  John  Stewart, 
anil  tints  weakened  the  voting  strength  of  tl'.c  then  dominant  party;  the 
(Ireeiiljack  Labor  coalition  advocated  the  election  of  Thomas  A.  Arm- 
strong, and  drew  its  strength  about  eqiudly  from  the  l\e])uhlican  and 
Democratic  parties:  the  I'rohibitionists  su])])orted  Alfred  C.  Pettit.  luit 
without  hope  of  any  success  other  than  the  m;iintenance  of  a  single 
principle. 

Pattison  was  elected.  ihe  xote  lie  received  was  a  gratifying  tribute 
to  his  known  popularity  and  integrity.  an<l  his  administration  was  satis- 
factory to  the  state,  especially  to  his  parly  followers  who  benefited  I>\' 
the  result  of  the  ballot.  The  new  governor  was  essentially  Uemocralic. 
both  in  a  political  and  personal  sense.  He  did  not  forget  his  friends  and 
supjiorters  in  making  appointments,  and  he  earnestly  and  sincerely  advo- 
cated reform  and  economy  in  the  ae'.ministiation  of  afYairs  of  state.  In 
many  respects,  and  as  far  as  an\-  successfid  candidate  ever  did.  or  ever 
could,  carry  out  ante-election  promises,  the  ])]edges  were  kejit.  and  as  its 
result  his  administration  w:is  ;i  success.  He  advocated  economy  and 
made  recommendations  suggestive  of  reform. 

One  of  the  duties  devolving  on  the  legislatiue  ilnring  I'attison's 
first  term  was  that  of  redistricting  the  .state  as  refpiired  by  the  constitu- 
tion. This  was  not  done  during  the  regular  session,  and  an  extra  ses- 
sion was  called.  The  two  houses  of  the  legislature  were  not  in  political 
harmony,  hence  could  not  agree,  and  charges  of  attenijHs  to  "gcrry- 
niander"  for  i>artisan  advantage  were  ni.ide  on  both  sides.     The  extra 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANL4.  195 

session  proved  very  expensive,  and  led  tn  a  law,  in  1885,  fixing  the  salary 
of  nieml.)ers  io-v  attendance  a'  hulli  rei^nlar  ;ind  extra  sessions. 

In  the  presidential  cani|)aion  cif  1884  the  Prohihition  party  devel- 
(iped  oinsideralile  strens^th,  and  hecame  a  somewhat  fdrmidahle  balance 
of  power.  Its  voting  strength  was  largely  drawn  from  the  Republican 
])arty,  whose  leaders  became  alarmed  at  the  attitude  of  the  dissentients, 
and  felt  it  incumbent  upnn  themseh'es,  as  the  dominant  political  power 
in  the  state,  to  do  some  act  to  win  back  the  element  that  had  so  sapped 
its  strength.  Other  considerations  entered  into  the  matter  and  induced 
the  action  which  was  finally  taken,  but  the  rapi<ll\-  increasing  Prohibition 
vote  was  the  chief  moving  causes  of  the  high  license  act  of  1887.  It 
was  not  that  the  Prohibitionists  faxored  high  license,  or  any  license  to 
sell  into.xicants,  for  the\'  stood  *or  total  prohibition,  and  nothing  less. 

Besides  the  claiuors  of  the  Prohibition  orators,  there  arose  a  demand 
generallv  for  some  restriction  of  the  li(|nor  traffic  which  at  this  time  was 
attended  with  many  abuses,  and  was  ])roducti\'e  of  much  liaim  to  society, 
and  therefore  to  the  [uiblic  welfare.  A  iocaJ  option  law  had  been  put 
upon  the  statute  books  as  early  as  1872,  and  for  many  years  the  (piestion 
of  license  and  no  license  was  th.e  main  issue  at  the  polls  in  hundreds  of 
interior  towns,  .\bout  the  same  time  the  more  ardent  advocates  of 
prohibition  became  wearied  with  the  unfulhlled  promises — ante-election 
pledges — of  the  old  parties,  and  began  to  withdraw  their  allegiance, 
choose  candidates  (jf  their  own.  ami  \ote  for  them.  As  their  numbers 
increased  success  began  to  reward  their  etf'>rts  in  some  towns,  and  occa- 
sionallv  a  Prohibitionist  candidate  was  elected  to  the  legislature. 

.\s  the  Prohibition  ranks  were  swelled  and  made  stronger  there  came 
a  corres]>onding  moxement  on  the  jiart  of  the  li(|Uor  interests  to  intrench 
itself  within  the  older  parties,  and.  in  order  to  win  o\cr  the  so-called 
hi|uor  \-ote.  the  Democrats  and  Uei'ublirans  both  began  to  make  conces- 


19r,      COMPEXDIi'M  or  HISTORY  .IXD  GEXEALOGY 

sioiis  to  licensc-liolders.  llic  former  witli  llic  ijrcatcr  success.  Hiis  led 
to  abuses  and  eventually  to  an  almost  intolerable  condition  of  affairs  in 
tbe  larger  cities.  In  remedy  of  tbe  evils  high  license  was  proposed,  and 
in  1887  a  bill  to  that  effect  passed  the  legislature.  .\t  the  same  time  an 
amendment  to  the  constitution  was  proposed,  the  purpo.se  of  which  was 
to  prohibit  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  intoxicating  li(|uor.  as  a  bever- 
age, within  the  state.  The  next  legislature  agreed  to  the  i)roposilion,  and 
ordered  an  election  to  be  held  June  iS,  iSSij.  for  the  appro\al  or  rejec- 
tion of  the  prohibition  amendment. 

The  campaign  which  followed  was  of  a  luiiipie  character  in  Penn- 
sylvania history,  anil  at  the  election  there  was  an  unusual  arr.iyal  of 
voting  forces.  Public  opinion  was  strange!)  divided.  The  press  took 
sides,  pro  and  con,  according  as  the  interests  of  localities  would  probably 
l)e  affected.  The  pulpit  generally  favored  the  amendment.  The  nv^vc 
daring  politicians  opposed  it.  but  the  conser\ali\e  element  ot  both  ol  the 
old  parties  took  little  i)art  in  the  contest.  At  the  polls  the  people  re- 
jected the  amendment,  the  vote  showing  484.^)44  against,  and  296,617 
for  it.  Thirty-nine  cijunties  voteil  a  majority  against  the  amendment, 
and  twenty-eight  voted  in  its  favor. 

I'our  candidates  were  again  in  the  field  in  the  election  for  governor 
in  1886.  The  Republicans  nominated  James  .\.  [JeaNcr.  wIkj  was  elected; 
the  Democrats  put  forth  the  name  of  Chauncev  V  ■  r>lack ;  the  Prohibi- 
tionists supiJorted  Charles  S.  Wolf;  and  the  remnant  of  the  (Ireenback 
l)arty,  which  was  still  struggling  for  an  existence,  su])i)orte(l  Robert  J. 
Houston.  General  Beaver  came  of  Ciennan  ancestry,  and  was  a  native 
of  Perry  county,  Pennsylvania,  lie  graduated  at  Jeffer.son  College  in 
1856.  and  began  his  career  as  a  lawyer  at  P>ellefnnte,  Center  county. 
He  entered  the  army  as  lieutenant,  and  he  idse  by  merit  to  the  brevet 
rank  of  brigadier  general.     He  was  a  good  soldier  and  commander,  and 


or   THE  STATU  OF  PF.XXSYIAWXIA.  197 

also  made  an  excellent  guxerudr.  lli^  ailnninstralion  was  uneventful, 
and  during  his  term  nf  office  there  was  little  change  in  the  current  of 
public  affairs  excejit  tliat  which  natiu'ally  followed  the  success  of  one 
great  party  o\-er  another. 

In  1S87  the  legislature  succeeded  in  redistricting  the  state,  anrl 
accomplished  what  fiox-ernor  I'attison  had  attem])ted  to  do  four  vears 
before.  .\11  ]iul>lic  interests  recei\-ed  due  attention,  and  no  department 
of  state  go\-ernment  suffered  through  neglect  on  the  part  of  the  authori- 
ties in  power.  The  annual  appropriation  for  common  schools  was  in- 
creased from  one  million  to  one  and  one-half  million  dollars,  and  the 
standard  of  efficiency  of  the  educational  system  was  thereby  greatly 
ad\'anced. 

In  1889  the  western  pi^rtion  of  the  state  was  visited  with  the  most 
serious  flood  known  in  its  histor)-.  the  \;dleys  of  the  \\'est  Branch  and 
Conemaugh  rivers  being  the  scene  of  greatest  disaster.  Bv  reason  of 
the  fact  that  Johnstown  was  tlie  most  important  city  laid  waste  bv  the 
ravages  of  the  flood  this  e\ent  has  since  been  known  in  history  as  the 
"Johnstown  Flood."  but  many  townshiiis.  boroughs,  and  cities  on  the 
eastern  slope  of  the  .Mleghenies  were  badly  injured  and  for  a  time  ren- 
dered utterly  helpless.  The  area  of  the  devastated  district  co\-ered  hiui- 
dreds  of  s(|uare  miles,  while  the  eft'ects  of  the  disaster  e.Ktended  o\'er  the 
western  ])art  of  the  state.  Ibe  event  occtirred  on  May  31.  Three 
thousand  li\es  were  lost  in  the  Conemaugh  \alley  alone,  and  millions  of 
dollars"  worth  of  ]iro]ierty  were  destroyed.  The  towns  most  seriously 
injured  were  South  iMirk.  JM-anklin.  Mineral  Point.  East  Conemaugh. 
Conemaugh,  W'oodvale.  Johnstown,  Kernville,  Millville  and  Cambria. 

The  news  of  this  great  catastrophe  was  c|uickly  spread  throughout 
the  country,  and  when  relief  was  asked  for  the  response  was  quick  and 
generous.     Money  and  provisions  and  household  furnishings  poured  in 


l:i>      CoMJ'EM^irM  Ol-   lllSTOh')'  .IX P  GllXEAI.OGY 

frnm  ;ill  p.irts  of  the  land.  ;iinl  llic  lluud  relief  eommissioii  apiidiiiled  hy 
(loveninr  I'eaver  distrilnited  aiimng  tlic  sufferers  more  tliau  one  inillinii 
dollars.  "To  pay  llie  state's  expenses  in  conneetimi  w  iili  the  disaster,"' 
says  Shininiell.  "ji^enerous  men  of  nie;uis  advanced  tlie  money  iinlil  i!ie 
legislature  would  reimburse  them":  and  furllier.  the  same  writer  aptly 
.says:  "There  ne\er  was  a  more  heautifiil  e\;nn]ile  of  |iul)lic  (.-liaritv 
in  all  history." 

The  following  description  hy  Mr.  W.  Horace  Ro.se.  a  leading  lawyer 
of  Johnstown,  presents  the  salient  facts  of  this  disaster  from  a  jiersonal 
and  authoritative  standpoint : 

In  the  Alleghany  Mountains  along  liie  line  of  tlie  Soutii  I'ork.  tlie 
coninionwealth  of  I'ennsylvania  had  constructed  a  large  storage  dam 
for  the  pin'pose  of  supi)lying  llie  western  division  of  the  I'eniisxKania 
Canal  with  water  in  dry  seasons.     It  was  known  as  "The  Reserve lir." 

Soon  after  its  completion  in  i86j  it  hroke  and  r;m  out.  doing  hut 
little  damage  to  iiroperty  aling  the  line  of  liie  river.  After  llie  s.ile  ol 
the  main  line  it  was  abandoned,  and  passed  into  the  control  of  tlic  JV-nn- 
sylvania  Railroad  Company.  The  broken  dam  was  sold  to  ])rivate  ])arties 
;nid  cventuallv  became  the  ])ro]<erl_v  of  a  fishing  club,  incorjxirated  "for 
the  |)rotectinn  and  propagation  of  fish  "  Ihe  dam  was  rebuilt  witboiu 
|jro])er  outlets,  the  original  outlets  having  been  removed  before  tlu*  d;nn 
was  reconstructed  by  the  fishing  clul):  the  break  in  the  dam  was  re])aired 
by  the  dumping  in  of  all  classes  of  material  nxist  convenient  ami  was 
reconstructed  upon  the  cheapest  lines  possible.  It  becam'--  a  most  beau- 
tiful sheet  of  water,  having  a  depth  of  some  sixty-five  feet  .it  the  breast 
of  the  dam  and  bricking  water  n]i  :i  distance  of  nearly  three  miles,  with  a 
varied  width,  averaging  possiblv  a  <|narter  of  a  mile.  During  the  recon- 
struction of  the  dam.  from  time  to  time  suggestions  of  danger  were  made, 
and  in  fact  several  investigaticms  were  had.  the  engineers,  however,  re- 


(;/•■  riiii  siwrii  oh'  riisssvi.r.iM.i.  \w 

porting  that  the  ilain  was  sal'f ;  ami  llie  |)eni)le  had  ceased  tu  think  of 
tlie  danger  of  the  chun  hreal'cing.  heing  Inllcd  into  a  sense  of  security  l3y 
the  reports  of  its  safety  and  tlie  fact  that  for  several  years  it  had  stood 
the  test  of  (juite  hea\'y  rainfalls. 

On  the  30th  (lav  of  Ma}-,  1889,  husincss  was  suspended  in  Johnstown 
and  the  usual  ceremonies  of  "Memorial  Day"  were  ohser\'ed.  On  the 
exTuing  of  that  day  the  rain  began  to  fall  in  hea\'y  showers,  ending 
with  a  settled  and  terrific  rain.  hrida\'  came — the  ever  memorable  31st 
(la_\'  of  Ma)',  1889.  The  streams  were  considerably  swollen.  l>y  7 
I /clock,  a.  m.,  the  lower  part  nf  Johnstown,  known  as  the  Point,  was 
submerged.  There  were  hea\\'  rainfalls  during  the  da^',  and  the  water 
continued  to  rise.  Now  became  manifest  the  fact  that  the  narrowing  of 
the  l);mks  of  the  rivers  was  a  menace  to  the  town;  ancl  to  this  cause  was. 
for  the  most  ])art,  attributed  Ihc  (werflow  of  the  Ijanks.  Slowly  but 
surely  the  water  continued  to  rise,  the  people  mo\'ing  out  of  their  houses 
in  the  lower  part  of  the  town  or  into  the  second  storv.  as  the  water 
reached  points  it  had  not  reached  before  in  any  of  the  periods  of  over- 
llow  that  preceded  the  one  which  we  are  now  narrating.  There  was  no 
.alarm.  There  was  no  suggestion  of  flood  that  reached  the  masses.  True, 
a  number  of  families  went  to  the  hillside  or  to  the  higher  ground;  but 
they  were,  for  the  most  jiart,  the  timid.  P)\'  noon  hundreds  of  persons 
were  unable  to  lea\e  their  houses  \i\  reason  of  the  rapid  tlow  of  the 
water  o\er  the  main  |)ortion  of  the  town.  Rut  they  sought  refu,ge  in 
what  they  thought  was  a  ])erfectlv  safe  locality — the  second  door  of 
their  dwellings,  h'or  the  most  part  the  people  were  bearing  good  humor- 
cdl)-  their  im])risonment :  but  in  the  mountain  gorge  on  the  South  I'^ork 
there  was  a  demon  at  work. 

The  unprecedented  rainfall  h.ad  raised  the  South  Fork  more  rapitUy 
th.-ni    had    e\er   been   known    before.      The    narrow    wasto    weir    of    tiie 


•2O0    cnMrnxnicM  or  iiistorv  .ixn  (:r.xr..ir.ncv 

fisliiiig  (lain  was  iiisnflicient  t<  carry  kIY  the  suriilus  W'ler.  It  ll(nve(l 
over  the  top  of  the  dam.  Soon  it  cut  away  tlie  liglit  formation  in  the 
middle  <)f  the  breast,  wlicrc  tlie  repair  liad  lieen  ni.-ide.  As  tlie  water  rose 
higher  and  liigher  the  llow  of  c<iiirse  l)ecame  j^rcaler  and  y;rcatcr.  and 
the  cutting  process  mure  rapid,  it  was  impossible  to  stay  the  waste  of 
the  water.  The  outer  surface  of  ilic  cmhankment  was  washed  away  so 
rai>idlv  that  witliin  less  than  an  Imnr  from  tiic  lime  tlie  uxerllow  began 
there  was  but  a  thin  lilm  of  earth  to  stay  the  weigiu  i<i  liie  water.  The 
clam  gave  way.  and  all  that  innnense  \iilunic  of  water,  located  s^me  live 
hundred  feet  above  the  town,  starteil  nn  its  career  of  ruin.  l)i>wn 
through  the  narrow  gorge  it  thundered,  brushing  everything  mit  <if  its 
course — snapping  trees  as  though  they  were  straws,  rolling  ri>cks  as 
though  they  were  bubbles. 

.\t  four  o'clock  the  irresistible  sweep,  carrying  with  ii  trees,  bridges, 
houses,  cars,  engines  .■uid  rubbish  of  e\ery  ch;iracter.  struck  the  luwn. 
Who  or  what  pen  can  paint,  what  tongue  describe,  the  scent  that  ensued? 
Fowls  of  e\ery  sort,  startled  b\'  the  roar  and  rush,  cmwding  together. 
sailed  on  startled  wings,  and.  lin\ering  nx'er  the  mighty  roar.  sii;ired  up. 
as  if  they  thought  the  earth  unsafe.  L'.ittie  tussed  on  the  surging  wave, 
and  borne  u])  by  the  debris  Inoked  with  meaning  eyes  on  mrui.  Dogs 
howled  amid  the  cruel  wreck.  There  were  sights  none  had  seen  before. 
Strange,  hollow.  inii)redecentetl  sounds  from  everywhere  between  the 
hills  went  u])  throughout  that  horrid  waste  and  wreck.  .Shrieks  an<l 
fierce,  unearthly  gr(»ans.  like  wails  nf  evil  s])irits  lleeing  frum  utier 
vengeance,  were  heaid  on  every  side.  .\'nt  snunds  alone  <>i  human 
voice  or  animals,  but  the  creak  and  nin.ni  nf  rubbing  timbers  and  crush- 
ing buildings  mingled  with  sou.nds  frum  beast  and  man.  Shriek  an- 
swered shriek,  and  the  winds  from  every  (juarter  blew  at  once  in  \  inlence 
desperate.      The   whirling,    tossing    wave    took    human    freight    amidst 


OF  THE  ST.rrn  or  pf.xxsyij'.-ixll  201 

tlie  wreck.  ira\eliiiy  llicy  kiK'v\  imt  wlit-re;  lifted  them  u\).  tlien  liurled 
tlieiii  down  again,  liriiised,  ci^iifduiided.  lim]).  ])ale  and  sore.  Strange 
sliapes.  siglits  and  sounds  were  heard  and  seen  :  voices  came  ai)])arcnt!y 
from  aninng  the  clnuds  or  fiom  cax'erns  rleep  helcnv.  Buildings  of 
stoutest  sluqie  and  munld  sh.nok.  reeled,  and  reeled  and  slux.ik  as  though 
h\  earthquake  tossed,  then,  tumhling  to  and  fro.  were  hroken  ar.d 
destrri_\ed.  The  singing  mass  of  deljris  groaned  ami  heax'ed  and 
groaned  again. 

Men  were  all  perplexed.  The  stoutest  were  apjjalled.  Some  tried 
affectedly  to  shake  off  fear,  simie  gazed  stupidly,  many  cin-sed.  others 
groaned:  hut  all  were  sad  .and  p.ale  ;ind  torn  with  frigln.  There  were 
these  who  mocked,  mocked  wildly;  hut  more  who  prayed,  and  jirayed 
sincerely.  On.  on  this  horrid  mass  hea\ed.  rolled  and  tumhling  tossed: 
cm^rent  crossed  current,  recrossed  anrl  twisted  in  and  out.  From  hill 
to  hill  the  swirl  mined  on.  The  rain — cold,  pitiles.s — in  torrents  fell. 
.\fter  ;i  while  came  on  the  nidoidess.  starless,  and  rain-cloud  darkened 
night.  The  ri\ers  surged  like  the  nilling  sea  tossed  fmaous  ]>y  an  angry 
storm  There  came  a  deep  and  dreadful  silence  then.  Hope  died  in 
ex'crv  hreast.  On  all  im]iris(H'ed  in  that  fearful  wreck  fell  fe.ar  and 
tremhling.  Horrid  was  the  sns])ense  in  which  men.  women  and  chilch'en 
stood.  Some  shrieked  for  help  hetimes.  hut  no  help  came.  Time  after 
time  a  crash  was  heard  as  huildings  met.  driven  with  terrific  force,  and 
the  sound  came  as  if  the  rihs  of  natiu^e  hroke.  Then  deadly  jialeness  sat 
on  e\-erv  face  of  human  heing  in  that  tumult  hound.  The  stoutest  heart 
grew  chilled,  and  the  strongest,  hravest  man  felt  his  knees  to  smite. 
In  the  darkness  none  stirred  where  ihey  could  find  a  Indgment.  l->w 
spoke,  and  fur  the  most  jiart  e;'ch  wept  as  the  thought  came  of  missing 
Inish.and.  wife,  child,  nmllier.  f.ather.  sister,  hrother  or  dearest  friend. 

As  the  darkness  fell  there  came  another  horror  to  those  environed 


•-'"2      COMrilXDllWI  OF  HISTORY  .IXP  GES liAI.VCY 

in  tin-  (k'hris  and  piiiinncd  in  llic  liioUc-n  limbers  accuiiiulatcd  at  tlic 
Sltiiic  I'.riilyc.  llic  liridgc  had  formed  a  harrier  a,q;ainst  wliich  llic 
floating  houses  were  (h"iveii  ai'd  crushed,  (^ue  ot  ilic  l)uili!inj;s  cniUaincd 
a  stove  with  a  hghteil  fire.  Ilie  slruelure  liecame  ignited  t'nuu  the 
flame  in  tiie  stove,  and  S(jon  alune  the  water  level  aimiher  demnn  nf 
destruction  appeared — an  clemeiil  dreaded  by  man  e\en  when  in  posi- 
tion to  battle  against  it.  The  llames  conimuiiicated  I'mm  hmken  building' 
to  l)roken  buiUhng,  and.  seizmg  with  axidity  the  sjiiintered  and  <lry 
timl)er.  spread  rajjidly,  lighting  up  with  lurid  and  ghastly  streaks  the 
wreckage  near  the  bridge.  Tlie  rainfall  was  insufficient  to  put  out  the 
flame,  and  it  spread  o\er  in  rajjid  strides  the  entire  mass  of  packed  and 
broken  buildings  gorged  in  the  stream.  Screams  of  terror  went  up  from 
the  many  victiius  tangled  in  the  debris,  and  there  were  few  ;ip])liances 
at  hand  or  within  reach  of  the  survivors  on  the  shore  to  enal)le  them  to 
rescue  the  persons  who  struggled  f^r  life  between  the  llames  abo\e  and 
the  water  beneath,  liut  there  were  strong,  noblehearted  men  and  braxe 
women  there,  who,  guided  by  the  light  from  the  dames  or  the  shrieks 
and  appalling  screams  of  the  \ictims,  went  to  their  relief,  llow  many 
were  burned  none  can  tell ;  but  all  night  lung  the  dexduring  llames  moved 
on,  and  all  night  long  the  shrieks  of  agony  came  out  of  the  de|)ths  of  the 
debris.  The  sights  and  sounds  of  ghastliness  and  horror  where  the  twin 
elements  of  destruction — fire  and  flood — spent  their  fury  at  the  .Stone 
Bridge  made  ]ian(lemonium  itself,  as  by  pen  described.  >cem  pale  and 
tame. 

But  who  can  tell  what  groans  he  heard,  what  moans,  what  sounds; 
what  sights  he  saw.  what  visions  came  in  those  wretched  hours  on  that 
dire  eve,  in  that  fell  night;  or  who  with  tongue  describe  th.it  horrid, 
seething  gulf  of  devastation  deep  and  utter  des])air:  that  horrid  lazar 
place;   that  demon  devil's  hole? 


OF  THE  STATE  OE  I'EXXSY  LEAS  I  .\.  2i»3 

The  iiiylit  wore  aw  aw  llu:  Innt^-draw  n  hours  ])asse<l  slow  1_\'  l)y — 
so  sloAxlv  that  cacli  seemed  in  itself  an  a^e :  and  wlicn  the  day  at  length 
returned,  when  the  t^nlden  sun  arnse  ^]o\\l\-  ahoxe  the  eastern  hills  ami 
kissed  into  dissijiati' lu  the  ni.t.';ht,  and  sent  his  j:;enial  rays  illuminating;' 
all  around,  ahoxe.  and  o\er  the  wreck  and  ruin  in  the  \allev  of  de\'asta- 
tion  and  death,  how  sad  it  was  to  see  where  hut  yesterda}'  was  mirth 
and  jov  and  gladness,  now  a  scene  of  death  and  desolation.  Here 
and  there — all  oxer  the  space  honndeil  hv  the  Inllsides — widows,  mothers, 
sisters  and  daughters,  weeping,  stooperl  o\'er  the  senseless,  cold,  defaced 
and  mangled  forms  of  hreathless  ckn.  which  hut  a  tew  hours  before 
h;id  heen  strong  and  stalwart  men — hushands.  fathers,  hrothers,  sons. 
There  too  were  hushands.  hrothers.  fathers,  sons,  searching  for  wives, 
mothers,  daughters  and  sisters,  hut  searching  for  them  in  \Tiin :  for 
the\'  soon  learned  that  the\'  were  gone,  lost  to  sight,  ilead  and  huried 
in  the  awful  ruin  wrought  hy  the  bursting  dam  or  charred  in  the  con- 
suming flames  at  the  Stone  llridge.  Hundreds  who  looked  for  their 
lo\ed  ones  met  on]\'  stranger  iaces  on  the  hillsides.  It  tore  tlie  heart, 
indeed,  to  see  the  little.  hel]iless  oriih;ui  children  weeping  and  sobbing 
over  their- dea<l  luother's  form.  It  tore  the  he.art  to  see  the  old.  forlorn, 
decrepit  men  and  women  on  the  hillsides  unhoused,  unclad,  who  but 
the  da\'  befoi'e  were  possessors  of  a  ha])])\-  home,  well  fllled  with  stores, 
who  now  sat  shi\-ering  and  hiuigrw  looking  down  ui)on  tlie  wreck  of  their 
late  homes,  their  earthly  ho]ie  all  broken,  and  their  lo\-ed  ones  dead  and 
strewn  around  among  the  torn  rubbish  which  in  its  frenz\'  bad  destrox'ed 
their  all. 

The  wa\'e  had  spent  its  force,  the  rush  of  the  wate'-  was  a  thing 
of  the  ])ast.  the  flames  harl  spent  their  fur\-.  the  horrid  grinding  of  the 
broken  houses  and  the  roar  of  the  angry  rushing  water  was  over.  Over 
two  thousand  mangled  and  tco  u   ioniis — men.   Avomcu  and  children — 


204      COMPEXDIl'M  or  HISTORY  .IX D  GENEALOGY 

lav  ill  llic  vallcv  nn  llie  lines  nf  llio  \\\"  stioams.  many  nf  the  Imdies 
cni^lifil  Ik'vuikI  tlio  i)i:iiil  ni'  recognition.  Hnndrcds  of  injured  dragged 
tlieir  wearv  linil>s  and  lacerated  hndies  alone;;  the  hillsides;  hundreds 
of  strong  men  released  from  their  ]Kisiti<ins  of  tnrtnre:  scores  who 
were  vet  held  fast  in  the  ilcliris.  Tlie  water  had  hccn  no  respecter  <if  per- 
sons, the  rich  and  the  ])oor,  t!ie  strong  and  the  weak,  the  olti  and  the 
young,  the  good  and  tlie  had.  were  hurled  tiigcther  to  a  calamitous 
death,  or  torn  of  llesh  .and  stri])pcd  of  clnihing  in  the  grind  nf  iIk-  wreck. 
Property  of  every  form  was  ground  to  nothing  and  carried  away  in  the 
angrv  roll  of  the  water  that  swe|)t  dnwn  from  the  Soiuh  I'ork  dam. 
destroying  millions  of  dollars'  worth  of  jiroperty  in  its  w  ild  and  madden- 
ing rush. 

There  was  a  hroken.  torn  and  devastated  comnnmity.  It  is  a  state- 
ment scarce  to  he  helieved.  yet  ahsolutcly  true,  that  sjiirii  w;is  put  into 
the  people  hy  reason  of  the  fact  that  when  one  felt  his  loss  and  distress 
was  great,  he  had  hut  to  cast  ahout  to  find  another  whose  loss  ;nid  dis- 
tress was  greater  still:  and  a  spirit  of  resolution  jiermcated  the  siu"- 
vivors  of  that  terrible  catastrophe,  and  they  at  once  went  to  wurk  to 
clear  the  dehris  from  their  pro]/erties  anrl  ])re]iarc  again  to  huiM  up  their 
homes. 

Over  tw(j  thousand  bodies'  were  seciu'ed  and  ])roperly  interred.  In 
a  plot  in  the  cemetery  on  the  liillto]j  overl(joking  the  town  is  one  of  the 
saddest  evidence^  of  the  destruction  of  Johnstown,  .\lmost  eight  hun- 
dred bodies  were  carried  from  the  wreck  and  deposited  in  what  is  known 
as  "The  Unknown  Plot."  They  were  totally  unrecognizable,  and  to- 
day no  man  knows  who  is  there  interred  save  the  fact  that  it  was  :i 
victim  of  the  Johnstown  flood. 

In  the  election  for  governor  in  1890  four  candidates  were  again  in 
the  field.     The  Greenback  party  had  now  lost  its  identity,  but  the  Labor 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PEXXSyLJ\4XIA.  205 

party  took  its  place,  not  advncaling  the  same  principles,  hut  claiming; 
recognition  of  the  rights  of  the  lalx)ring  man  as  a  factor  in  the  ci\il  and 
political  history  of  the  comnmnw  ealtli.  In  the  campaign  of  this  year 
the  Democrats  again  numinaleil  Ivihcrt  E.  Pattison.  wIki  hefoi'e  had 
carried  his  partv  to  \ictory,  ami  now  for  a  second  time  he  placed  them 
in  control  of  the  state  government.  George  W.  Delamater.  Re]nil)lican. 
was  his  leading  ii])pnnent.  while  J(jhn  1).  (iill  received  the  Prohihition 
vote.  In  1891  the  legislating  passed  an  important  act  refnrming  the 
hallot  law.  and  mi>!ded  it  after  the  Australian  system.  It  i>ri)\efl  a  suc- 
cess, and  with  snhsequent  modifications  has  heen  Cdutinucd  tu  the 
[iresent  time. 

Ahciut  this  time,  or  in  1891  and  i8g_'.  a  renewal  of  lahnr  tnnihles 
began  to  attract  attention  U>  the  gniwing  dilTferenccs  hctween  employers 
and  employes.  On  this  occasion  the  difllculty  was  between  the  Carnegie 
Steel  Company  and  its  workmen,  and  before  it  was  settled  the  presence 
of  the  state  National  Cuard  was  re(|uire<l.  The  matters  of  ditTerence 
are  not  proper  subjects  of  discussion  in  this  place,  but  for  several  years 
preceding  this  event  it  was  apparen't  on  every  hand  that  the  l)reach  be- 
tween capital  and  labor  was  graduall)'  growing  wider,  and  that  each 
succeeding  rupture  was  more  serious  th.an  its  predecessor.  The  Home- 
stead riot  was  a  serious  affair,  and  was  the  cause  of  much  a])i)rehension 
throughout  the  country.  In  Penns\lvania  such  <lifferences  iju  a  minor 
scale  had  been  of  frecjucnt  iiccurrence,  but  none  before,  and  few  since, 
rivaled  this  one  in  the  extreme  measures  resorted  to  bv  the  so-called 
rioters  and  by  tlujse  who  as.-^umed  to  protect  property  and  maintain  ]5eace. 

In  i<S<)4  i\m  candidates  contested  for  the  gubernatorial  otiice : 
Daniel  II.  Hastings.  Republic.iu:  William  Al.  .Gingerly.  Democrat; 
Charles  1.  llawley.  Prohibitionist;  Jerome  1.  .\llmau.  People's;  and 
Thomas  H.  (irund\-.  the  Socialist-Laljor  candidate.      The  voting  strentith 


206    coMPnxDirM  or  history  and  genealogy 

(if  tlie  state  was  imw,  as  befinc.  ruiiiul  in  tlic  t\v(»  great  parties  nl  tlie 
ilav.  Tlie  IVolubition  part)'  remained  as  in  fnrmer  years,  and  was 
making  slow  gains  among  tlic  radical  temperance  a<lvocates.  The  high 
license  law  had  accc)m|)lished  niucli  ginul.  hul  millnng  short  ni  lulal  pro- 
hibition of  the  mannfactnre  :nnl  sale  of  intoxicating  li(|Uors  would  satisfy 
its  demands.  The  Labor  party  had  became  united  in  a  ciminion  cause 
with  the  Socialists,  and  combined  their  strength  in  support  of  Mr. 
(jrundy.  a  leading  advocate  iif  Socialist-!, atxir  doctrines. 

Hastings,  the  Republican  candidate,  was  elected  and  served  as  gov- 
ernor four  vears.  During  liis  term  sul»tanlial  progress  was  made  in 
every  department  nf  business  life  witliin  llie  stale,  while  llic  ])iililic 
service  was  likewise  ])r()moted.  A  banking  de])aitmenl  w.is  created,  and 
an  agricultural  dei)artment  was  established  in  the  interest  of  the  farm- 
ing classes.  The  new  .Su])eri(ir  court,  also,  was  estal)lished,  ;is  an  inter- 
mediary between  the  trial  cnurls  and  the  court  of  List  lesiul.  It  was 
a  wise  move,  and  its  operation  has  greatly  facilitated  the  transaction  of 
legal  business  in  the  state.  i)articul;irl\-  in  relieving  the  su])reme  court, 
whose  business  was  far  in  arrears.     • 

The  year  iSijj  witnessed  the  destruction  by  fire  of  the  old  state 
capitol  at  liarrisburg:  a  building  within  whnse  walls  sixteen  go\ernors 
had  been  inaugurated.  llere.  ton.  Presidents  Txler,  Taylor.  I'uchanan, 
Lincoln,  (iranl.  and  i  layes  had  \isited  and  been  tendered  the  freedom 
and  hospitality  i>f  the  state.  The  l)uilding  took  (ire  on  the  .ifterudon  ol 
b'ebrnary  2.  and  was  soon  reduced  to  ashes  and  ruin,  .\fter  the  I'ne  the 
legislative  sessions  were  held  in  (irace  .\leth(idi>l  I'.piscnp.il  cliurch.  and 
the  other  tleitartments  of  state  goxernmenl  fnund  tempi  ir,ir\  (piarters  in 
such  places  as  could  be  pro\ided  for  them.  I'.ut  the  legisl.ilure  acted 
promptly  an<l  m.ade  an  ajipropriatinn  for  ;i  new  cajiitol  building;  a 
structure  more  in  keeping  witii  the  times  and  with  the  im])Mrt;Mue  and 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  2u7 

(lii;iiit\-  111'  the  CDiiiniijiiw  ealtli.  The  wnrk  nf  CDnstruction  was  l)egini  in 
llic  suniiner  uf  i8y8,  tlie  corner  stone  was  laid  mi  Augnsl  lo  nf  iliat 
year,  aii<l  in  Januar\-,  i8y<j.  tb.e  legislature  lield  its  sessions  in  the  new 
Imilding.  The  capilol,  hn\\e\cr.  was  imt  lull)  mnipleted  until  the  earK' 
jjart  of  1903. 

In  the  earh'  part  of  1898  Penns\lvania  again  res|)onded  to  the  call 
to  arms.  On  .\\)y\\  ji  of  that  year  the  I'nited  States  declared  war 
against  S])aiu.  and  two  days  later  President  l\lcl\inlc\-  called  for  one 
hundred  and  t\\enty-fi\'e  thousand  men  of  the  Xational  ( iuard  of  the 
several  states.  Had  the  call  heen  for  ten  times  as  many  \'olnnteers  the 
answer  would  ha\e  heen  e(|uall\'  jiromijt.  Penns\'l\ania's  (|uota  was 
10,762  men,  ahout  one  thousand  more  than  the  strength  of  the  organized 
military  force  of  the  state:  hut  the  deficienc_\-  was  easily  sup])Iied,  and  in 
the  lollowing  month,  when  (i,40_'  more  men  were  required,  the  (|uota  was 
easil}-  filled.  The  'renlli  K'egiment  serxed  in  the  Philippines.  'I'll 
h^ourth  ami  Sixteenth  regiments  of  infanti}-,  willi  the  ca\.ilr\-  and  artil- 
lery, were  sent  to  Porto  I'Jico.  and  the  other  regiments  performed  camp 
;in(l  garrison  dut\-  within  the  L'nited  States. 

In  i8(;8  Willi.am  .\.  Stone  w ;is  elected  go\ern(jr,  and  hega.n  his 
administration  in  januar}-,  i8u(}.  llis  most  formidahle  competitor  in 
the  cam]jaign  of  the  year  was  (leorge  .\.  Jenks,  a  Denr  icrat  well  known 
in  political  circles  and  a  m.an  oi"  inllueuce  and  wurth.  (io\enior  .Stone's 
administration  was  unexentful.  lie  found  a  healthful  condition  of 
affairs  when  he  look  u]i  the  reins  of  go\'ernnient.  and  he  left  ec|uallv 
healthlul  conilitions  when  he  retired  from  oflicc  raid  was  succeeded  hv 
Judge  Pennypac-ker.  Ihit  ( iovcnior  .Stone  as  the  head  of  the  militarv 
org.anizalious  of  the  state  had  to  de.al  with  one  of  the  most  serious  strikes 
know  11  in  the  history  of  the  sl;ite  :  the  strike  of  the  I'nited  Mine  \\'(  irkers 
which   hegan   in   the  s])riug  of    it;c)J   and   continued    until    the    following 


e 


208      COMPEXDIU^f  OF  HISTORY  .IXP  GENEALOGY 


fall.  aii(l  tiicii  was  finally  settled  through  the  kin-.l  (iH'ices  i>\  tlie  natioi 
|)resi(lcnt.      In  (|uieting  the  ilisturhances  which   existed  tinnuglidut   the 
anthracite   ct>al    region   nearh'   the   entire   state   guard    was   called    into 


lal 


service. 


In  .\'o\eniher.  lyoJ.  Judge  Samuel  W.  I'ennx  packer  was  elected 
governor  of  Pennsylvania  to  succeed  Go\ernor  Stone.  In  the  campaign 
of  the  year  there  was  a  strong  a.rrayal  ni  the  voting  forces  <if  the  slate, 
and  on  the  Democratic  side  it  was  hoped  that  the  ])nifessi()nal  and  per- 
s<")nal  popularity  of  Ex-Governor  ratlisnn  might  turn  the  scale  of  contest 
in  his  favor.  Twice  he  had  led  his  party  in  \iclcir\.  and  twice  he  liad 
given  tlie  state  an  excellent  and  himest  adininisiratinu.  lint  the  Repuh- 
lican  majority  in  the  state  was  not  easilv  to  he  o\ercome.  and,  he.sides, 
Judge  Pennypacker's  record  as  a  lawyer,  magistrate,  and  man  of  integ- 
rity was  without  hleniish,  ,ind  he  was  carried  into  office  hy  a  si)lcndid 
majority  of  votes. 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PEXXSYU'AXIA.  209 


CHAPTER  X. 

-\griculturi:,  Commekcic  and  ^Iaxufacturks. 

Peniisyl\'ani;i.  "t1ic  Kcvst'inc  State."  one  of  tlie  nvisinal  lliirtcen 
states  <it  the  American  I'lnon,  has  a  lent^th  of  more  tlian  tln'ee  hun(h"e(l 
miles  from  east  to  west,  aii'l  an  a\'ei'ai;e  wiiUli  of  (jne  lui:i(h'eil  and  fifty- 
eij^ht  miles.  Its  extreme  nortluast  conntv  (  iM'ie)  l)or<lers  (in  the  lake  of 
the  same  name.  Xew  ^'ork  constitutes  the  remaimler  of  the  northern 
houndar}-  of  the  state,  the  Delaware  ri\er  its  eastern  houndary,  Dela- 
ware, ]\rar_\land  and  West  \'irj.;"inia  its  southern  1)oun<lar\-,  and  the  last 
named  state,  with  Ohio,  its  western  houndar\-.  The  land  sm'face  is 
level  in  the  southeast.  liilK'  and  e\en  niount.ainous  in  the  interior,  .and 
sufificiently  le\'el  to  he  arahle  in  the  west.  The  Alle.t;'hen\'  mountains, 
widi  their  ramilications,  co\er  more  than  one-half  of  the  cenlr.al  jiart. 
These  rid.t;\-  tracts  have  a  ti'end  northeast  .and  southwest,  those  ti  >  the 
east  of  the  trunk  ranj^e  heiuL;"  .ahrnpt  .and  jirecipitous,  while  on  the  west 
they  gr.adnalh'  decline  tow.ard  the  ( )ln'o  ri\er  and  Lake  Erie.  The  passes 
ot  the  .\lle^hen\'  ran.ije  are  ahout  twn  thousand  feet  aho\c  se.a  level: 
the  lower  \allevs  of  the  (  )iiio  ri\er,  where  it  lea\es  the  state,  ha\"e  an 
elevation  of  about  ei.ylu  hundred  feet,  while  that  of  the  ])l;iiu  sk'irtiiig" 
Lake  h'rie  is  about  six  hundred  and  liftv  feet.  The  princip.al  \,alleys  of 
the  mountain  ret;ion  are  those  of  t'hester.  Lehigh.  W'yomini;',  Lacka- 
wanna, Juniata,  Cumlierl.and.  ;md  .Mouon,i;ahela.  'Idie  chief  ri\-ers  are 
the  Sus(|uehanna,  v\hich  traverses  the  center  (jf  the  state,  :uid  is  the  lart;-- 
est  stream  to  enter  the  .\tlantic  fr<im  the  I'nited  States;  the  Delaware, 
with  its  ;iflluents,  the  Leliiqh  and  .Schuylkill:  the  Juniat;i,  ;i  trihutary  of 
the   Sns(|tiehann;i :  ,and,    in   the   we>t,    the  .\llei;heuy   and    .\lonon£;;diela. 


•21"      COMfEXDlCM  OP  HISTORY  .IXD  GENEALOGY 

wliicli  unite  at  l'iltsl)iiry.  I'nrmiiiy  tlic  Oliin.  l-'acli  valley  and  stream 
lias  its  historic  reminiscences,  traijic  and  ]ialiietic.  F.acli  unc.  tun.  witli 
its  imsurpassal)!)'  piclnrescine  i^roupings  ol'  liill  and  \ale,  of  l'>iresl  and 
stream,  lias  inspired  imel  and  painter,  and  lii;ures  in  song  and  story  and 
ni)on  canvas,  as  witness  the  deliifhtful  musings  of  a  Read  and  a  ray!<ir. 
and  the  glowing  colors  of  a  C'ropsey.  So  superl)  arc  the  works  of  tlie 
.\11-Creative  Hand  that  not  the  smoke  of  countless  factories,  the  noisy 
whirr  of  invriads  of  wheels.  c;in  altunctlicr  in.ir  tiie  sceiK'  or  still  rcllec- 
fion.  and  it  inav  he  that  these  incongruous  settings  even  accentuate  the 
beauties  of  nature. 

The  agricultural  resources  of  the  stale  and  its  manufaituring  indus- 
tries give  to  it  a  ])osition  of  conunanding  iniixirl.ince.  I'iieir  rcca|)itula- 
tion  woulil  make  of  this  narrati\e  a  lengthy  statistical  chapter,  and  they 
mav  onlv  he  s|)oken  of  in  general  terms.  The  ])rinciii.il  \alley  regions 
have  hecn  under  culti\ation  for  now  nearK'  two  centuries,  and  the 
m.'inner  in  which  the  soil  has  been  reiuxcnalcd  hv  rotation  of  cro])S  and 
use  of  fertilizing  material  has  ])idven  an  object  lesson  to  farmers  of 
the  central  and  far  western  regions  who  have  ;it  last  come  to  learn  that 
the  earth  cannot  continually  be  robbed  of  its  grain-making  ])ro])ertics 
with  imiiunity.  but  that  ade-(|uate  return  must  be  made.  In  these  k>ng 
culti\ated  ])laces  are  farms  of  rich  fertility,  yielding  heavy  cererd  crops; 
market  gardens  of  rare  productiveness;  large  tr:icts  given  to  lloriculture. 
whose  plants  and  flowers  are  known  the  world  o\er:  and  orchards  and 
dairies,  pleasing  to  the  eye  and  remunerative  to  tlie  possessor.  Yet  of 
the  nearly  28,800,000  acres  (45.000  s(|uare  miles)  contained  in  the 
state,  less  than  one-half  is  in  cultivated  farms,  and  only  one  million 'of 
the  people,  less  than  one-sixth  of  the  entire  pojiulation  (Ti.^oj.iis)  live 
in  separate  farm  houses.  In  the  decade  ending  with  the  year  1900  the 
nnmlier  of  farms  in  I'ennsvlvania  was  almost  twn  thousand  less  tlirm  in 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENMSYEfANIA.  211 

tlie  decade  ]irecediiig',  I)ut  it  is  to  l)c  remarked  tliat  this  was  a  smaller  luss 
llian  in  llie  other  eiglit  states  comprising  the  North  Atlantic  division, 
which  exceeded  37.000.  Tn  the  }-ear  i()00  the  entire  cereal  prodncts  of 
I'ennsyhania  amonnted  to  1  1  j.iSkj,  1 71;  Inishels.  di\ide(l  as  follows: 
(_'orn,  3  I.J  per  cent:  wheat.  3-'  per  cent:  o;its.  24. S  per  cent:  harley,  0.2 
per  cent:  r}-e.  6.5  per  cent:  Imckwlieat,  5.3  per  cent.  In  tlax  products 
l'ennsyl\  ;uiia  stood  ninth  in  the  a\era_ge  \alue  ])er  acre,  hut  sixteenth 
anions;  the  twenty-eii;ht  states  reporting;-  a  production  of  either  fihre  or 
seed  or  both.  Of  41. 502.^120  pounds  of  tohacco  produced  in  the  state, 
Lancaster  county  yielded  jS.24().irio  pounds. 

Stock  raising',  long  an  important  f:irm  industry,  lias  shown  marked 
improvement  during  the  ten  years  covered  hy  the  last  United  States 
census.  The  numher  of  wur'-:  oxen  on  farms  was  materially  increased 
during  this  ])eriod.  and  the  g:iin  in  numher  of  milch  cows,  due  t(.)  the 
larger  demand  of  the  great  cities  for  dair\'  products,  was  lO.^iS.  1  he 
numl)er  of  mules  w;is  3S.'')33.  constituting  68.9  per  cent  of  the  entire 
numher  in  the  nine  states  in  the  Xorth  .\tlantic  di\ision.  The  number 
of  swine  and  sheep  res])ecti\el\-  was   1.107. 981  ''"'^  959-483- 

Tt  is.  howxwer.  in  its  iron  .and  co.al  interests  that  Pennsylvania  holds 
acknowledged  jireeminence.  As  an  inm  ]iroducing  state  it  surpasses  any 
other  in  the  L'nion.  This  is  more  the  result  of  the  thorough  develop- 
ment and  skillful  use  of  ores  than  of  any  advantage  in  (|uantity  or 
(|ualitv.  The  states  of  Xew  \nyk,  Xew  Jersey  and  X'irginia  are  l;ir 
more  liberallv  endowed  b\-  nature  in  this  respect,  each  containing  more 
iron  than  rennsvl\;mi;i.  Xe\  erthelcss,  that  last  named  produces  more 
manufactured  iron  than  ;ill  the  others  combined:  it  has  always  hirnished 
one-half  of  the  total  luuount  <if  pig  iron  cast,  and  rolled  more  than  one- 
h;df  of  the  inm  and  steel  r;nls  in  the  I'nited  States,  and  I'ittsburg  lins 
produced  Ijy   far  its  larger  part.      The   inm   industries  of   Pennsylvania 


i.'12      COMI'LiXDIL'M  OF  JJISTORV  .IND  GENEALOGY 

liavc  always  coinpeteil  witli  llie  cottdii  juruwth  i>\  the  snutluTii  states  and 
llic  ciittoii  industry  of  tlie  eastern  states  lor  |ii)litical  pnwer  in  (  i>n_t;ress, 
to  save  llicnisclvcs  against  a  fureij^ii  importation  of  rolled  iron,  and  the 
ironmasters  of  Pennsylvania  have  led  in  every  dehate  in  fa\or  of  a 
protective  tarilT.  I  he  niainsprini,''  of  their  ellorl  lies  far  l)ack  in  the 
iiisloric  past.  liie  anihition  whiih  led  the  .\nierican  colonists  into  other 
(icUls  of  industry  than  tlii>se  ol  prodncini;'  strain  and  meat  for  their  own 
consumption  and  the  attempt  of  the  nv  thtr  countr\-  to  throttle  liial 
anihition  at  its  hirth  was  one  of  the  cau.ses  underlying;  the  Revolutionary 
war.  The  world  seemed  to  he  in  conspiracy  against  ]iermitting  the  people 
of  the  colonies  to  l)e  aught  else  than  a  community  of  self-expatriates 
who  would  esteem  it  a  privilege  to  he  ])erniitte'l  to  merely  maintain  an 
animal  existence.  li!vcn  so  stanch  a  friend  of  America  as  William  I'itl 
frowned  upon  the  idea  of  permitting'  its  people  to  lessen  in  any  degree 
their  servile  ilependence  upon  I'.ngland,  and  declared  that  llic\'  had  no 
right  to  make  so  much  as  a  horse-shoe  nail,  hut  should  he  conipellcd  to 
l)nrchase  all  jjroducls  of  skilled  lahor  in  the  Ihitish  markets:  and.  to 
compel  acquiescence  in  such  doctrine,  taxes  were  imposed  hy  i)arliament 
which  were  virtually  in  prohihition  of  American  manufactures. 

Xevertheless,  .\merican  manufactures  had  made  their  heginnings. 
and  in  those  heginnings  I'ennsvKania  was  a  prime  leader.  Its  lirst 
industries  were  the  making  of  hnuher  ami  salt,  and  the  digging"  of  ore 
and  the  huikling  of  furnaces  for  its  WDrkijig-.  and  in  these  latter  it  was 
destined  to  become  the  most  su])remely  important  producing  center  in 
all  America.  Unwittingly,  in  the  development  of  these  interests,  the 
]jeople  of  the  colony  were  alreadv  arming'  theniseKes  for  the  copllict 
w'liicli  was  to  win  for  themselves  political  lihertx',  and,  at  a  later  day, 
ackuuwledgcd  preeminence  in  manufacturing  and  commercial  affairs, 
hrom  their  forests  were  hniliied  vessels  which  harassed  the  commerce 


OF  THE  STATE  OT  TE.WSyEr.lXLl.  21:3 

of  an  arrogant  crown;  in  llicir  ruik-  fnrnaces  were  cast  tlie  guns  wliich 
tlnmdered  at  Brandxw  inc  and  ( ierniantow  ii,  and  the  cannon  lialls  whicli 
swept  those  glorious  fields:  at  crnss-mad  smithies  were  welded  the 
swords  which  flashed  in  hattlc  and  [xiinted  the  wav  to  \nctorv :  anfl 
ex'en  the  miserahle  salt  from  their  marshes  was  a  l)oon  t(i  the  illv  pro- 
visioned patriot  army.  Had  the  forges  and  shops  of  Pennsylvania  been 
hlotted  out  at  the  close  of  the  Revolntionarv  war,  even  then  they  w-ere 
worthy  of  an  honorahle  place  in  history  for  sake  of  their  great  achie\'e- 
ments. 

But  the  arts  of  peace  came  hefore  those  of  war.  and  it  is  curious  to 
note  that  a  nefarious  transactiou  luarks  the  early  annals  of  the  times. 
C'liarles  Pickering,  whose  name  is  preserved  in  that  of  the  creek  in 
Chester  county  upon  whr)se  banks  he  located,  was  one  of  the  first  miners. 
.\ssisted  by  one  Samuel  P>ucklcy  he  mined  lead  and  some  little  silver, 
out  of  which  the  two  "(luined"  (coined)  "Spanish  bitts  and  Boston 
nioiie}'."  For  this  they  were  brought  to  trial  at  the  instance  of  Governor 
William  Penn.  and.  being  found  guilt\'.  were  sentenced:  Charles  Pick- 
ering to  make  full  satisfaction  of  good  and  current  pav  to  exerj'  person 
that  within  one  month  should  bring  in  an\'  of  this  false,  base  and  coun- 
terfeit "coyne,"  according  to  their  respecti\'e  jiroportions,  the  base  monev 
to  be  melted  down  into  gross  belore  it  was  returned  to  him.  and  that  he 
])a_\-  a  fine  of  £40  iuto  the  court  toward  the  building  of  a  new  court 
house:  to  stand  committed  until  the  fine  was  [laid  :  and  to  find  security  for 
his  good  "abearance."  Samuel  Buckkw.  "being  considered  more  F.n- 
genious  than  he  that  went  before."  was  fined  £10  toward  the  court  house. 
Minting,  however,  soou  began  in  a  legal  fashion,  for  in  T'liiladelphia. 
in  \J<)^.  was  set  up  ///(•  I'nited  .States  Mint  which  is  to-day.  as  it  was 
then,  the  parent  mint,  all  othci's  in  the  country  being  branches.  Here, 
loo,  was  erected  the  lirsl  slujt-tower  in  the  United  States,  and,  also,  the 


I'M      COMI'liXnil'M  Ol-   niSTOKY  ASP  GliS E.U.OC.Y 

first  ilriij,'- and  chemical  maim  factory  markiiis;  tlie  hct^iiinini^  of  an  enter- 
prise for  wliidi  riiilatleli)liia  has  ever  since  enjoyed  a   worldwide   fame. 

The  mining  of  iron  ore  in  C'liester  connty  was  liei;un  in  ijK).  liy 
Tliomas  Rntter,  at  Pool  l'"orge,  linee  miles  above  I'otlstuwn,  and  sliorlly 
afterward  was  cstahlislied  the  celebrated  Warwick  I'nrnace,  where  were 
made,  in  1776,  tlie  first  year  of  the  l\e\iihiti"nary  war,  <i.\ty  canmrn  of 
eiglitcen-  and  twelve-])onn<ler  calibre  l^r  the  palridt  army.  I  licse  works 
were  ah'caily  famons  for  the  making  ol  the  l.nnnns  old  "l-'ranl^lin  .Stn\c." 
which  was  at  one  time  \er\-  ciunmon  in  the  better  class  of  iioiises.  Its 
niaiuifactnre  was  continued  for  many  years,  .and  il  is  known  In  the  writer 
of  this  narrative  ih.it  not  a  few  are  yet  in  use  in  farm  houses  in  Ohio 
and  Illinois,  whither  ihev  worel;iken  by  settlers  from  I 'ennsv  Iv.ani.i  jiri^r 
to  the  Civil  war  and  shortlv  afterward.  This  stove  w;i:'.  the  invenlinu 
of  Benjamin  l-'ranklin,  who  thus  refers  to  it  in  his  "Autobiography": 

"In  order  of  lime  I  ^'hould  h.ave  mentiouecl  before  that  b.iving  in 
174J  invented  an  o|)en  firejjlacc  for  llie  better  warming  of  rooms,  .and  .it 
the  same  time  saving  fuel,  as  the  fresh  ,iir  ;idmitlc<l  w.as  w.irmcd  in 
entering,  J  made  a  jjresenl  ol  the  model  tn  Robert  ( Ir.ace.  one  ot  my 
early  friends,  who.  having  an  iron  furn.ace.  fnnnd  the  casting  ni  the 
plates  for  these  stoves  a  profitable  thing,  as  tliey  were  growing  in 
demand." 

Ridiert  (irace.  who  was  then  in  charge  of  the  W'.irw  ick  iMuaiace, 
ha<l  luarried  the  widow  of  Samuel  Xutt.  \v..  who  was  heir  to  the  prop- 
erty upon  which  the  furnace  was  Incited,  the  kinds  having  been  originally 
granted  to  the  elder  Xutt. 

In  174.2  iron  works  were  established  bv  John  (.'m^liy  .and  I'eler 
Dicks,  oil  C'rum  Creek,  in  what  is  n<ivv  Dcl.iware  county.  ;md  liicse  arc 
jjresumahly  the  works  referred  l<i  by  I'eler  Kalm.  the  .Swedish  n.aluralist. 
when  he  passed  over  the  ground   in    1748,  stopping  at  Chichester,  "a 


(;/•'  THE  STATE  UE  EE.WM'l.r.  I.\ /.I.  -215 

Ixjrough  on  llic  Delaware,  where  tra\elers  pass  tlie  river  in  a  ferrv,  and 
where  they  Iniild  every  year  a  nunilier  oi  small  ships  for  sale,  and  from 
an  iron  work  which  lies  higiier  up  in  the  country  they  carry  iron  bars  to 
this  place  and  ship  them.  About  two  English  miles  behind  Chester  I 
passed  an  iron  forge.  The  nre,  however,  is  not  dug  here,  but  thirty  or 
forty  miles  hence,  where  it  is  first  melted  in  an  oven  and  then  carried  to 
this  place."  This  was  e\-idently  the  forge  on  Crum  Creek,  before  men- 
tioned, and  the  ore  must  have  been  dug  in  what  is  now  Chester  county. 

On  June  J4.  1730.  James  Hamilton,  deputy  governor,  issued  his 
jiroclamation  requiring  the  sheriffs  of  the  several  counties  to  make  retu.rn 
to  him  of  "e\-ery  mill  or  engine  for  slitting  or  rolling  iron,  every  platin^^ 
forge  to  work  with  a  tilt-h.ammer.  and  e\'ery  furnace  for  making  steel 
which  were  erected  within  their  several  and  respective  counties."  Jn 
response.  John  Owen,  then  slierift"  of  Chester  county  (prior  to  its  di\'ision 
and  the  creation  of  the  county  of  Delaware),  certified  that  "there  is  but 
one  mill  or  engine  for  slitting  and  rolling  iron  within  the  county  afore- 
said, which  is  situated  in  Thornl)ury  township,  and  was  erected  in  the 
year  174'')  by  Jolm  Taylor."  and  that  there  was  not  any  plating  forge  to 
work  with  a  tilt-hammer  nor  any  furnace  for  making  steel  within  the 
county  of  Chester.  This  return  would  seem  to  indicate  that  the  works 
seen  by  Peter  Kalm.  and  undoubtedlx-  others,  had  gone  into  disuse. 

Among  otlier  prominent  iron  works  of  their  day  were  those  at 
X'alley  Forge,  near  the  UKiutb  of  \'alley  Creek,  in  Chester  county.  These 
were  operated  l>y  members  of  the  Potts  family  from  the  spring  of  1757 
until  they  were  destroyed  b\-  the  British,  in  T777.  alxwt  two  months 
before  Washington  established  his  cantonment  there.  Rentgen"s  iron 
wDrks,  in  Pikeland  liiwnslii]i.  Chester  county,  established  in  T793,  ob- 
tained CMUsiderable  celebrity  fnan  the  ;tttempts  made  there  to  manufac- 
ture tJerman  steel.      It  is  said  that  Renlgen  obtained  a  patent  for  forging 


L'l--.     coMrnxnii'M  or  iiisroRV  .ixn  cr.xn.u.OGV 

iDiiiiil  iron  ill  i/i/).  :iii<l  tli:it  in  iSio  he  olitaincd  :i  patent  fur  mllins;  iron 
in  roiinil  sliapcs.  Tlic  I'liociiix  iinn  wmks  were  <i])cne(l  in  llic  latter  i)ai"t 
of  the  eiglitecnlli  ccntmv  f.ir  tlie  nianufaeHirc  of  nails,  hi  1X41)  was 
added  a  rolling  mill  \'>v  the  ni:'.nufaetiire  of  lailmail  inm,  and  f' t  some 
years  this  mill  was  the  e(|ual  of  any  in  the  cnnntry.  and  the  (pialiiy  nf 
its  product  was  nut  suri)asseil  hy  that  ^f  any  similar  I'jiylisli  mill.  1  Jniins^^ 
the  rehcllion  the  works  turned  >  mt  alMnil  fue  hnndreil  pieces  nl  winnijhl 
iron  arlillerv.  as  efficient  as  were  known  in  thai  ]ieriiid.  and  whieh  were 
the  invention  of  John  (iriffeii,  the  general  superintendent  of  the  oimpany. 
In  recent  vears  the  I'hoenix  works  have  prudnced  large  i|vtantilies  of 
slnictiiral  iron,  including  the  greater  |)art  of  the  rih-  and  deck-work  tor 
ships  Iniilt  on  the  Delaware  ri\er.  including  the  iron  l)oats  of  the  i'enn- 
svlvania  Railroad  C'omiiany  and,  of  the  Pacific  Mail  Steamshi|)  ('om])aiiy. 
The  present  great  Lnkens  liun  aii<l  Steel  CUmpanv  .grew  ^nt  nf  the 
Federal  Slitting  Mill,  set  it]i  in  171)0  hy  Isaac  rennnck.  an  ancestor  of 
tiie  present  owners,  and  the  piii]ierty  has  ne\er  jiassed  nut  m|  the  hands 
of  descendants  of  the  founder.  The  mill  was  originally  estahlished  at 
Rokehv,  on  I'uck  Run.  almut  fnur  nules  smitli  of  Coatesville.  in  Chester 
couiitv.  In  iSio  I'ennock  renin\ed  to  the  present  location,  on  the  P.ran- 
dywinc.  at  Coatesville.  At  the  tirst^the  ir<rn  was  heated  in  an  oi)en  char- 
coal fire,  rolled  out  into  jilates  (hence  called  charcii;d  slahs )  and  then 
slit  up  into  rods  for  gener.al  lil.acksmith  use.  The  ]>latc  rnlls  of  that  time 
were  onlv  sixteen  to  eighteen  inches  in  diameter,  and  fmm  three  to  four 
feet  hetween  the  housings,  and  an  o\ershot  wheel  presided  the  ])owcr. 
It  was  not  uncommon  fur  the  mill  tn  cnme  ncarlv  to  a  stiij).  and  in  this 
event  the  workmen  would  climU'iut  tipnn  the  rim  nt  the  wheel,  and  with 
their  comhined  weight  effect  the  ])assagc  through  the  rolls.  It  wris  hefore 
the  (lays  of  railroads,  and  the  coal  used  in  the  w^nks  was  wagcmeil  fmni 
Columbia,  thirty -five  miles  distant,  while  the  iinished  product  was  sinii- 


Of  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  217 

l;irU  tr;ms[)iirtc(l  1m  riiilailelpliia  i  ir  \\'ilmin.<;li  m.  distances  of  thirty- 
eij^'ht  anil  t\\ent\-six  miles  respectixely.  The  jinipert}'  passed  into  tlie 
charge  of  Dr.  Charles  Lukcns.  a  son-in-law  of  Isaac  I'ennock.  who  (  he- 
tween  iSiT)  and  iJ^-'.^  )  ])i"odnced  the  first  steam  hoiler  plates  made  in  the 
United  States. 

To  be  included  amon!:^'  the  steel  and  iron  industries  is  that'of  shi[)- 
InnldiniL;  on  the-  Delaware  ri\er.  This  immense  interest  grew  liy  slow 
de\clopment.  The  jiioneer  settlers  liuilt  such  \-essels  as  could  ]>c  m;ide 
1)V  the  most  ordinarx"  workman  with  saw  and  axe.  gi\'ing  little  attention 
to  svmmetrv  of  form  or  e\  en  ease  of  proimlsion,  I)ut  onl_\  to  Iiuo\-ancv. 
Of  such  were  the  sail-scow,  used  in  transportnig  salt  hay  from  the 
marshes,  and  the  gar\ey,  which  was  used  in  leathering  oysters  and  hring- 
ing  them  to  shore.  The  heginning  of  iron  mining  led  to  the  building 
of  "the  Durham  boat."  which  differed  from  the  .scow  in  being  larger, 
f1at-l)ottomed.  anil  rounded  at  bow'  and  stern,  and  was  used  for  transport- 
ing ore  to  I 'hiladel]ihia  down  the  Delaware  ri\-er  from  the  Durham  fur- 
naces, whence  it  came.  It  was  in  these  two  classes  of  lioats  that  W'ash- 
ington's  troops  made  their  famous  passage  across  the  Delaware  river.  In 
the  later  colonial  da\s  large  mnubers  of  boats  designed  for  fishing  ])ur- 
))oses  were  built,  and  were  known  as  whale-boats,  louring  the  Ivevnlu- 
tionarx'  war,  craft  of  this  description  but  of  larger  build  came  into  vogue, 
and  nearly  e\er\-  coast  neighborhood  where  Avas  an  inland  stream  iiad 
its  association  of  men  \\ho  owned  and  manned  such  a  \'essel.  The  boat 
was  usu.ally  about  thirty  feet  in  length,  pointed  ;it  bow  and  stern  to 
tacihtate  readiness  ol  movement  ])\  axoulance  ol  turning.  ;in(l  with  high 
gunwales  in  order  to  admit  of  carrving  large  loads.  The  material  was 
cedar  and  the  boat  was  so  light  that  ;i  few  men  could  comenientlv  carr\- 
it  into  the  w nods  for  concealment.  The  nccessitv  for  thus  ]iro\iding  for 
its  safel}'  lay  in  the  fact  that  British  armed  boats  kept  the  coast  indus- 


i.'l8      COMl'HXDIi'M  Of  JIIS'IOR]'  .iXD  GEXEALOGY 

tii'iii>l\  patriilli'il.  Tlic  crew  "\  ilif  w  li.ik'-liniit  uMially  c  Jii.^istcd  of  liftccii 
iiK'ii.  sflcclcd  Ini'  tlicii"  physical  sticn<;tli,  endurance  and  inuiage.  They 
were  trained  tn  ni\v  noiselessly,  and  were  able  to  dri\e  the  boat  at  a  speed 
of  twelve  miles  an  Jionr.  R.'ich  man  was  armed  w  ith  a  cntiass  and  pistols. 
The  command  was  vested  in  ore  wlio  was  helmsman  ;il)u;ird  and  captain 
(Ml  lanil  as  well  as  on  deck.  Many  darins.;  teals  were  performed  liy 
such  crews. 

With  the  (leveloi)menl  of  the  fisliiuq-  and  lumher  industries,  the 
latter  thronfjh  tlic  introduction  of  the  saw  mill,  came  \essels  ol  a  larger 
build,  first  of  the  sloop  and  afterwards  of  the  schooner  type,  but  of  lim- 
ited size,  for  many  years  not  exceeding  thirty  tons.  At  a  later  day  came 
full-rigged  shii)s,  xerilable  "hearts  of  oak."  These,  mastered  and 
manned  by  old-time  sailors  who  now  e.xist  only  in  song  and  story  such  as 
were  sung  by  Dibdin  and  told  by  Marry.it  and  L'ooper.  sailed  in  every 
sea  and  u])on  every  sort  of  mission.  There  were  honest  merchantmen 
;nid  whalers,  and  there  were  those,  too,  whose  holds  were  fc\er  infected 
b\-  cargoes  of  rotting  humans  brought  from  Liberia  to  the  ])1antalions 
of  the  south.  M;m\-  of  them  survi\ed  for  scores  of  years,  so  honestly 
were  they  built,  and  a  few  dismantled  old  hulks  vet  remain  to  perform 
menial  duty  on  river  and  canal. 

.\lmost  on  the  \ery  ground  (at  Chester)  where  were  built  the  first 
small  coasters  of  the  colonial  days,  the  wooden  gunboats  ])ro\ided  by  the 
commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania  for  use  during  the  Revolutionary  war. 
and  the  famous  merchant  vessels  of  Archibald  .Mc Arthur,  in  1S44.  ;md 
of  Sinex,  Hargis  and  Fortner  shortly  afterward,  were  constructed  ves.sels 
which  were  the  l)est  of  their  type  of  the  I'nited  .'states  navy  at  the  time 
of  the  Civil  war,  and  which  l)ore  a  gallant  part  during  that  great  struggle. 
Mere  are  now  such  mammoth  shipyards  as  those  of  the  Cranijjs  and  John 
Roach,  where  ha\e  been  built  hundreds  of  modern   war  and   merchant 


OF  THE  STATU  or  PT.WSYLrASIA.  liH' 

vessels,  ami  main  ut  ilie  must  effective  marine  engines  e\er  constnieted. 
and  wliieli  liaxe  made  the  Delaware  tn  the  I'nited  States  what  the  Clyde 
is  to  Great  Britain. 

The  splendid  waterei  >urses  Imrderint;-  and  ])enetratini;  the  prox'ince 
fiiund  earl\-  ntilizatiun.  On  the  Delaware,  small  sailing  vessels  plied 
eonstantlv  luitil  the  intrnductinn  of  steam.  Here  John  I'itch  made  for 
himself  tame  as  the  fn'st  man  in  America  (  anfl  proha1)ly  in  the  world) 
who  ever  carried  the  idea  of  steam  power  to  the  propnlsioii  of  vessels  a 
determinate  resnlt.  He  was  a  \\atchmalcer  hy  trade,  and  during  tlie 
revolntioiiarv  war  w  ris  em])lo\ed  in  repairing  muskets  for  the  patriot 
armv.  His  first  \essel  was  fitted  w  ith  an  a\\kward  engine  w  ith  a  hori- 
zontal cvlin<ler  and  a  piston  stroke  of  three  feet.  The  shaft  operated 
tweKe  oars,  or  jiiiddles.  si.x  on  each  side:  at  each  rex'olution  of  the 
shaft  si.\  of  the  paddles  entered  the  water,  while,  at  the  same  time  the 
other  six  were  raised  therefrom.  This  \-essel  was  sailed  in  the  passenger 
and  freight  trade  lietween  I'hik'.delphia  and  ports  as  far  down  as  Wil- 
mington. ]t  was  well  named  the  "Perseverance."  for  I-'itch  persisted  in 
n])erating  it  until  he  was  hankruirted.  the  machiner_\-  being  of  such  poor 
construction  that  it  was  constantl}'  in  need  of  repairs.  In  this  venture 
I'itch  anticipated  hv  seventeen  years  Robert  Fulton  and  his  famous 
"Llermont,"'  which  in  i(So7  niatle  the  trip  from  Xew  York  to  Albany. 

Pennsvhania  ship-hmlders  were  active  on  the  Ohio  river  at  an 
earl_\-  day.  In  1806  was  launched  at  what  is  now  -\llegheny  City  the 
hrig  "nean."  the  first  sailing  \-essel  built  on  western  waters,  and  which 
found  its  wav  to  the  Merliterranean.  Soon  after.  Jaiues  Rerthone  &  Co. 
built  two  vessels  at  Pittsburg.  The  largest  of  these  was  wrecked  in 
trying  to  pass  over  the  Falls  of  the  Ohio,  and  no  further  building  was 
(kme  on  that  river.  In  181 1  Fulton  and  Livingston  built  in  their  ship- 
vard  at  Pittsbur"-  the  lirst  steamboat  ever  lloated  on  an  inland  American 


■j-.'o    coMrnxDn.M  oi-  history  .ixn  cjuML.ii.oiJv 

sUfam.  riiis,  tlic  "( )ilo;ms."  was  a  slcni  \\  ImU  r.  ami  lanii'il  l\v<> 
masts,  it  bcinjj  omsidtVcd  unwise  l<>  dqieml  u|Hin  steam  almu'.  'Phis 
craft  made  tlie  trii>  to  Xew  (Orleans  in  fnmteeii  days.  In  succeeding 
vears  Pittslnirg  Ijecame  an  important  l">al  Imildiiii;  pnint.  ami  there  were 
laundied  manv  of  tlie  most  palatial  steanilniats  wiiich  plied  the  ()hi(i  tn 
Cairn  and  the  Mississipi)i  to  Xew  Orleans. 

The  celebrated  Cmzer  cotton  mills  at  I'hester  i^rew  out  of  a  jurist 
mill,  the  first  mill  set  up  in  Pennsylvania  after  I'enn  hec.ime  the  pro- 
f)rietor.  This  was  the  second  in  the  province,  the  Inst  heini;  the  Swedish 
water  mill  built  by  Governor  I'rintz.  on  Cobb's  creek,  near  the  noted 
Blue  P.ell  Tavern,  at  Paschalville.  in  the  county  of  Philadeljihia.  This, 
however,  had  fallen  into  disuse  before  the  coming-  of  T'enn.  The  first 
mills  in  the  countv  of  Chester  were  brought  bv  him  in  the  "W  elcoine." 
readv  for  putt injj  toq^ether  and  setting'  up.  I'enn  had  numerous  partners 
in  this  enter])rise.  and  thc\'  made  Caleb  Pusey  their  aijent  rnid  manager. 
The  land  for  the  mill  was  patented  to  I'nsey.  second  month,  3.  1690, 
but  the  mill  was  set  up  in  i'')^^.  on  Chester  creek.  Pusev  made  two 
short  removals,  the  dams  haxins;;'  been  carried  a\\ri\'  bv  overllow  ing'  of 
the  stream,  and  the  mills  .afterwards  ])assed  throuoh  \arions  hands.  The 
Chester  Mills,  as  they  were  widel\'  known,  were  well  er|ui]iix?d  at  the 
time  of  tlie  Revolutionary  war.  In  1777.  b\-  order  of  ( ieneral  Wash- 
ington, the  millstones  wei'e  removed  to  jirevcnt  their  use  b\'  the  Pritish 
army,  but  where  tliey  were  secreted  has  ne\er  been  learned.  Ihe  mills 
eventually  came  into  the  ])os.session  of  bihn  P.  Crozer.  who  there  laid 
the  foundations  for  the  great  cotton  manufactory  with  which  his  family 
name  has  since  been  identified. 

It  is  not  within  the  proxince  of  the  writer  of  these  pages  to  l"ollow 
in  detail  the  history  uf  manut'acluring  in  all  it^  multitudinous  ramifica- 


OP  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  221 

til  HIS.  1)111  only  til  hint  at  the  l)eginnings.  atTonl  an  idea  of  the  ])resciit 
niamnnilh  |)i"(ii)<irti(iiis  of  tlie  work  carried  mi  l.)_\'  some  of  the  foremost 
captains  of  iiuhistry  in  the  world.  .Suflice  it  to  say  that,  after  the  l\e\'o- 
hitionar\-  war.  ]'ennsyl\ania  workmen  set  an  examitle  in  mechanical 
ability  and  in\enti\'e  genius  th;il  jji'iiMiked  the  wonder  and  con(|uered  the 
admiration  nf  the  world.  .\t  each  decennial  ud\ernmental  census  since 
the  eighth.  I'ennsyK  ania  has  r;inked  second  among  the  states  in  the  gross 
value  of  manufactured  pruducts.  net  \alue  of  the  same,  average  iniml'er 
of  employes,  and  amniint  of  wages  paid.  The  census  of  1900  gave  the 
niimher  of  establishments  at  52.185,  the  aggregate  capital  invested  at 
$1,551,548,712:  the  cost  of  material  at  $1  042,434,59^ ;  the  value  of 
the  linished  prnducts  at  $1,834,790,860:  and  the  iiumher  nf  ])ersons 
employed  at  781,273,  The  iron  and  steel  industry  leads,  -with  its  jimd- 
ucts  amounting  to  tlie  \ast  sum  of  $434,445,200.  iHnindry  and  machine 
shiip  ])ro(lucts  are  next,  amounting  to  $127,292,440.  The  value  of  tlie 
products  of  other  manufacturing  liranches.  excluding  such  as  do  not 
exceed  $20,000,000  in  any  gi\cn  industr\-,  were,  in  ruund  numhers,  as 
follows:  Leather,  tanned  and  curried,  upwards  of  $55,000,000:  Houring 
and  grist  mill  pniducts,  upw.'irds  of  $36,000,000:  sugar  and  sxru])  relni- 
ing.  upwards  of  $36,000,000:  printing  and  publishing,  upw.'irds  of 
$36,000,000:  lumber  ,ind  timber,  upwards  of  $35,000,000:  tobacco. 
n])wards  of  $33,000,000:  silk  and  silk  goods,  upwards  o  f  $3 1 .000.000 : 
malt  products,  upwards  of  $29,000,000:  woolen  goods,  upwards  of 
$25,000,000:  cotton  goods  upwards  of  $25,000,000:  clothing,  men's 
tactory  ])ro(lucts,  u])wards  of  $23,000,000:  carjjets  and  rugs,'  upwards 
of  S23, 000, 000:  lx)ots  and  shoes,  upwards  of  $23,000,000:  glass,  up- 
wards 111  $22,000,000:  worsted  goods,  upw.ards  of  $22,000,000 :  hosiery 
and  knit  good^  ui)wards  of  $21,000,000. 

In  this  connection   it  is  to  be  remarked  that   the  radical  chango   in 


222    cn.\fpnxnfrM  of  iustorv  .ixn  cnyn.tr.oc)' 

tlic  |>ri)cesses  ni  niainitactiirini;  tliat  have  taki-ii  place  within  \hv  last 
decade  lia\e  c .pencil  llic  way  lor  the  cin])liiymeiu  nl  Icmale  lalnir  in 
nianv  lines  i>f  indnstry  that  were  InrnierK-  closed  to  tlicni.  Much  hard 
and  (lisagreeal)le  woik.  which  re(|niied  the  strength  and  endurance  that 
only  men  ijossess,  is  rapidl}'  heint;  maile  a  thing  of  the  past  hy  the  intio- 
(luction  of  improved  machinery  and  methods,  under  which  deftness  of 
touch  ;ind  intelligent  perception  on  tiie  i)art  of  the  operative  takes  the 
place  of  importance  formerK-  held  liv  the  more  rugged  (pialities  peculiar 
to  men.  There  is.  therefore.  e\cry  indication  that  similar  changes  will 
open  \et  wider  tielils  for  the  introduction  of  female  lahoi'.  These  condi- 
tions afford  am])le  op])ortunit\'  for  the  si)eculalions  of  a  certain  class  o| 
social  eci)noniists  and  moralists  who  are  satisfied  that  already  the  founda- 
tions of  society  haxeheen  undermined  li\  neglect  of  the  marriage  relation 
through  the  reduced  ability  of  the  more  ])oorlv  i)aid  male  wage-earner  to 
provide  for  a  Imme.  and  through  the  more  indei)endent  status  ot  the 
female  wage-earner  who.  deriving  her  lixelihood  through  her  own  eftort. 
would  rather  l)ear  the  ills  she  has  than  llv  to  those  she  fears  mav  come 
in  cc)m])any  with  one  of  her  own  station  wlio  cann<it  much  exceed  her  in 
w  age-ea  rn  i  ng  ca p:ic i  t y . 

At  the  foundation  of  all  the  great  industries  U>  which  reference  has 
heen  made,  lies  the  mineral  wca.lth  of  the  state,  in  \alue  exceeding  that 
of  any  other.  'The  total  value  for  the  last  year  rejiorted  in  the  federal 
census  for  the  year  1900  was  $150,876,649.  against  a  comhined  value  of 
$143,744,909  for  the  three  states  next  in  order  of  production — Michigan. 
Colorado  and  Montana.  These  estimates  take  no  account  of  manufac- 
tured articles,  only  of  the  raw  material  as  derived  from  the  l.ilx.ratories 
of  nature  and  brought  within  the  reach  of  the  handicraft  of  man.      .\onc 


np  TJTE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  228 

1)1'  the  preciiius  metals  are  mined,  and  the  yiel(hnt;s  are  restricted  to  imn 
and  coal  and  their  prodncts.  w  ith  stone. 

The  coal  measures  are  of  remarkahle  character  and  extent.  '1  he 
area  of  the  r^enns\l\ania  coal  fields  embraces  nearly  thirteen  thousand 
S(|uare  miles,  and  extends  through  twenty-four  counties.  Of  first  im- 
]ioi'tance  is  the  anthracite  district.  occup\ing'  an  area  of  ahout  six  hundred 
and  tiftv  miles  on  the  left  hank  of  the  Sus{|uehanna  ri\er.  'Die  strata 
hetween  Pottstow  n  and  Wyoming,  which  belong  to  the  lowest  portion 
of  the  Coal  measures,  are  probably  about  three  thousand  feet  thick,  but 
the  numerous  folds  and  contortions  make  it  imjxissible  tc>  arrive  at  an 
e.xact  estimate.  There  are  from  ten  to  twehe  seams  more  than  three 
feet  in  thickness,  and  the  jirincipal  one.  known  as  the  Mammoth,  or 
Baltimore  vein,  is  nearlx'  thirt\-  feet  thick  at  Wilkesbarre.  aufl  in  places 
even  exceeds  sixty  feet.  The  anthracite  fields  of  the  entire  United 
States,  in  the  year  covered  In-  the  last  federal  census.  ])niduce(l  52.131.- 
212  tons,  of  which  were  credited  to  Pennsxhania  51. -'17.318  tons,  within 
about  five  niilli<in  tons  of  the  ])roduct  of  the  entire  country.  Of  this 
(|uantity.  Luzerne  county,  of  wliich  Wilkesbarre  is  the  shire  town  and 
C(.immercial  center.  pri}duced  Kj. 143. 101  tons.  Bituminous  coal  is  found 
nearly  everywhere  west  of  the  mountains,  and  large  (|uantilies  are  used 
at  Pittsburg  and  Cincinnati  in  iron  smelting'.  This  coal  ])ro(luct  in  1890 
amounted  to  79.318.362  tons  ( \\'estmoreland  count}-  leading  with 
10.325.245  tons),  out  of  the  output  of  191.256.216  tons  in  the  entire 
United  States. 

\\  bile  these  pages  were  pre|)aring  for  the  ])ress.  advance  sheets  of 
the  Keport  of  the  United  States  (ieological  Survey  have  b.een  given  out. 
containing  a  statistical  chapter  on  coal  iiniduciion  by  b'dvvard  W.  Parker. 
It  is  stated  by  this  writer  that  the  earliest  record  of  coal  ])roduction  in 
Ihe  anthracite  region  nf  rennsylvania  was  in  1S14.  when  the  total  out]jut 


•2-2*    coMrr.ynicM  or  ufsroRV  .ixn  cnxn.u.oGV 

;im<>niitt-(I  to  twenty-two  sli>>rt  tons.  Sliipnients  t'min  that  ioj;iciii  hejj.'iii 
ill  iSjo,  and  since  tliat  date  the  records  Iia\e  heen  caretully  kept,  and 
show  that  from  1S14  to  tlie  i)resent  time  the  priKhKtiou  has  amoiinte<l 
to  10^4.200.000  short  tons,  llilnminons  coal  was  mined  in  I'ennsxl- 
\ania  prior  to  1840.  hut  statistics  only  hej^in  with  that  yeai".  The  total 
output  of  hituniinous  coal  in  the  state  is  estimated  at  1 .23  1  .(xxi.ooo  short 
tons,  which,  witli  the  anthracite  ])roduct.  makes  the  ti4al  proiluclioii 
2,805,000.000  short  tons,  the  entire  ])roduction  of  the  L'nited  .'states 
heiiig  tlie  incompreheiisil)le  quantity  of  4.860.000,000  short  tons. 

l'"or  state  su]<er\isor\-  ])urposes  the  I'ennsyKania  co.d  lields  arc 
thvided  into  seven  ;inthracite  .ind  eiyht  liiinniinous  coal  districts.  In 
iS<)<)  in  these  two  fields  were  working"  collcries  to  the  numl)er  ol  ^ofi 
;'nd  5<)i  respecti'.ely.  emp!oyin<;  a  total  of  _'3_'.844  men.  l\et;ardin}4  the 
occu]iation  of  the  coal  miner  as  e.\tra-hazar<loiis.  which  it  undouhtcdly 
is.  -io  well  are  the  mines  safe.L;arde(!  ih.it  casualties  would  seem  to  he 
reiluced  to  the  minimum,  jur  the  latest  statistical  year  there  were  115 
accidents  attended  with  loss  of  life,  and  4U)  without  fatalities,  the  ratio 
of  fatal  accidents  to  the  mimher  of  workmen  lieinii'  one  to  each  544.  an<l 
ol  Don  fatal  accidents  one  i<i  e\er\-  J02.  More  th.an  one  hnmlred  of  the 
l;ital  accidents  were  caused  hy  the  fallini.;  of  co.il.  rock  and  slate,  h'or 
many  ye.irs  :imic;ihle  relations  hetween  nper.itors  .iml  em|)loyees  h,i\e 
suffered  httle  di>tur1)ances.  The  last  serious  oulhre.ik  was  that  of  the 
criminal  comhin;ition  known  as  the  "^h)ll\  .M;it,mires."'  which  was  effectu 
:iliy  hroken  up  in  1870.  and  was  m.arkeil  hy  the  le.ijal  executiou  of  twenty 
men  coinictcd  of  the  crime  of  murder. 

I'ennsyKania  ontinues  to  l>e.  as  it  was  at  the  l)<.'.i;innin,L;,  the  le.ider 
in  the  production  of  petroleum  and  its  kindred  products.  The  rise  and 
development  (and.  in  some  reijions.  the  fall)  of  this  industry  would 
f'rrm  a  unif|ue  history  of  its  own.     Tn    1831   crude  petroknim  w.is  taken 


OF  THE  STATE  OP  PENNSYLVANIA.  525 

fi-Mui  ;in  (iil  well  mi  wliat  came  to  be  known  as  Oil  Creek,  on  the  Alle- 
j.;lien}-  ri\ei".  ahont  one  liundrecl  ;nul  fifty  miles  alxne  f'ittshnrg.  Shortl}' 
afterward  oil  was  tVumd  near  Titusville.  I'ennsx  Kania,  and  a  sample 
was  sent  ti>  Professor  B.  Silliman.  Jr..  <<{  \'ale  College,  who  matle  a  report 
n]xin  it  which  exerted  .'in  immediate  intlnence  and  became  a  classic  in 
t!ie  literature  of  ]ietn  ileum.  The  favorable  view  taken  bv  I'roiessor 
Silliman  resulted  in  the  organization  of  a  prdspecting  ciinipan\-  at  X'ew 
Haven.  Connecticut,  which  employed  1^.  L.  Drake  to  drill  a  well  in  the 
Oil  Cieek  \allev-.  a  sh<;rt  distance  lielow  the  present  site  of  the  citv  of 
T  itus\ille.  After  many  delaxs  and  accidents  he  succeeded  in  driving 
an  iron  \n\K  a  distance  nf  thirty-si.\  feet  down  to  the  ruck.  Some  da\s 
latei-  the  drill  fell  intu  a  crex'ice.  where  it  was  left  until  the  next  day, 
when  the  drill  lii.le  was  found  nearl\-  full  of  petroleum.  This  incident 
was  prolific  in  results,  for  it  at  once  led  td  the  immediate  drilling  of  (jther 
wells  and  to  the  inn'\ersai  aili.i])tion  of  1  )i-ake's  artesian  Imring  device. 
In  a  short  time  there  was  a  rush  of  fe\eri>Ii  fortune  hunters,  first  to  the 
\allcy  of  (_)il  Creek  and  its  tributaries,  and  later  oxer  the  higher  land  be- 
tween Oil  Creek  and  the  .\ilegheny  rixer  beldw  Tidinute.  .\s  the  oil 
seekers  dispersed  o\er  a  wider  territorw  wells  of  great  richness  were 
driven  in  liutler  and  (  larion  counties.  I'oniparison  of  the  situatinus  of 
the  most  priiducti\e  wells  led  to  the  iIisco\er\-  that  the  oil  yielding 
areas  extended  across  the  country  in  narrnw  belts,  regardless  of  the  sur- 
face Configuration,  parallel  to  each  other,  rmd  in  a  northeast  and  south- 
west direction.  Following  the  a])prnaching  exhaustinn  of  the  oil  lields 
belore  named,  lines  were  run  b\-  compass  on  the  supposed  ;i\is  of  the  oil 
belt,  many  miles  across  the  hills,  until  the  seekers  came  to  the  village 
of  llradlord.  in  McKean  county,  where  wells  had  piexiously  been  drilled 
with   little  success.      1  )eepei'  ilrillings  were  now   made,   resulting   in    the 


2Jt^      COMPEXDILM  01-  HISTORY  .L\D  GEXEALOGY 

tapping  ol"  oil.  ami  since   1S75  liic  regicn  has  liccii  tin-  nmsi   unifuiinly 
productive   and   extcnsi\'e  nil    territory    \et    discoxered. 

During  tlie  early  oil-sccking  i)erio(l,  hosts  of  adseninrcis  ^ulTircd 
hitter  (lisap])ointnient.  and  various  pretentious  "cities"  sprang  into  a 
brilliant  Init  ephemera!  existence.  Something  nf  this  may  he  discerned 
in  the  fact  IJiat  so  many  were  the  new  oil  tnwns  during  the  succeeding 
twenty-five  years,  and  so  great  was  the  ([uantity  nf  iumher  needed  for 
oil  derricks  that  thousands  upon  thousands  nf  acres,  st.inding  niie  lu  \\\u 
thousand  feet  alxjve  the  sea  level,  were  denuded  of  their  Innhcr.  The 
fever  was  not  long  continued.  The  spccnlatixe  phase  was  fdlluwed 
hy  that  (jf  ])rofitable  development  of  mining  lands,  nn  the  one  hand. 
or  abandonment  on  the  other.  The  sagacious  ones  and  the  |)lodders  se- 
cured control  of  tracts  which.  ])erhaps  disap]X)inting  at  the  outset,  became 
|)rofitable.  and  the  im])atienl  i)assed  on  to  new  fields.  .\t  limes.  Imili 
classes  were  txpially  disappointed  and  went  away,  leaving  behind  them 
unite  monuments  to  their  blasted  ho])es.  .\s  a  case  in  point.  I'ithole 
t 'ity  was  in  186:;  the  abode  of  such  a  i)o])u!;ition  that  its  postoftice  busi- 
ness was  next  after  that  of  l'hiladel]>hia.  while  in  iSSi  corn  and  grass 
were  growing  where  had  l)een  some  of  the  most  noted  oil  wells,  and 
not  an  inhabitant  remained  to  iiccui>y  a  single  one  of  the  few  tumbling- 
down  houses  which  yet  marked  the  s|)ot.  ^'et  it  is  not  to  be  inferred 
that  all  of  tlie  old  f.-unous  oil  regions  of  which  so  much  was  (Mice  he.ird. 
have  become  altogether  unprofitable.  There  are  yet  pro<luctive  wells 
within  sight  of  where  Drake's  success  set  the  ])ace  for  an  unexampled 
enthusiasm  and  rage  tor  .speculation,  but  there  is  no  longer  that  which 
holds  out  ho])e  of  adecpiate  return  save  through  unremitting  industry 
and  sound  business  methods.  That  the  petrnleum  industrv  is  vet  ex- 
tensive and  profitable  is  evidenced  by  the  fact  th.it  in  u;oo  the  relined 
pro<lucts  of  Penn.sylvania  amounted   in   value  to  S^^4sjjj.ji)(k  that   the 


OF  THE  STATE  OP  PENNSYLJ'ANIA.  227 

iiu'csted  capital  was  $26,580,504,  ami  tli.'it  there  were  tliirty-eiglit  estab- 
lislinit'iits  enipli  iyini>'  3,299  men,  and  ilishursing  more  than  $1,500,000 
in  wages. 

I'ennsyhania  stands  first  among  the  states  in  the  pruductiun  of 
stone,  with  its  ~j(t  cpun'ries  ni  all  kinds,  ;ind  an  annnal  uutput  to  the 
\alne  of  nmre  than  S7, 000, 000,  'J  he  \ariet\'  of  stone  is  so  great  as  to 
co\er  almnst  e\ery  necessity  for  luiilding  or  ornamental  wnrk,  including 
granite,  slate,  limestone,  sandstone,  hluestone.  soapstone  and  many 
i.thers.  Of  these,  some  are  beautifully  \ariegated.  and  make  u\>  the  ex- 
teriors of  many  of  the  must  dignified  and  handsonic  public  and  residential 
structures  in  the  United  .States. 

\\'ith  such  a  magnilicent  ar'ra\-  df  n;itur;il  products  and  manufactur- 
ing industries,  trebled  in  value  during  the  last  twn  decades  of  the  last 
century,  it  would  ap];ear  at  first  glance  that  transportation  facilities  had 
not  kept  ]jace  with  re(|uireiuents.  tdr.  in  the  ten  \'ears  preceding  the 
year  1900.  the  increase  in  railinad  mileage  \v;is  less  than  one  thousand. 
I'lUt  this  increased  mileage  was  in  greater  part  additional  trackage  for  al- 
ready existing  lines,  increasing  their  carrying  capacit}'.  but  not  the  length 
of  road.  In  the  \ear  in  (|uestiiin.  there  were  10.400  miles  in  operation 
in  the  state,  requiring  the  ser\ice  of  .-ui  army  <if  193. i6r  em])Io_\-ees, 
whcise  total  year's  compens.ition  was  .';^ioj.959.434.  The  canals  in 
o])eration  ha\e  a  mileage  of  601.  and  lloat  nearly  one  thousand  boats  with 
an  annu.al  carrying  account  of  more  than  two  thous.and  tons. 

I'robablv  no  agencv  h:is  been  more  effective  in  promoting  all  classes 
of  industry  and  business  than  the  trolley  roads,  which  have  developed 
sulmrban  travel  to  a  degree  which  would  not  have  lieen  believable 
a  score  <if  vears  ago.  The  low  f.ares,  convenient  stoppages  and  frequency 
of  nio\ement  have  had  their  effect  in  dispersing  congested  populations 
to   rcsiions   outside   the   m.anufacturini^    centres   in    which    their   working 


228      COMPENDIUM  Ul-  HISTORY  ASD  GENEALOGY 

litmrs  arc  s|K'iit.  ami  in  tlic  building  up  of  innunieralili'  ImnR^liUc  lunn- 
Icts  and  villages,  tii  llii.'  culiancenient  of  pliysicai  cimifdri  and  tin-  ]nii^ 
motion  of  good  morals.  To  a  considerable  extent  trolley  roads  ba\e 
encroaclied  upon  the  business  of  steam  railroads,  and  it  is  o\  idcnt  that 
the  former  are  S(x>n  to  make  further  inroads  ujiou  the  latter  l)y  the  in- 
stallation of  through  passenger  service  between  wiilelx  sepaiated  cities. 
and  a  freiglit  traffic  system. 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  FEXXSYJJ '.-IXJ.I.  229 


CHAPTER  XI. 

Education,  LiTERATrRE  and  Art. 

Information  concerning  educational  conditions  during  the  early 
colonial  times  is  exceedingly  meager,  hut  we  do  T<no\v  that  there  was  a 
vast  difference  hetween  the  school  then  and  its  modern  successor.  In 
the  former,  mciral  and  religious  training  were  important  features,  wliile 
in  our  day  secular  instruction  takes  precedence  before  all  else. 

Education  in  Pennsylvania  hegan  under  the  Swedes,  whose  ministers 
were  also  school  teachers.  .\t  the  first,  instruction  was  gi\'en  at  the 
liomcs  of  the  children,  and  ii  was  not  until  1682  that  a  school  building 
was  erected  on  the  Delaware  ri\er.  One  of  the  first  pro\isions  made 
hy  William  Pcnn  was  for  the  promotion  of  education.  The  first  .Ksscm- 
lily  enacted  that  the  "Cireat  Law"  of  the  Province  should  he  printed, 
"and  they  shall  lie  one  of  the  hcMiks  taught  in  the  schools."  and  the  sec- 
ond Assembly,  which  met  at  Philadelphia.  March  10.  i(')P'3,  enacted  as 
follows : 

".\nd  to  the  em\  that  the  poor  as  well  as  rich  ma\-  he  instructed  in 
gooil  and  commendable  learning,  which  is  to  l>e  preferred  liefore  wealth, 
1*  it  enacted,  etc..  That  all  persons  in  this  ]irovince  and  territories  thereof 
ha\'ing  children,  and  all  the  guardians  and.  trustees  of  orphans,  shall 
cause  such  to  be  instructed  in  reading  and  writing,  so  that  thev  mav 
he  able  to  read  the  Scii])tures  and  to  write  bv  the  time  thev  attain  to 
Iwebc  \ears  of  age;  and  that  then  they  be  taught  some  useful  trade 
or  skill,  that  the  jioor  ma\'  work  to  li\-e  aiid  the  rich  if  they  I>ccome 
poor  may  not' want,  of  which  every  Count)-  Court  shall  take  care.  .\iul 
in  case  such  parents,  guardians  or  overseers  shall  be  found  deficient  in 


2:5(1      COMPEXniiM  O/"  HISTORV  .IXP  CF.XF..iI.OCy 

this  respect,  every  sucli  parent,  .y^iiardiaii  nr  overseer  sliall  pay  ti>r  each 
.such  diilil  live  ix«iiik1s.  except  tliere  sliould  .ippcar  an  incajiacity  in  h. idy 
iir  understanihng  to  Innder  it." 

This  is  remarlcahle  as  liein;;'  tlie  most  coin])rchensi\c  and  strintj'cnt 
Cfhicational  law  e\er  enacted  in  America,  so  far  ;is  we  are  aw.ne.  It 
was  abrogated  ten  vears  later  1)\  \\  illiani  and  .Mary.  :md  was  re-en.utcd 
by  (iovernnr  Fletcher,  '"by  and  with  the  ;id\  ice  and  consent  ot'  the 
representatives."  It  wonld  ajipear  tiiat  tiie  last  of  the  above  enactments 
was  never  repealed,  luit  was  permitted  to  lieconie  a  dea<l  letter,  not  being 
revived  by  any  snbseqncnt  legislative  anlhority. 

ilie  first  teacher  <if  note  in  Tcnnsylvania  was  ( Icorge  Kcitii.  who 
was  placed  in  charge  of  the  I'riends"  ])nl)hc  school  in  1 'iiiladel])iiia.  After 
a  vear  be  was  succeeded  bv  Thomas  Makin.  llu'  first  in  the  province  to 
act  nnder  a  certificate,  and  then  by  com])nlsion.  lie  ii.'ul  iicen  an  nslier 
under  Keith,  and  in  UiijT,.  after  taking  charge  of  the  school,  lie  was 
called  before  the  governor's  council  ;nid  .-iilmonisheil  th;il  he  would  not 
be  permitted  to  teach  without  a  license,  anil  that  he  must  procure  a  cer- 
tilicate  of  his  ability,  learning  and  diligence  from  the  inhabitants  of  note 
in  Philadelphia,  which  he  promised  to  do.  lie  t.iught  for  several  years, 
anil  in  ijji)  wrote  a  Latin  poem  descriptive  of  renusv!\ani;i.  In  17,^3. 
at  an  advanced  age,  he  came  to  his  de.-itli  by  f.-illing  from  .i  wharf  ;iud 
drowning  in  the  Delaware  river. 

L'ntil  the  beginning  of  the  eighteenth  century,  education  was  princi- 
pally fostered  by  the  Friends,  wlm  instituted  numerous  schools,  carefully 
guarding,  however,  against  what  they  believed  to  be  "that  abuse  of  learn- 
ing which  is  sometimes  visible  in  the  magnification  of  self."  In  their 
yearly  meeting  this  people  gave  much  earnest  and  salutary  advice  couccrn- 
ing  the  establishment  of  schools,  suggesting  that  in  the  compass  of  each 
monthly  meeting  ground   should   be  set   apart    upon    which   to  erect   a 


OP  THE  STATU  OT  PEXXSYIJAX l.l.  231 

suitable  house  and  stable,  with  garden,  pasture  and  orchard,  as  an 
encouragement  to  and  as  prosision  for  a  teacher  of  proper  qualifications 
and  good  character.  'I'he  yearly  meeting  also  recommended  that  funds 
should  be  collected  for  these  purix>ses. 

Outside  the  Friends'  communities,  until  nearl\'  the  Revolutiunary 
period,  where  schools  were  maintained  at  all,  it  was  without  method  or 
system,  the  people  of  a  neighhorhijud  establishing  such  a  one  as  the  itin- 
erant teacher  of  the  da_\-  then  sojourning  with  them  might  suggest.  The 
school  was  maintained  on  the  subscripti<in  plan,  and  the  teaclier  was 
"boarded  'round,"  aufl  reccixed  a  large  ]iart  of  his  stijiend  in  counlrv 
produce.  Tlie  school  and  school  teacher  of  this  period  al.so  existed  tVtr 
a  considerable  time  after  the  close  of  the  Revolutionary  War,  even 
within  the  memory  of  the  present  writer,  wlio  mafle  his  beginning  in 
cducatiiin  in  such  a  one  as  hereinafter  describeil. 

The  school  house  was  a  log  building  with  two  windows.  A  great 
lircplace,  wide  enough  to  take  in  a  cordstick,  occupied  one-half  the  width 
of  the  room.  The  seats  were  rough  ])lanks  supported  by  legs  let  into 
auger  holes  at  either  end,  anfl  without  backs.  At  the  sides  of  the  r(x>m 
were  rough  planks  resting  upon  puncheons,  and  at  these  stood  tlie  pupil 
o\er  unruled  co]iybooks,  laboriously  tracing  with  a  goosequill  the  copy  set 
by  the  schoolmaster.  It  was  before  the  da\-s  of  "readers,"  and  many  a 
scholar  of  the  long-ago  learned  to  read  and  sj)cll  from  the  Bible.  Tlie  youth 
thus  taught  became  admirable  readers,  and  the  pupil  or  rostrum  speaker 
who  was  trained  after  this  fashion  had  no  difliculty  in  making  himself 
understood  b}"  his  hearers,  in  mark'ed  contrast  to  man\'  highh'  educated 
ministers  and  lecturers  of  the  present  day.  whose  profuse  and  ornate 
N'ocabulary  tends  to  the  mystification  of  many.  Indeed,  -were  there  no 
other  reason  for  clinging  to  the  Bible,  it  were  \\alual)le  before  all  other 
liooks  for  its  infiuence  in  the  forming  of  a  clear  and  concise  use  of  the 


2:vi     coMri'ixnn'M  or  iiistoky  .i\n  ciixilii.ocv 

iiMlliiT  toiij^uc,  wlictluT  in  iiltcraiici.'  or  in  wiitini;.  Aside-  Hnm  llu' 
I'ilile.  tlicrc  was  no  uniformity  in  text  l«"iks  in  llic  early  scIukiIs.  e.'icli 
schnlar  hring^in;^  snch  as  tlic  family  closet  would  allord,  and.  as  a  cnnsc- 
(luencc.  tlicic  were  rarely  two  alike,  'iliose  were  llie  palmy  days  of  "the 
tliree  I\".s — readin',  'ritin"  and  'rillimelie."  lie  who  was  iiiolkienl  in 
\iilgar  fractions,  tare  .and  tret,  and  the  douhle  rule  of  ilnee.  was  ac- 
counted So  nuidi  of  a  mathenialiciau  as  to  he  (lualitied  for  a  desirahle 
|)ositii>n  in  anv  sliippintj  house  or  countini;  room  ni  I'liiladelphia  or  .\ew 
^'()rk■.  if  ]>crcliance  a  scliolar  had  a  ^ranim.n-  or  ;i  ,t^eoiirai)hy  he  was 
viewed  h\'  his  less  fa\'ored  fellows  .as  om-  whose  o]iportunuie^  wonhl 
enable  him  to  maUe  a  great  mark  in  the  wurld.  l"or  a  girl,  she  must 
he  taught  to  read  well.  hut.  as  her  destiny  was  foi-  household  duties, 
aritliinetic  was  deemed  f)iUside  her  nccessit\'.  if  not  heyond  hei'  capahilitv. 
The  first  attempts  to  found  public  <cho(i!s  prosed  ineffective.  The 
State  Con.stitutiou  of  i/J<>  provided  that  "a  scIumiI  or  schools  sh.all  be 
established  in  each  couut\  b\  the  legislature  for  the  con\emeul  iii^iruc- 
tion  of  youth."  ami  reiiuired  thai  the  teachers  should  lie  jyaid  b\  the 
public;  and  in  the  Constitution  of  171JO  ])ro\ision  was  made  "ih.il  the 
l)Oor  ma\-  be  taught  gratis."  It  was  not.  howcser.  mitil  iSoj  that  .1  law 
was  enacted  under  these  Conslituliou.al  provisions.  ;md  then  it  was  lound 
so  inadequate  that  it  was  nccess;n\  to  p.iss  another  act  in  1S04.  I  his 
proved  little  more  acceptable  than  the  former,  .■md  ;i  more  carefidly  dr.awn 
act  was  passed  in  iX(i().  At  whate\cr  stage  of  the  (piestion.  those  who 
were  laboiiug  for  the  cause  of  public  instruction  were  strenuousK  .and 
even  bitterly  o])pnsed.  There  was  a  large  number  of  semi-public  schools 
founded  and  conducted  b\  v.arious  religion--  <lenominatii'ins.  ;md  the 
friends  of  these  coml)alted  the  idea  of  sending  their  children  to  schools 
where  all  denominations  were  e<|ua!l\  ]>ri\ilcged.  thus  tending  to  the 
aj)ostatiziiig  of  their  offspring,  whom  they  would  guard   frpin  all  cui^- 


OF  THE  STATE  Of  I'E.\XSyLI\AXIA.  233 

laiiiiiiatiiiii.  .\t  the  same  time,  dther  ])arents.  who  cared  imthing  for 
tlicse  considerations,  were  inimical  to  the  puhhc  schools  for  the  reason 
that  the}'  were  avowedly  created  in  the  interests  of  the  poor,  whence 
they  were  known  as  "pauper  .schools. 

The  present  magnificent  rnl)lic  .'School  system  had  its  first  sub- 
stantial fotindation  in  if^.^.V.i  !•  when  was  enacted  a  law  "Tn  F.stahlish 
a  General  Svstcm  m|  hjUicatii  in  b\-  Common  Schools."  Tt  had  met  with 
liing"  and  hitter  op])osilioii.  and  was  attacked  for  a  mii]liplicit\'  fif  reasons, 
chief  among-  which  was  the  oltjcctinn.  as  expressed  in  indiijnation  meet- 
ings held  all  over  the  state,  that  "it  was  never  intended  by  our  constitu- 
tion that  the  education  of  iliose  children  whose  ])arents  are  able  to  e<lucate 
them  should  be  erlucated  at  the  ])ul)lic  expense."  Mtdtitudes  of  protests 
against  the  law  were  sent  in.  and  it  is  a  ciunnus  fact  that  nm  more 
than  five  in  e\er\-  hundred  of  the  signatures  thereto  were  written  in 
English,  and  that  nmst  of  them  were  well  nigh  illegible.  Jt  was  in 
advocac}-  of  this,  the  first  etfecti\e  ruhlic  .'>c'i<>oI  laAV.  that  'i'haddeus 
Stexens.  then  in  the  legislature,  gave  the  first  evidence  of  his  masterly 
strength,  and  to  him  was  ascribed  in  large  flegree  tlie  triumph  of  the 
measure.  In  i!^4()  an  advanced  step  was  taken  in  legislation  requirinff 
that  teacliers  ]>ass  an  examinatinn.  .ind  making  the  minimum  of  the 
school  year  four  nmnths  instead  of  three.  In  ii'^35  the  first  provision 
was  made  for  teachers'  institutes,  the  first  of  which  was  hekl  in  Chester 
comity.  The  office  of  County  Superintendent  of  t'ommon  .Schools  was 
created  in  1S54.  ami  that  of  State  Superintendent  in  1H57.  the  duties  of 
the  latter  position  having  pre\  ioush-  devolved  upnu  the  Secretarv  of  State. 
In  subsequent  years  the  Public  .School  system  was  extended  to  its  |)rcsent 
broad  dimensirins.  with  its  school  libraries,  high  scliools  and  norm.'d 
schools,  and  these  latter  have  in  some  degree  encroached  upon  tlie  domain 
which  in  the  not  far  distant  past  was  held  to  be  that  of  the  collegiate 


234      COMPEXnUM  OF  HISTORY  AND  GEXn.ll.OGV 

inslitutiiMis.  A  nutiililc  cx.inipic  is  fnund  in  tlu-  Central  High  Sclnxil 
nf  I'liiladclpliia.  created  in  1836.  hy  aullKnily  nf  ihe  I,c.i;islature.  In 
1839  Alexander  Dallas  Bache.  LL.  IX.  ])iesident-t'krl  i>i'  (iirard  C'i*llcgc, 
was  called  to  its  headship,  and  dnrint;  his  three  years  administration 
three  conrses  of  stndy  were  arrant^ed.  1.  A  two  years"  elementary 
conrse,  fitting  for  business;  2.  A  four  years"  course,  including  French 
and  Sixmish,  geometry,  trigonometry  mechanical  and  natural  philosophy, 
ii.itural  history,  mental  and  political  science;  3.  A  four  years'  classical 
course.  At  the  suggestion  of  the  American  I'hiN isophical  Society  an 
astrouiimical  observatory  was  established  in  connection  with  the  high 
scIkjoI.  This,  in  ])(>int  of  age  the  fourth  astronomical  ohscrxatury  in 
America,  was  furnished  with  tlic  first  (ierman  made  lenses  lirou.^ht  ti> 
the  countrw  and  Professor  I'.lias  Loomis  said  (  1X50  )."lhe  ereclinn  nf  ihis 
iibser\ator\-  formed  an  epoch  in  the  history  of  American  astronnmy."" 
I'nder  the  principalship  of  Profes.sor  John  S.  Hart.  Anglo-Saxon  and 
( Ierman  were  added  to  the  list  of  languages,  and  it  is  believed  that  the 
former  language  was  taught  in  this  high  school  l)efore  it  had  lound 
a  place  in  any  other  collegiate  course  except  that  of  Harvard.  Phonog- 
raphy was  introduced  when  that  science  was  in  its  infant  stage,  and 
some  of  the  students  of  this  time  became  official  rc])orters  in  Congress. 
In  1849  the  school  was  placed  upon  a  collegiate  basis,  and  was  authorized 
by  the  Legislature  to  confer  degrees.  In  1854  a  new  building  was 
erected,  whicli  was  styled  by  some  architects  as  "the  most  jicrfect  school 
l.'uilding  of  America.""  Under  the  principalship  of  George  Innian  Richc. 
A.  M.  (1867-1886),  the  scientific  lalwratories  of  the  school  were  noted 
for  their  eftlciency,  and  here  lulwin  J.  Houston  .and  I'.lihu  Thomsnn 
perfected  those  discoveries  which  made  tlieir  names  w^rld  famous  in 
electrical  science.  The  com])letc  modernization  of  the  school  began 
with  the  installation  of  Henry  Clark  Johnson,  A.  .M..  LL.  P...  as  princii)al. 


OF  THE  ST.-iTE  OF  PEXXSYLJ-AXIA.  235 

New  studies  were  introduced,  and  all  were  arranged  in  six  elective 
courses.  In  1893  Robert  Ellis  'rhom])son.  A.  M,,  S.  T.  I).,  liecame 
principal,  coniino-  from  the  L'liiversity  of  Penns\-Kania.  where  he  had 
long  performed  elhcient  service.  Durinq  his  administration  the  new 
buildings  were  erected,  at  a  cost  of  more  than  one  and  a  half  million 
dollars.  The  course  of  stud}-  was  further  broadened,  and  the  curriculum 
now  presents  ti\e  electi\e  courses:  [.  Classical — Latin,  (ireek.  I'reiich 
or  (lerman.  English,  mathematics,  astronrmiy,  physics.  chemistr_\-.  historv, 
firawing.  biolog}-,  logic,  ethics  and  ])olitical  ecom mn .  2.  Eatin-Scien- 
tific — (ireek  being  omitted,  and  extended  instruction  being  given  in  the 
modern  languages,  mathematics  and  the  sciences;  jjoth  of  these  courses 
lead  to  the  d.egree  of  bachelor  of  arts.  3.  Scientific — Contains  no  Creek, 
omits  Latin  ;iiter  tlie  sophomore  \ear.  and  gives  fuller  instruction  to 
I'rench  ,ind  ( ierman :  this  leafls  to  the  degree  of  bachelor  of  science. 
4.  C<inimerce — Embracing  the  sulijects  usualK-  taught  in  secondarx' 
schools,  accenting  the  modern  languages,  and  including  special  subjects 
in  economics,  science  anrl  business  technique.  3.  Pedagog\- — Designed 
for  those  who  wish  to  qualify  for  teaching.  In  the  sixty-fi\e  vears  since 
its  organization  the  Central  Hi.gb  School  has  admitted  nearlv  twenty 
thou.sand  students,  and  has  graduated  nearly  six  thousand.  Its  alumni 
are  to  be  found  in  e\ery  walk  of  life,  adorning  e\er\-  profession  and 
other  usefu.l  calling, and  loyal  to  the  public  school  system  which  gave  them 
an  adminable  training  for  life.  The  .\ssociated  Alumni  of  the  Central 
lli.gh  School  is  a'.i  influential  and  well-organized  bodv  of  uK^re  than  one 
thousand  members. 

The  West  Chester  State  Normal  School  is  worthy  of  mention  as 
being  a  line  t_\'pe  of  the  institutions  of  its  class.  It  is  an  outgrowth  of  the 
old  West  Chester  .Academy  of  181J.  which  had  ;i  long  and  successful 
career  but  e\entually  failed.    In  1869  the  academy  was  supersedetl  by  the 


236    co^^rE.\nll^l  oi  jiistor)'  .i.\n  (;/:.vyi. //.ccr 

Statf  Xi'iiiKiI  SoliiKil  fi'i"  llic  I'ir-it  histrict  nf  I'ciiiisvlvaiiia.  Icii  acres 
<<\  l;«ii<l  w.Tc  piircliasctl.  wlKTcon  the  first  sclnml  Imildins:  was  erected, 
and  the  fust  session  opened  in  1871.  with  ahnut  diio  Inindroil  and  tliirtx- 
puj)ils.  under  the  princijjalship  i>f  Prufes-^or  I'.zfkiel  II.  C'lHik.  In  iSjS 
Dr.  (1.  M.  I^Iiilips  came  tn  the  pi\nci])alsliip.  in  wiiicli  lie  has  ciju- 
tinned  to  tiie  jiresent  time. 

The  school  is  now  one  <>{  the  larpjcst  and  must  ]iiMinincni  iinrnial 
.sciiools  in  the  wh'ile  country.  Its  attendance  in  the  mirnial  (iei)artnK'nt 
reaches  nii^e  than  eiglit  liundrcd  students,  and.  with  iIk-  addition  nl  tiie 
model  school,  is  considerahly  mure  tlian  a  thousand. 

The  nrisfinal  main  liuildini;.  erected  in  1S70-71.  lias  grown  tn  tluee 
nr  four  times  its  original  ca|)acity.  and.  in  additicm.  a  gymnasium,  reci- 
tation hall.  mo<lel  school  huilding  and  lihrarx-  ha\c  hecn  erected  near  hy, 
while  a  jjrincipal's  house  ruid  an  infirmary  fur  the  care  of  the  sick  ha\'e 
also  been  added.  It  is  generally  admitted  that  they  are  the  finest  State 
Xornial  School  buildings  in  the  Ignited  States,  and  probably  in  the  world. 
The  original  ten  acres  ha\e  grown  to  almost  fifty  acres,  the  largest  addi- 
tion being  Wayne  Field,  which  includes  the  grounds  of  the  Chester 
County  Agricultural  .Society,  adjoining  the  original  school  grounds  on 
the  west.  This  was  bought  and  impro\ed  at  a  cost  of  more  than  thirty 
thousand  dollars,  making  it  one  of  the  most  complete  school  athletic 
.grounds  and  play  fields  to  l)e  found  anywhere.  .\n  enclosed  skating  park 
covers  two  acres.  The  whole  pro])erty  has  cost  nearly  >ix  hundred 
thousand  dollars  and  is  thoroughly  equipped  for  the  best  school  wdrk. 
The  school's  faculty  has  grown  until  it  numbers  thirty-three  members,  and 
is  widely  known  for  its  scholarship  and  efficiency.  The  school  has  had 
more  than  ten  thousand  students  and  about  sixteen  hundred  graduates. 
The  great  majority  of  these  have  been  teachers,  and  most  of  them  are 
still  teaching,  but  others  are  filling  important  positions  as  statesmen,  law- 


OF  THE  STATE  OP  PENNSYLVANIA.  "23^ 

vers,  physicians,  clergymen,  etc.  Tiiree  f>f  the  nther  State  Xormal 
Schools  of  Penns\l\ania  ha\e  drawn  their  principals  frdni  the  t'acult}- 
nf  the  West  Chester  Slate  Normal  School.  Many  n\  its  graduates  and 
former  students  are  college  professtns  and  counl\'  or  hornugh  sui)crin- 
tendents. 

.\ccording  to  the  census  (jf  lyuo.  the  \alue  of  pubhc  school  property 
in  Pennsylvania  was  .$50,000,000.  and  the  expense  of  maintaining  the 
schools  was  ^22,813.395.  The  total  numl>er  of  schools  was  29,046, 
with  an  average  of  847,445  pupils  in  attendance. 

THE    HIGTIEK   INSTITUTIOXS:   OF   I.E.AKNINc;. 

l'"roin  an  earl}'  day,  PennsyKania  has  f(iStered  an  abundance  of 
academical  institutions,  but  these  are  so  numercjus  and  so  distincti\ely 
local  that  thev  must  be  passed  over  in  this  narrative.  It  is  to  be  said, 
however,  tiiat  thev  ha\e  deeply  colored  the  intellectual  life  ol  the  com- 
monwealth, and  have  in  no  inconsiderable  degree  made  iiossible  the  higher 
institutions  of  learning.  J'hese  latter,  from  small  beginnings,  have 
c<;me  to  a  place  of  commanding  ini])ortance.  and  those  ot  lirst  rank  have 
made  notable  adxancement  in  the  past  quarter  of  a  ceutiu'y.  More  than 
thirty  in  numlx-r.  these  colleges  liave.  with  few  e.xceiUions,  made  a  most 
encouraging  growth  in  facull\-  numbers  and  character,  in  the  sc<ii)e  <if 
instruction,  in  laborator_\-  and  librar\-  methods,  and  in  the  \alue  oi 
a])i)aratus  and  other  facilities  for  instruction.  .\s  e\  idences.  it  may 
be  mentioned  that,  within  the  period  under  consideration,  the  L'niversity 
of  PennsyKania  has  become  a  ri\al  of  "S'ale  and  Harv.ard  in  that  it  has 
come  to  be  (jne  of  the  largest  educational  insiitiuions  in  the  land,  its 
attendance,  courses  of  study,  endowment  and  f;icnlt\  placing  it  among 
the  half  dozen  most  important  uni\ersilies  of  the  I "nited  States.  .\n 
almost  corresponding   adxancement   is   witnessed   in   \arious  colleges — 


238      COMPEM'll'M  Ol-   HISTORY  ASD  CliXli.lLUUY 

Washington  ami  K'O'crson,  Lafaxclli'.  the  Stale  College.  Leliigli  I'ni- 
versity,  the  Western  L  ni\er.--it\  ni  i'eiin<y]\aiiia.  and  others.  I-Ui-  these 
resnlts  sometiiing  is  ihie  to  the  protection  aiYor(le<l  ]>\  the  legislalnre. 
which  in  recent  years  has  discourageil  the  fonnding  of  in>titutions  upon 
insubstantialitx'.  tints  giving  an  adde<l  dignitv  to  snch  as  are  worthy 
of  support.  Conducive  to  tiie.se  ends  was  the  Act  of  iSt>3,  for  the 
incorjx>ration  of  institutions  of  learning,  with  ])ower  to  confer  degrees 
in  art.  science.  ])hiloso])hy.  literature,  medicine,  law  and  theology,  h'or 
the  sn|x'rvisio!i  and  regnlalion  of  sticli  institutions  the  act  createil  a 
board  styled  the  College  an<l  l'ni\ersitv  t Ounci!  consisting  of  twelve 
nienihers.  \iz  :  The  ( iovernor.  the  .\ttorne\  ( leneral.  the  .Su]K-rintendent 
of  Public  Instruction — these  ('.r  officio:  three  persons  selecteil  Ironi  among 
the  presiding  officers  of  undenominational  colleges  or  uni\ersities  in 
the  conmionwealtii.  and  three  ])erson>  holding  ofticial  relationshi])  to 
the  coninion  schools  of  the  state.  To  this  hoard  is  committed  the  ihity 
of  considering  the  applications  for  tlie  founding  of  new  colleges.  an<l 
without  its  approval  lume  such  can  Ik-  estahlislied.  I  liis  legislation  grew 
out  of  abuses  which  need  not  he  here  i).irticularized. 

Xo  history  of  the  higher  education  in  the  state  can  be  written  with- 
out taking  into  account  the  f.imous  "Log  College"  of  the  l\e\ .  William 
Tennent.  built  by  his  own  hands,  in  llie  h'orks  of  the  .\eshaminy.  in 
Ihtcks  county,  in  1-26.  This  was  a  log  building  .ibout  twenty  feef 
long,  and  scarcelx-  as  wide,  au<I  was  intended  to  be  "a  school  of  liberal 
learning  and  dixinity."  .\lr.  Tennent's  great  purpose  was  to  pre])arc 
young  men  for  the  ministry  of  the  rresbyterian  church,  and  he  ac- 
coniplished  .an  excellent  work,  sending  out  main  who  l)ecaine  dis- 
tinguished in  the  pulpit  and  school  room,  not  mily  in  I'ennsylvania.  but 
in  other  states.  The  primitive  schiw>l  was  \isited  b\  Ke\ .  ( ieorge  White- 
t'leld,  in  1739,  when  the  great  ])reacher  addressed  ".Lbout  three  lhi>usand 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  239 

jieuplc  gatlicred  tnoetlicr  in  iIk-  nieetinii-hntise  yard:  the  ]ilacc-  wherein 
the  _\'()ung'  men  study  is.  in  cimtenipt,  called  a  Cdllei^e,"  as  he  I'eniark!? 
ill  liis  diary. 

The  University  nf  Pennsylv.ania  had  its  ])rini;iry  orisajin  in  a  char- 
itable school  for  which,  as  also  tor  the  relis;i<»ns  meetings  of  the  Rev. 
(ieorge  W'hitelield.  citizens  of  I'hiladelphia  erected  a  Imilding  in  1740. 
]n  I74()  this  pro])crt\-  came  into  the  possession  of  an  association  which 
grew  out  of  a  ])amphlet  issued  hy  I'enjamin  h'rruiklin.  entitled  "I'ro- 
i;osals  Relative  to  the  lulncation  of  'N'outh  in  I'ennsylvania."  The 
academy  and  chai'itahle  school  which  resulted  ])ro\-ed  so  successful  that 
two  years  later  it  was  chartered  h\-  Thomas  and  Richard  I'enn.  then 
the  proprietaries,  as  the  Academy  and  Charitable  School  in  the  Province 
of  Rennsyh-ania.  L'nder  Re\'.  William  Smith  the  institution  grew  to 
collegiate  dimensions,  and  (June  16.  1755)  the  projorietaries  changed 
its  title  to  the  College.  Academy  and  Charitable  School  of  Philadel])hia. 
The  College  and  Acadenn-  were  closeh'  related,  the  same  teachers  serving 
in  each.  Fhere  were  three  college  classes — freshmen,  junior  and  senior 
— and  the  course  was  one  of  three  vears.  Ma\-  17.  1737.  at  the  first 
Commencement,  the  graduates  were  Paul  Jacks<in.  Jacob  Duche.  Francis 
1  lo])kinson.  Samuel  Magaw.  Hugh  Williamson.  James  l,.itta  and  James 
Morgan,  who  received  the  bachelor's  degree.  The  eminence  afterward 
.attained  by  these  voung  men  added  material! v  to  the  future  inlluence 
and  fame  of  the  inci])ient  college.  Tn  \j(^2  students  had  come  from 
other  colonies,  and  it  was  necessary  to  erect  another  building.  In  i  7^^) j 
the  students  numbered  nearl\-  four  hundred. 

Ihe  first  provost.  Dr.  William  Smith,  was  a  man  of  remarkable 
abilities  and  uncon(|ueral)!e  enthusiasm.  Imprisoned  b\-  the  legi.slature 
on  account  of  his  activit\'  in  ]>olitical  .atfairs.  he  recei\ed  his  classes  in 
the    j.ail.      llaxing  been   released   .alter  an   appeal  to  the  crown,   he   was 


440      COMPEXDIl'M  OF  HISTORY  AXD  GEXEALOGY 

received  in  F.iijjland  w  itli  distinsnislu'd  li.  hmt.  and  received  liis  divinity 
degree  fmni  tlie  University  of  Oxfi.rtl.  Later,  lie  visited  Kiigland  to 
priKure  an  endowment  tor  the  eoile;;e.  antl  liis  mission  was  ^ratifyiiitjlv 
successful.  [,atcr.  a  declaration  of  lil>eral  and  unseelarian  principles 
on  the  part  of  the  collej;e  aulhoritie-  was  resented  liv  the  legislatnic. 
which  abrogated  the  riirhts  and  jjroperiics  of  the  institution,  conlerrini; 
iheni  u|)on  a  new  boily,  the  trustees  of  the  I'nivcrsitv  of  Pennsylvania. 
The  old  college  maintained  its  organixatiou  and  coniinued  its  schools, 
but  lost  its  properly,  while  the  new  university  organized  its  faculties 
in  arts  and  metlicine.  The  two  in.-.litutioiis  each  struggled  on.  and 
botii  with  indifferent  success.  In  ijwi  the  rivalry  was  ended  hv  the 
union  of  the  two  schools,  each  contrihuting  one  h.ilf  the  meml)ers  of  a 
new  Ixiard  which  was  incorixir.ited  under  the  title  of  the  irustees  of 
the  L'liiv  ersily  of  I'ennsx  Iv  ania.  1  !ie  faculties  were  taken,  as  nearly 
as  Could  he.  e(|ually  from  their  predecessors,  hut  1  )r.  .Sniiih  was  set  aside 
on  a  i)ension,  and  Dr.  |ohn  h.vving  was  elected  jirovost.  In  iXoo  the 
I'niversitv  U night  sjwcious  buildings  and  grounds  at  a  cost  of  about 
S40.000.  In  iSio  the  college  course  was  extended  to  four  vc;us.  and 
the  soplioniore  class  was  created:  in  1S7-'  a  Scientific  .School  was  oi)ened 
(embracing  courses  in  arciiiteciure.  science  ;in<l  tix-hiiology.  mechanical. 
electrical  and  civil  engineering,  chemistrv.  chemical  engineering  and 
teacher.s"  ct)urses).  eiulowed  bv  jolin  11.  i'civvne;  in  iSSi  the  Wharton 
Sclu)ol  of  Finance  and  I'A'onomv  was  fouiuled  bv  |osc-i)li  Wharton,  am! 
in  J  884  Dr.  Horace  javiie  created  the  Department  of  Uiology.  I'liese 
schools  necessitated  the  grouj)iiig  of  all  together  as  a  college,  governed 
by  an  academic  council,  and  under  a  single  dean.  In  iSi^j  ( ieiieral  Isaac 
J.  W'istar  erected,  a  splendid  building  for  the  W  istar  .and  ilorner 
museums,  of  which  his  .nicestor.  Professor  Caspar  W  istar.  was  the 
founder,     .\nothcr  import.int    feature  of  the  university   is   the  Museum 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  FEXXSYLl'AXIA.  241 

of  Archaeology  and  I'aleniUiilDiiw  willi  its  cullectinns  nf  priceless  value. 
embraciiiL;  the  entire  field  nf  Assyrian.  l'".g\])tian  and  American  anti(|- 
uities.  In  iS(j5-y6  an  expedition  from  this  department  discii\ered  the 
ancient  cit\'  nt  Xippnr.  which  is  believed  tn  antedate  Balivlon  by 
lIiDUsands  of  years.  The  excellent  uni\ei'sit\'  libi'ar\-  of  joo.ooo  \-(ilunies. 
with  as  nianv  more  nnbonnd  volumes  and  pamphlets,  h.ad  its  beginning,'' 
in  gifts  by  King  I.ouis  X\  I  of  I'rance.  b\-  tlie  lirst  prcixust  of  the  in- 
stitution, and  b\'  friends  both  home  and  abroad.  The  Law  and  Medical 
dei)artments  are  written  u\  upon  other  pages  of  tliis  work. 

The  real  |)r(i])ert\-  of  the  L'niversitv  of  I'ennsx  Kania  amounts  \\\ 
value  to  upwards  of  three  and  a  half  million  dollars,  and  the  productive 
funds  nearly  ap])roacb  the  same  sum.  The  latest  accessible  statistics 
ga\e  the  number  of  instructors  at  2(-^.  and  of  students  at  ^.475. 

The  Western  L'ni\ersit\'  of  I'ennsxlvania.  at  l'ittsbiu"g.  is  notable 
as  Ijeing  with  one  exce]_ition  (the  l'ni\ersit\"  of  Xaslnille.  Tennessee), 
the  oldest  institution  of  learning  in  the  I'nited  States,  west  of  the  -\p- 
]/alachian  mountani  iTuiges.  It  was  incorporated  l"el>ruar\-  _>(S,  1 7S7. 
through  the  effort  of  Hon.  Hugh  Henry  llrackenridge.  The  first  build- 
ing site  was  a  gift  from  the  I'enn  familv  of  Philadeljjhia.  In  the  same 
year  the  legislature  made  a  donation  of  five  thousand  acres  of  land  for 
endowment  purpo.^es.  The  hrst  Principal  of  the  .\cadem\-  was  (ieorge 
Welch,  .\mong  his  successois  was  the  Kew  Joseijh  Stockton  I  iSio- 
iSi(j).  and  will)  is  best  known  as  the  author  of  the  "Western  Calcu- 
lator" and  the  "Western  Spelling  Rook."  two  of  the  earliest  school 
books  printed  west  of  the  mountains,  and  which  in  their  da\-  x'ied  in 
po])u]arity  with  the  "Xew  l-'ngland  Primer."  In  uSk;  the  Legislature 
passed  an  act  nicorporating  llie  Western  L'ni\ersitv  of  Pennsylvania, 
and  .authorizing  its  tnrsiees  to  take  in  charge  the  jjrojierty  of  the  Pitts- 
burg .\cademv  and  to  exercise  the   ftuiclions  of  a  uni\ersitv.     The  act 


24:i      CUMI'EMJnM  UF  HISTORY  AM)  GESllALOGY 

also  granted  forty  aiTcs  ul'  laiul.  hut  tliis  gift  was  held  as  invahd  l)y  tlic 
Supreme  Court,  and  the  Legislature  made  good  its  henexnleni  iiiteiiiioiis 
hy  an  appropriation  of  $2,400  aniuially  for  five  years.  The  lirsi  I'acuity 
niuier  the  I'niversity  organization  was:  l\e\ .  Roheri  Ihuie.  Principal, 
Professor  of  Xatural  Philosophy.  Chemistry.  Mathematics,  etc.;  Ke\ . 
John  lilack.  Professor  Ancient  Languages  an<l  Classical  Literature: 
Ke\ .  l^lisha  P.  Swift.  Professor  of  Moral  Science  and  (ieneral  h"\  idences 
of  Christianity:  Josej)!)  .Mcl^lroy.  I'rofessor  of  Rhetoric  and  l>elles  Let- 
trcs:  Rev.  Ciiarles  B.  Maguire.  Professor  of  Modern  Languages  and 
I'niversal  (iramniar.  At  the  lirsi  commencement,  in  iS-',v  were  gradu- 
ated 'I'homas  (iuthrie.  Alexander  Lcjgan  and  Samuel  h'erguson.  all  of 
whom  hecame  eminent  clergymen. 

In  ii*^,?*)  was  huilt  a  new  college  edifice  u])oii  the  site  of  the  old 
academy  at  the  corner  of  Third  street  and  C  herry  .alley.  This  was  then 
the  largest  and  tincsl  edifice  in  the  citv.  and  was  occupied  mitil  its  de- 
struction dining  the  great  fire  of  1845.  which  almost  ohhter.-ited  the 
i'ittsbnrg  of  that  day.  Rew  Robert  I'luce,  I).  1)..  was  Principal  from 
1S19  to  1S35.  and  from  1S3')  to  icS4^.  the  Re\ .  (iolhert  Morgan  serving 
(hiring  his  one  year  intermission.  In  1843  '^^^-  llem.in  Dyer.  1).  I).. 
came  to  the  headship  of  tlie  institution.  In  1X4^)  another  huilding  was 
erected  on  Duquesne  W'av.  fhis  was  hurned  down  in  i84(j.  ,ind  in- 
struction was  suspended  until  1835.  when  a  new  huilding  at  the  corner 
of  Ross  and  Hiamon  streets  was  occu])ied.  In  1856  Re\ .  |ohn  1-.  .Mc- 
Laren. I).  I).,  hecame  Principal,  and  he  held  the  position  until  183S. 
when  he  resigned,  and  was  succeeded  h\  (ieorge  Woods.  LL.  I).,  who 
was  the  first  t(j  figure  as  President,  a  designation  which  was  changed 
to  that  of  Chancellor  h\  an  act  of  Assembly.  It  was  during  the  admin- 
istration of  President  Woods  (1838-1880).  that  the  Western  I'niversity 
made  its  most  marked  development.      In    i8f)i    .in   earnest   appeal    was 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PEXXSVf.I'AXIA. 


■243 


made  to  the  |)eo])Ie  nf  I'itlsliurt^-.  and  anmnii-  tlie  Inst  to  res])<)nd  was 
William  Tliaw.  who  contrihuted  $300,000  towaixl  the  endowment  of 
a.  chair  oi  natnral  science,  this  heint;-  the  hei^innini;'  of  a  long  series  of 
Ins  henetactions,  without  which  the  in^litntion  conld  not  have  arrived 
at  its  present  di^nitx'  and  iinjK  stance.  In  \>«>^  tlie  ])ro|)ertv  and  eiiuipment 
of  Allegheny  ()hser\ator\-  were  transferred  to  the  nni\ersitv.  Suljse- 
(|iiently.  .Sanuiel  1'.  I.anglex'  was  made  Professor  of  Asti'ononu'.  and  his 
labors,  nia<le  et'fective  throngh  the  warm  s\inpath\-  and  generons  aid  of 
.\li'.  lliaw.  led  to  a  series  of  lirilliant  aslron(  inncal  discoveries  which 
.■■■hed  Instre  u])on  the  instilntion  and  its  accomplished  head.  In  1S9I 
I'rofessor  I.angle\  resigned  to  hecome  the  Secretary  of  the  Smith- 
sonian   Institnte  at    Washington   Cit\'. 

l-'ollow  ing  the  resign.atioii  of  Dr.  Woods  in  1  S(So.  Rev.  Henry  M. 
.MacL'racken  was  called  to  the  Chancellorship.  During  his  administration 
the  uni\ersit\'  ])ropert\-  was  sold,  and  rented  huildings  were  occu])ied 
nntil  the  erection  of  the  new  edihces  on  ( )hservatory  Hill.  '1  his  last 
work  was  accomplished  under  the  I'hancellorsliip  of  Dr.  Milton  1!.  Goff. 
who  did  not.  howe\er,  li\e  to  witness  the  occu])ation  of  the  new  halls 
of  learning.  In  i!S<;i  Rev.  W.  j.  l[ollanil.  D.  D..  became  Chancellor, 
and  his  service  continued  until  ic)<.)o.  .\l  the  time  of  his  accession  to 
otfice  the  institution  com])ri,sed  onl\  the  Collegiate  Department  and  the 
(^hservat(ir\-.  and  only  seventy-five  students  attended.  The  Collegiate 
and  I'jigineering  Departments  were^  separated,  and  additional  instructors 
were  a])pointed  to  the  last  named.  In  iS()_'  the  Western  1 'ennsylvania 
Medical  College  became  the  .Medical  Department  of  the  L'niversity. 
and  in  iS(;5  the  Law  De]iartnient  was  founded.  In  the  same  year  the 
Western  rennsylvauia  School  of  .Mines  and  .Mimng  luigineering  was 
established  as  a  department  of  the  Cuiversity.  with  the  aid  of  a  grant 
of  $50,000  bv  the  Legislature  an(l  a   like  amount   contributed  bv    indi- 


ftU      COMPE.XDILM  Ul'  IIISTORV  .l.\D  GLMi.lLOGV 

\iduals.  .\t  tlic  snnie  time  tlic  uiii\crsily  was  opened  X<>  tlie  admission 
nt  women.  In  189O  the  I'iltsburg  College  of  riKirniac\  "was  united  witli 
the  institution,  and  a  dei)ailnient  of  Dental  Surgery  was  established,  in 
lyoo  was  Iai<l  the  eornerstone  of  the  new  (~)l)servatory.  which  was  com- 
pleted the  following  vear.  This  has  become  second  in  Us  aiipoinunents 
to  no  other  in  the  country,  and  has  l)een  aptly  styled  b\  one  of  the  nio>t 
eminent  of  living  astronomers  as  "the  cradle  of  tin.-  new  asiroui'my." 
Here  was  invented  the  bolometer,  an  e\(iuisilely  sensitive  nistrumenl 
lor  determining  the  temjierature  of  the  sun.  moon  and  stars:  here  some 
of  the  most  eminent  astronomers  of  tlie  age  carried  on  their  industrious 
investigation.s — Professor  Langlev .  in  his  researches  with  reference  to 
the  photosphere  of  the  sun.  and  Professor  Keeler  in  his  demnnslratiou 
that  the  rings  of  Saturn  are  comjxised  of  a  swarm  of  meteorites  revolving 
alxiut  the  planet;  here  was  inaugurated  the  standard  time  system  for 
railway  use.  and.  in  a  kindred  sc1uk)1  in  the  same  instilutioii.  Professor 
('ie<irge  1'.  Barker,  with  crude  eipiipments.  generated  in  the  lalMiralory 
the  first  incandescent  electric  light  in  I^ennsyKania.  The  Ixxly  of  liteia- 
ture  which  represents  the  lal)ors  of  the  I'lofcssors  and  Alunnii  of  ilie 
University  is  considerable,  and  graduates  of  the  institution  are  to  be 
found  occu])ving  high  ])laces  in  scientific,  professional  and  industrial 
circles  throughout  the  country. 

The  property  of  the  l_'ui\ersity— real  estate.  e<|nipments  and  en- 
dowments— amounts  in  \alue  to  about  one  million  dollars.  The  annual 
attendance  of  students  in  the  \arious  sch.ools  is  aboiu  one  thousand. 

Lafayette  College,  at  Maston.  was  the  outcome  of  a  mo\emeut  on 
the  part  of  the  citizens  of  that  place,  at  a  meeting  on  iJecember  Jj.  1824. 
liut  eight  \ears  were  to  elai)se  l)efore  their  ])lans  were  carried  to  con- 
summation. Difiiculty  was  e.\]jerienced  in  finding  a  suitable  head  for 
the  pnr>|Kised   institution,      lie  was  at   last    found   in   the  ])erson  of    Kev. 


()/•"  THE  STATU  ()!■■  I'liSSSVLWlSLl.  245 

George  jtiukin.  a  man  ni  extraordinary  jxiwers.  iint  (nilv  nf  niind.  l)Ut 
of  lieart  and  sonl,  one  who  had  lono-  liecn  interested  in  educational  work. 
especially  dc\()ted  tn  aidinj;;-  ])oor  hoys  to  educational  means,  and  who 
was  at  this  time  cotiducting-  a  manual  lahor  school  at  (jermantown. 
Chosen  to  the  ])vesidency  of  what  was  tn  he  known  as  Lafayette  Col- 
lege, and  nf  winch  he  is  justly  regarded  ;is  the  founder,  he  ga\-e  himself 
unstintingly  to  the  arduous  task  of  reconciling  man\-  different  views 
as  to  the  sco]ic  and  jjurjiose  of  the  ])ro|)ose(l  school,  of  estahlishing  its 
educalion.al  policy,  and  of  securing  the  necessary  means  at  a  time  when 
money  was  scarce  and  jiuhlic  henefactors  were  ])itifull\'  few.  Chartered 
on  .March  9.  iS^6.  the  first  college  class  was  not  assemhled  until  Mav 
9  183-',  in  temporary  r(^oms.  There  were  fortv-three  students  present 
at  the  o]iening.  and  this  numher  was  increased  to  sixtv-se\'en  during 
t!ie  year.  The  first  annual  report  set  forth  that  the  College  "is  a  moral 
and  religious.  ,-i  literary  aud  scientific,  an  agricultural  and  mechanical 
institution. "  Xo  religious  sect  was  to  he  favored,  and  the  ]iri\-ileges 
ot  the  institution  were  to  he  accorded  to  .all.  "without  distinction  of 
religious  party."  and  these  coiulitions  govern  to  the  present  day. 

Dr.  Junkin  hattled  with  the  difficulties  which  were  inevitahle.  with 
unsm'passahle  devotion,  courage  and  sagacit\-.  Tn  1841  he  resigned  to 
hecome  I'resideni  of  Afiami  l'ni\ersity.  from  which  he  returned  three 
_\ears  later,  and.  ;iftcr  again  serx'ing  as  President  for  se\-en  years,  was 
called  to  the  presidenc)-  of  \\'ashingtoti  (now  Washington  and  Lee)  Col- 
lege. \irginia.  It  having  hecome  oh\-ious  that  local  support  was  insuf- 
ficient for  the  maintenance  of  the  College,  in  1850  it  was  placed  under 
the  care  of  the  rreshyterian  cluu-ch,  'i"he  Ci^il  war  period  brought  tlie 
school  to  desperate  straits,  and  there  was  such  a  depletion  of  students 
and  means  that  the  trustees  seriously  considered  the  ad\'isal)ility  of 
closing   the   school.      This    untoward   climax    was   only    a\'oided    bv    the 


ii4.;     coMi'HMurM  OF  iiisTOKY  .ixp  ci-xn.ii.oc;)' 

gencmsitv  of  tlic  I'nitessdrs.  wlm  \iilumcerc-il  tn  servt-  witliMut  ioL;ul:ir 
salarv.  Tlie  iiicn  whu  lluis  iiiaiittaiiu'd  the  t'iille,L;c  ilnriiit;  its  darkest 
(lays  were  among  its  most  distingnislied  ornaim-iUs-  -rnifcsscns  James 
11.  Cot'tiii,  l-'raiicis  A.  Mavcli.  lames  K.  lu-kavd  aixl  l.ymaii  Coleman. 
I\ev.  William  I'.  C'attell.  then  pastor  of  the  Second  I'reshyterian  cluirih 
at  1  larrislnirg.  liecame  president,  and  dming  his  long  term  of  twentv 
}ears.  which  ended  \\ith  his  resignation,  he  performed  services  nl  \u<<n- 
iimental  usefnlness.  In  rapid  snccession.  hnildiiig  alter  lunlding  arnso. 
Ihc  e.\tra<ir<iin;n"\-  heantx'  of  the  site  was  developed,  and  an  ahle  faculty 
was  organized,  .\mong  tlie  generons  friends  whom  he  called  lo  his 
aid  was  Ario  Pardee,  of  Hazleton.  wlio  reali/ed  the  <lre.'nns  nf  the 
College  founders  in  a  splendidly  cfpiipped  Scientilic  1  )e|)artment.  Cnder 
the  administration  of  President  Catlell  tlie  original  hndiling  \\;i->  en- 
larged hy  the  addition  of  two  wings,  with  I'.irdee  1  lall.  the  jeiiks  Lab- 
oratory. t!ie  Obscrxatorv.  the  ( lymnasinm  ;m<l  six  donnitoiv  Imildings: 
the  r.lair.  Chamherlain.  1  h  illcnhack.  .\damson  and  .Markle  I'lofessor- 
ships  were  endowed:  and  such  men  as  Hrs.  Tr.aill  ( ireen.  I'r.'incis  .\. 
.March.  Thomas  (.  .  I'orter.  James  11.  ColVin.  L\inan  Coleman.  Charles- 
lilliott.  .\.  .\.  Bloomhergh.  k.  W.  \'Mnngmaii.  J.  W.  .Moore.  J.  J. 
'lardy.  W.  P..  Owen.  I'.dwaiil  1  l.nt  .ind  J.  .M.  .Silliman.  were  either 
retained  in  its  service  or  brought  into  its  service.  President  C'attell 
found  Lafayette  College  a  sm.'ill  and  we.ak  institution,  and  he  bmlt  it 
np  to  its  present  high  estate  .'is  one  of  the  mn-.i  useful  .'ind  progressive 
colleges  in  tiie  country. 

In  |88_^  was  called  to  the  presidency  Rev.  James  II.  .M.ismu  Kno\-. 
who  was  succeeded  in  iS(;i  by  the  preseiU  incuiubeiu.  Pthelbert  1). 
Wartield.  LL.  I).,  then  President  of  Miami  Cuiversitv.  In  the  period 
which  has  followed  his  installation,  the  College  b.is  m.ule  subst.inti.d 
growth    in   all   departments.      The   material     aildiiions     have   been    two 


O/-  THE  STATE  OE  PE\  XSV  TEAS  I  A.  247 

beautiful  (loiniit.iries — Fa_\er\\eatlier  llall  aiul  Kuox  Ilall:  the  \'an- 
W'ickle  Memorial  Lil)rarv,  and  the  (iaxle}'  Laboratory  of  Chemistry 
and  Afetallurjj}'.  Three  new  Imiiies  fur  Professors  were  also  erected, 
and  tlie  (  in  all )  thirty-three  liuildings  were  htted  with  all  necessary 
nvi'lern  cnn\  eniences.  The  value  nf  grounds  and  buildings  is  estimated 
at  one  and  a  quarter  milhim  dollars.  The  courses  of  study  have  been 
greath'  enlarged  and  now  comprise  the  following:  Classical,  Latin  and 
General  Scientific.  Ci\il.  I'dectrical  and  Mining  Engineering  and 
Chemical.  Special  preparator_\-  instruction  is  afiforfled  to  those  who 
expect  to  enter  u])fin  a  course  of  medical  stu.dy.  The  Faculty  numliers 
upwards  of  thirtx',  and  the  annual  stu.d.ent  riill  contains  about  four  hun- 
dred names.  Tt  is  to  be  aflded-  that,  withmit  encroaching  at  all  upon 
its  instructional  work,  nrach  attention  is  g!\-en  to  physical  training, 
under  the  charge  of  two  regular  physicians,  one  having  charge  of  the 
gymnasium,  aufl  the  other  of  out-door  sports.  The  great  success  of 
Lafayette  teams  in  all  departments  of  athletics  has  doubtless  been  due 
to  the  wise  o\-ersight  exercised  by  these  competent  anrl  successful 
directors. 

Lehigh  University,  at  South  Pethleliem,  chartered  in  iS^A.  is  the 
product  of  the  munilicent  lilierality  and  public  spirit  of  Hon.  .\sa  Packer, 
of  Mauch  Chunk,  a  man  of  large  affairs,  who.  himself  without  a  college 
training,  wa>  desirous  of  affording  to  the  youth  of  his  region  oppor- 
tunities such  as  had  been  denied  to  him.  .\ccordingly,  in  1863,  he  set 
aside  for  the  establishment  of  the  jiroixiscd  institution  fifty-six  acres  of 
land  in  South  Bethlehem,  and  a  sum  of  ,'^500.000 — a  gift,  it  is  believed, 
the  largest  e\'er  gi\'en  for  such  a  i^urpose  up  to  that  time.  In  atldition, 
Charles  P>rodhead.  of  P>ethlehem.  made  a  further  gift  of  se\'en  acres 
adjacent  to  the  Packer  ]iroperty.  .September  i.  1866.  two  classes  of 
students  numbering  forty  assembled  under  the  presidency  of  Professor 


i'4.s     coMPiixnn'M  oi-  iiisroh')'  .ixn  ghxi-.i/ahiv 

Ilemy  Coppee.  l.I,.  I)..  ;i  West  I'oiiit  sjiadiiatc.  and  aftciwanls  a  It-aiher 
there  and  at  tlie  l'iii\ersit\"  f>f  Pennsylvania,  and  wlin  liad  seen  ser\  ice 
in  the  Mexican  war.  Tlie  lectnres  and  reeitations  were  held  in  Christ- 
mas llall.  an  uld  .\inra\ian  ciuneh  hnildinjr  nn  the  L'niversity  5411  mnds. 
until  tlie  ereetion  of  the  first  L  ni\crsity  Imildint;.  In  iSf)S  an  .Xstrnniini- 
ical  Observatory  was  provided  hy  Rohcrt  11.  ."^ayre:  this  was  snitahly 
ef|iiipi«;d  ancl  here  Professor  Doolittle.  afterwards  of  the  l"ni\ersit\  of 
Pennsylvania,  made  the  observations  which  brMUL;ht  him  widesjiread 
fame,  in  iSjh.  Kew  John  .McDowell  I,ea\itt.  1).  1)..  succeeded  Pro- 
fessor Coppee.  rcsijjned.  In  1S75  JndLje  l';icl<er  .idded  lift\-tw(i  .aci'cs 
to  the  Cniversity  tract,  increasing;  it  to  one  hundred  ;ind  tltteen  acres. 
and  also  erected  a  fine  library  bnildini;  ,it  a  cost  of  $100,000.  This 
])ro\ed  to  be  his  last  ])ersonal  midertakini;'  in  connection  with  the  insti- 
tution, his  death  occurring;  May  10.  iS7<).  after  a  life  of  highest  <levo- 
tion  to  the  advancement  of  learning;.  I-ehi^h  Cniversitv  owing  its  exist- 
ence entirely  to  his  efforts.  P>y  the  provisions  of  his  will  he  left  a  ])er- 
manent  endowment  of  Si. 300. 000  for  general  ni;iiiitenance.  ,ind  ailded 
S400.000  to  his  ])revious  gift  of  Sicio.oot)  for  libiai-\-  ])ur])oses.  thereby 
increasing  that  special  endowment  to  a  half  million  dollars,  and  increas- 
ing the  totrd  of  liis  universit}  benefactions  ( l.uid  included  )  to  the  gigantic 
sum  of  three  millions  of  dollars. 

In  1S79  Dr.  Leavitt  resigned  the  presidcncv.  ;m<l  was  succeeded  b\' 
Robert  .\.  Lanil)erton.  LL.  D..  a  prominent  law\cr  of  llarrisbing.  and 
from  1871  to  that  time  a  membtr  of  the  board  of  trustees.  During  the 
presidency  of  Dr.  Lamberton  of  thirteen  years  the  em-ollment  was  in- 
creasetl  from  87  to  ^Ckj,  and  the  course  of  instruction  \\;is  bro,i(U-ncd 
greatlv.  .\lso  lunler  him  was  erected  a  large  laboratorv.  one  of  tlie  most 
completely  e(|uip))ed  in  the  Lnited  States,  for  general.  (|u.ililalive.  (|uanti- 
tative.  organic,   industrial  and    sanitary   chemistry,    for  gas   ami   water 


0/-    TUB  Sr.lTL  ()!■   PlLWSyi.r.-lX/A.  249 

analysis,  for  ore  :issa)ing,  aii<l  fur  ^^eneral  and  s])ecial  metal Inrgi'ical  and 
mineral()S"i(--aI  wnrk.  In  18S7  Mrs.  Mar\-  I'acker  Cnnmiinjjs  erected,  as 
a  menmrial  In  lier  fatlier.  Ind^^e  I'acker.  tlie  I'acker  .Menidrial  Clmrcli. 
wliicli,  witli  its  Mi])erl)  oryan  rnd  IjcaulituI  deci  iratii  ms.  is  (jne  of  the 
n(il)lest  and  cnstliest  clnn'clies  in  tlie  state. 

Dr.  Laniiiei'ti  m  die<i  in  iXo^.  and  Dr.  Copjx-e.  senior  I'rofessor.  ad- 
ministered tile  affairs  of  ilic  I'liixersitv  nntil  the  election  c)f  Tlionias  iSfes- 
singer  Drown.  l.L.  D.  Dr.  Drown  came  to  the  institntion  one  ol  tlie 
most  tliorougiih'  etiuipped  instructors  in  the  country.  He  was  a  graduate 
of  the  Philadelphia  I'entral  High  Schocjl  and  of  the  Medical  Department 
of  the  Universitx'  of  PennsyKania.  and  later  studied  at  ^'ale.  Harxard, 
Freiburg',  Heidelberg  and  Paris.  His  instructional  w^rk  included  labors 
at  Harvard  and  Lafayette,  and  at  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Tech- 
nokigy,  where  lie  was  in  charge  of  the  ('liemical  l)e]iartment  when  he  was 
called  to  Lehigh.  L'nder  him  the  Physical  Lalniratory  (Inirned  in  .\])ril. 
IQOO),  was  rejilaced  and  equipped  with  ajtparatus  of  the  most  .advanced 
type  for  instruction  in  physics  and  electrical  engineering.  In  the  same 
_\ear  was  instituted  a  four  \ears'  course  in  geology,  especially  adapted  to 
the  needs  of  teachers  and  those  desirous  of  undertaking  ])ractical  geo- 
logical survexiug.  and  Professor  E.  II.  Williams  provided  for  the  pur- 
poses of  this  deiiartment  a  fully  e(piipped  geological  laboratory.  The 
work  in  mechanical  engineering  was  strengthened  by  ojitional  studies 
in  marine  engineering,  and  the  cixil  engineering  department  bv  a  special 
labor.itory  for  tests  of  strength,  of  materials  for  building  and  general 
construction  :  in  the  last  named,  tests  are  made,  free  of  charge.  b\-  a  mem- 
ber of  the  teaching  corjis.  for  municipalities  in  the  state  of  PennsyKania 
not  possessing  ])ri\ate  testing  la.lioratories. 

The  L'ni\ersit\-  Park  contains  thirteen  buildings,  but  no  dinrmitories, 
the  students  being  boarded  and. lodged  at  i)ri\-ate  residence^  or  in  the  fra- 


250      COMrRXnilM  Ol-   IIISTORV  .IXP  GENEALOGY 

ti-inii\  liiinsos  ;il  IkMlileliciii  .iinl  South  lUiliklicin.  Siiiii.'  llic  I'dunding 
(if  ilic  iiiii\ci>il\ .  mure  tliau  twclxe  luimlrcd  ■<tii(li'ins  li;i\c  lioeii  grad- 
iiateil.  aiul  iiearlx'  as  many  mc:rc  lia\e  taUen  partial  cmirscs.  I.cliiyli 
I'niversity  has  never  conferred  lionmaty  degrees. 

'I'lie  Pennsylvania  State  dllege.  in  Centre  cnunty.  tDunded  in  1S55, 
was  tile  nntconie  of  a  long-cherished  ])lan  nf  nien  wlm  were  solicitous 
that  the  agricultural  su])remacy  ol'  I'enusyKauia  should  he  maintained. 
Their  animus  is  not  to  he  ])ro])erly  apjireciated  unless  we  recall  the  fad 
that  at  tiiis  time,  with  the  exception  ol'  the  Kensselaer  rolytechnic  insti- 
tute of  \e\v  ^'orl<.  there  was  not  a  single  college  offering  a  coiusc  of 
instruction  in  science  as  such.  In  the  present  day.  when  so  many  new  in- 
dustries have  grown  u]).  it  seems  strange  to  think  that  ])ractic;iJly  the 
first  teachings  of  science  should  he  ap])licd  to  agriculture.  It  was  not. 
liowe\er.  until  1S59  that  the  first  small  Iniilding  of  the  I'armers"  liigh 
School  ( as  it  was  first  designated  ) .  was  o])ened  fi  ir  the  reception  of  a  diss 
of  one  hundred.  In  the  second  year,  the  first  President.  \)r.  f''\aii  Pugh. 
took  his  seat.  He  was  an  enthusiast  in  the  cause,  hut  .111  intelligent  one. 
for  he  came  fresh  from  attendance  at  the  leading  European  universities 
anil  industrial  schools,  .and  from  immediate  contact  with  men  of  higli 
scientific  attainments  and  purposes  akin  to  liis  own.  lie  died  all  too 
soon  (in  iK(')3).  hut  he  left  a  permanent  impression  upon  the  institution 
whose  future  he  had  comprehensi\cl\-  ])laiiiied.  and  he  witnessed,  in  the 
year  before  his  death,  the  first  governmental  recognition  of  scientific  edu- 
cation in  the  passage  of  the  Morrill  .\ct  of  1862.  and  the  dignifying  of 
his  school  hy  its  new  ajipellation  of  the  .Vgricultur.al  College  of  Penn- 
sylvania. 

Tiie  early  years  of  the  college  were  years  of  hard  struggle  and  dis- 
couragements, hut  gradually  tiie  institution  huilt  u])  a  maiiurd  lahor  sys- 
tem which  naturally  led  up  to  laboratory   work,  thus  fulfilling  the  de- 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PEXXSYLrAMA.  251 

sire  of  tlie  imindtrs.  in  wliicli  were  adfled  courses  in  ancieiU  and  modern 
languages,  social  ecrmnmy.  commercial  law.  civil  engineering,  natural 
liistiir\-,  etc.  and  after  a  time  young  wnmen  were  admitted  u])nn  the  same 
terms  as  ynung  men.  At  the  time  nf  this  writing  (  1903)  the  ciuTicula 
ciimjirise  fnm'  general  cmirses — Classical.  ( ieneral  Science.  Philosopliv 
and  Latin-Scientific:  nine  technical  com'ses — Agriculture.  Biolog\',  Chem- 
istr\'.  Ci\il  i-".ngineering.  h.lectrical  Engineering,  .Mathematics.  Mechan- 
ical Engineering.  Mining  Engineering,  and  Phvsics ;  tn  which  are  added 
short  courses  in  .\griculture.  Chemistry.  Mining  and  Elementary  Me- 
chanics. The  College  1)U!ldings  arc  the  main  building,  a  part  of  which 
was  o])ened  t(i  students  in  1S59:  the  engineering  l)uilding  (  with  a  l)oiler 
liiiuseand  dynamn  rnom  attached  |.  from  which  heat  anrl  light  are  snp])lied 
t(i  all  the  ]nililic  huildings.  which,  is  one  of  the  finest  huildings  of  its  kind 
in  the  L'nited  .States,  at  present  nxercrnwded  with  the  four  de]iartments  of 
civil,  electrical,  mechanical  and  mining  engineering:  the  arniorv.  which 
is  also  used  as  a  gvmnasium  :  the  botanical  and  horticultural  building, 
with  the  necessary  conser\atorv  and  green  houses:  the  chemical  and 
physical  building,  in  which  these  two  dejiartments  are  combined  under 
one  roof:  the  cottage  for  young  women,  the  offices  and  laboratories  of 
the  .\gricultural  Experiment  .Station  (established  in  1887).  and  thirteen 
residences  for  the  president  and  jirofes.sors.  In  addition  to  these  are  the 
residences  of  the  superintendent  of  groiuids  and  buildings,  with  fom' 
cottages  tor  workmen,  and  with  bariis.  sheds,  tool  houses,  etc..  on  each  of 
the  two  tarms.  Tlu'  e(|uipment  of  all  the  technical  departments  is  of 
the  best  kind  and  snfhcient  for  e\ery  ordinar\-  jinrpose  of  instrncti(on. 
while  some  are  among  the  \er\-  best  of  their  kind  in  the  I'niterl  States. 
The  value  of  the  college  i)roperty  is  $i.3()j,ooo.  a  ])an  of  which  is  repre- 
sented by  the  land  grant  aid  atYorrled  by  the  proceeds  of  public  land  sales 
under  congressi(jnal  legislation,  and  the  state  has  made  an  average  annual 


2f>2      COMPIiXnil'M  01'  IIISI\>R)'  .IXP  aEXE.U.OGV 

appiiipriatini)  ofalxuU  Sij.ooo  fcr  ImiUliuf^s.  C(|uiiini<.'iil  .-md  m.iinlfiiaiicc. 
The  la^t  ii'iiiMt  j;a\c  tlic  iuinil>ei"  i>i'  instructors  as  4,^  and  (if  students 
as  39-'. 

'I'lic  Pennsylvania  Military  College  at  Chester.  faMirahly  known 
thnuighout  the  United  Slates,  is  the  direct  successor  ai  tlie  hoarding' 
sclidol  opened  at  Wilmington,  nelaw.ire.  hy  Jolm  lUillock.  in  iSji.  Me 
ciinducted  it  witli  mticli  success  nntii  iii>  dealli.  in  1S47.  wlun  it  passed 
into  the  charge  of  Samuel  .\lsop.  wlio  in  1853  transferred  it  to  Theodore 
Hvatt.  In  1856  a  military  dep.aitment  was  organized  under  the  direction 
of  Lieutenant  Jefferson  11.  .\ones.  an  e.\-officer  of  tlie  I'nited  States 
arnn.  liie  institution  now  took  tlie  name  of  Delaware  Military 
-Xcademv.  and  the  state  furnished  it  with  twi  lield-pieces  .and  .arms  for 
the  cadet  Cfirps.  while  the  Ciovernor  appointed  i'rinci]),il  llvalt  to  the 
position  of  colonel  and  aide  de-camp  on  his  staff,  increased  facilities 
having  become  necessary,  the  institution  was  removed  to  West  Chester, 
Pennsylvania,  and  the  tirst  session  there  was  opened  September  4.  1862, 
nntler  the  corporate  title  of  the  Pennsx  K.niia  Military  Academy.  In 
18(15  remo\al  was  made  to  Chester,  where  rented  i>uildings  were  oc<:u- 
pied  until  1868.  when  a  suitable  edifice  was  conipleletl.  The  principal 
building  was  burned  down  in  i8S_>.  and  the  school  occu])ied  the  Ridley 
Park  Hotel  until  the  former  could  be  replaced.  Colonel  Theodore  llyatt 
ilied  in  1887.  and  was  succeeded  bv  Colonel  Cliarles  V..  ll\atl.  the  ]iresent 
Principal.  In  189J  the  name  of  the  instituliou  was  changed  to  i'ennsyl- 
\ania  Military  College.  Changes.  impro\enieiits  and  additions  have 
m.arked  the  passing  of  recent  years,  and  the  present  eipiipmeni  of  build- 
ings affords  excellent  adxantages  for  the  collegiate  education  ,in<l  military 
instruction  of  a  large  corps  of  cadets. 

Lincoln  L'niversity,  in  Chester  countw  founded  in  1837.  for  the 
education  of  young  colored  men,  owes  its  establishment  to  the  zealous 


OP  THE  STATE  OF  PEXXSYEJ-AXIA.  253 

labors  (if  tlie  late  Rev.  Julin  M.  Dickew  1").  D..  a  (le\nut  Christian  niin- 
istc'i'  and  large-hearted  plnlaiifhiopist.  whose  aeti\e  life  extended  o\-er  a 
full  half  century,  ternu'natini;;  with  his  death,  in  1S78.  in  his  seventy- 
second  ye.ar,  I  he  sloi-y  nf  the  i;reatest  of  his  achiex'ements,  the  fonndinti' 
of  Lincoln  L'niversit}',  is  worth  the  tellin.i;,  and,  in  jiain, 'for  the  light  it 
atTords  as  to  the  sentiments  of  a  class  of  a  past  generation  with  reference 
to  human   sla\er_\-. 

In  1849  1-^''-  L^ie'key  was  serving  in  the  ])astorate  of  the  I'reshvterian 

church  at  Oxford.    He  \\;is   in   his   fortx-third   \'ear.  an   age   when  most 

jp 

men  are  inclined  to  take  life  qiuetl}',  and  a\oid.  rather  than  seek,  new  and 
untried  ventures.  But  now  he  entered  n])on  a  new  held  which  was  to 
claim  his  attention  during  the  remainder  of  his  life.  At  a  meeting  oi  the 
Presl)ytcr_\-  of  Xew  London,  called  for  the  ordination  of  the  I\e\-.  [ames  L. 
-Mackey,  the  pioneer  missionar\-  of  the  I'reslnteriaus  to  Corisco.  .\frica. 
he  concei\'ed  the  idea  of  creating  an  institution  for  the  trannng  of  colored 
mi.ssionaries  for  the  evangelization  of  the  Dark  Continent.  His  mind 
and  heart  were  well  prepared  for  the  wdrk  which  he  was  to  essax'.  He 
was  deepK'  interested  in  all  ])ertainiug  to  education,  having  heen.  as  earlv 
as  1835,  the  iirincii.)al  agent  ni  the  founding  of  the  Oxford  I'emale  Sem- 
inary. I'lUt  weightier  considerations  now  ])ressed  u])on  lum.  .\  man  of 
natur.ally  large  henexolence  and  hroa<l  s\-m]iath\-,  his  interest  in  the  colored 
race  was  intensified  hy  hereditarx'  intluences.  His  mother,  a  wnman  of 
remarkahle  strength  of  character,  was  spoken  of  as  "the  friend  ui  all. 
hut  especiall}-  of  those  in  need:  the  colored  ])eo])le  around  her  shared 
largely  in  her  s\inpathies  and  kind  instruction."  His  f;',ther  had  heen 
one  ol  the  most  active  managers  of  the  Chester  L'ountv  (.  cilnnization 
Societ)'  from  its  foumlatiou  in  iHjj.  and  he  hinrsclf  was  further  strength- 
ened in  his  dawning  ]nu"poses  through  his  own  intimate  association  with 
Elliot   Lresson,   a    generous   alU'   and   benefactor   of   the    Soeietv   before 


2.S4      COMPEXDR'M  OF  HISTORY  JXP  GEXEAI.OGY 

named,  and  whose  sister  l)ecame  his  wife.  Td  add  to  all  these  inthiences 
were  tiie  strung  impressions  lie  received  duriny  a  hi  one  iiii>>iiinar\  ser\  ice 
in  south  (ieorgia  and  [■"lorida. 

Dr.  Dickev's  first  etYort  was  to  induce  Mi',  .\lackey  U<  abandon  his 
|)iir}x)se  to  go  to  .\frica.  lie  urged  that  it  woulil  l>e  a  lietter  serxice  to 
remain  at  home  ami  open  a  scIkjoI  fur  the  training  of  colored  men.  whose 
hodilv  constitutions  l)etter  lilted  them  fur  such  niissinnary  work.  Here 
the  matter  rested  for  some  vears.  during  which  time  'iccnned  the  notori- 
ous Parker  ca>e.  Two  free  colored  girls  had  lieeii  kidiiap|)ed  from 
tiieir  home  near  O.xford  and  taken  to  llalliniore.  where  one  was  sold  and 
sent  to  .\ew  Orleans.  l)r.  l)ickc\  hecame  the  leader  in  the  twelve  months' 
contest  for  ilieii'  recovery,  a  service  attended  with  such  great  Ixidily  danger 
that,  when  leaving  home  in  connection  with  the  case  and  the  >nli>ec|nent 
trial,  he  haile  farewell  to  his  family,  uncertain  that  he  would  live  to 
return. 

In  1 85 J  opi)ortunitv  came  to  Dr.  Dickey  to  advance  the  ])urpose 
which  he  had  never  ceased  to  cherish.  James  l\.  Anios.  a  young  colored 
minister  of  the  .Methodist  clinich.  desirous  of  extending  his  education. 
solicited  Dr.  Dickev  to  olitain  for  him  entrance  to  an  academy.  Dr. 
Dickex .  with  nuicli  diltlcultx'.  gained  for  his  jirotege  admission  to  the 
school  connected  with  the  I'rcshyterian  .'^yiiod  of  I'hiladelphia.  The 
faculty  was  S(M<n  ohliged  to  relegate  the  colored  stutlent  to  the  position  ot 
janitor,  on  account  of  the  ])rejudices  of  his  white  classmates,  who.  learn- 
ing shortly  afterward  that  he  was  continuing  his  studies  ])rivately.  pro- 
tested in  a  Ijody  and  his  dismissal  became  im])erative.  Dr.  Dickey  then 
sought  to  secure  his  admission  to  Princeton  Seminary,  hu'  the  entrance 
examination  proved  as  effectud  a  harrier  as  race  |)reiiidice  was  in  the 
former  instance.  L  liable  to  enter  a  school,  for  some  time  the  \(iung  man 
once  a  week  visited  Dr.  Dickey's  studv.  each  time  walking  a  distance  of 


OP  THE  STATE  OF  PEXXSYL]'A\TA.  255 

t\\  entv-eitjlit  miles.  Meantime.  Dr.  Dicl<ey  corresponded  witli  almost 
every  school  in  the  L'nited  States  that  was  understood  to  hold  at  all  lilieral 
views  toward  tlie  colored  race.  Init  witliout  success,  and  he  tinally  deter- 
mined U])on  the  creation  of  an  institutiim  for  the  education  of  colored 
\iiutli  (jnlv.  His  first  mention  of  liis  project  was  hefore  a  colonization 
nieeling-  held  in  Oxford  church,  it  was  given  form  hefore  the  Presby- 
terian Assemljlv  of  1853  in  a  memorial  from  the  Presbytery  of  Xew 
Castle,  and  the  assemblv  rescjlved  to  "cordially  ai)])rove  an.d  recnmmend 
the  establishment  of  a  hioh  scIkxiI  for  the  use  and  benetit  of  the  free 
colored  po]nilation  nf  the  cunntrx'."  Octnber  8th  following,  the  Pres- 
l)\-ter\-  of  Xew  Castle  ado])ted  resolutions  pnixiding'  f<ir  the  estalilishment 
of  such  an  institution,  and  these  emboilied  the  desires  and  conclusions 
of  Dr.  Dicke_\".  reciting  the  inability  of  the  colored  people  to  secure 
educated  ministers  and  teachers,  the  difficulties  ex])erienceil  1)\'  colored 
\-outh  ill  obtaining  a  liberal  education,  and  the  great  need  for  missionarv 
work  in  .\frica,  for  which  an  educated  colored  ministr_\-  would  be  emi- 
nentb'  ada])ted.  In  April  lollowing  (1854)  a  charter  was  ])rocured 
from  the  legislature  for  Ashnnm  Institute,  naiued  for  Jehudi  Ashmun. 
who  was  agent  for  the  Lil)eria  Unionization  Societ\'  from  i8_>j  initil 
his  death  in  1828.  a  man  of  deej)  piet\'  and  self-sacrificing  spirit.  Piy 
the  terms  of  the  organic  act.  .\shmun  Institute  was  to  lie  ""an  institu- 
tion of  learning  for  the  scientihc.  classical  and  theological  education 
of  colored  \-outli  of  the  male  sex." 

MeautiiiK'.  Dr.  l)icke\-  had  given  himself  iins])ariiigiy  to  tlie  ardu- 
ous wiirk  of  |)ro\idiiig  means  for  the  ])roiected  institute.  He  first  en- 
deax'ored  to  ob'tain  a  site  in  or  near  Oxford,  but  encountered  strenuous 
resistance,  the  people  fearing  a  reduction  of  value  of  contiguous  prop- 
ertv.  He  then  selected  a  farm  tract  near  Hins(_)n\ille.  which  he  Ixiught 
ujHJii  his  own  responsibilit} .     i'Hr  three  years  after  the  granting  of  the 


Sol!      COMPEXDIUM  01-  HISTORY  AXD  GEXEALOGY 

institute  charter.  Hr.  DicUcy  was  busied  in  nlitaiuinji  nmney  fur  the 
purcluisc  i)f  tl)e  land  auA  the  erectinii  i\\  huildini^s.  lie  deli\ereil  in- 
numerable addresses,  and  made  ur,t;ent  |)ersMnai  appeals  to  ])e(iplc  ut 
heart  and  means.  tra\elin.i;'  nften  and  far  in  jjOisecutiun  of  his  \\cir]<. 
an<l  facin.i;  inditYerence.  prejudice  and  diiimsitinn  alm(].'-i  e\ery\\here. 
lie  was  put  ti>  such  straits  that  he  nn )rt,!;a.<Jed  his  ])ri\alc  pniperiy  ti> 
prn\ide  for  the  erection  of  the  lirst  Iniildin.sus.  lie  finally  overcame  what 
ajipeared  to  be  insuperable  ditVicvilties.  and  on  the  last  day  in  the  year 
iS^A  he  had  the  satisfaction  of  seeint;'  Aslmnin  ilall  opened  and  dedi- 
cated. This  was  while  the  sla' e  ])ower  wa-~  \el  dominant  in  the  Lii'ted 
States:  while  the  fugitive  shne  law  was  in  force;  be'ore  Abraham 
Lincoln  had  liecome  a  natioii:d  bijine.  and  seven  \ears  before  that  nn- 
mort<d  man  had  penne<l  the  I'roclamation  of  i'"mancipalion.  i'.nt  faith 
was  stron.jj'  in  1  )r.  i)icke\'.  an('  upon  a  marble  >lab  in  the  li'onl  wall  of 
Ashmnn  InstitiUe  were  inscribed  the  words  ol  hojie  and  iiiomisc:  "The 
night  is  far  spent,  the  <la\'  is  at  hand.  '  L  pon  this  deihcatorx'  <iccasion 
an  elo{|uent  address,  "(lod  {ilorilie<l  in  .\frica."  was  delivered  bv  the 
Rev.  C.  \'an  Rensselaer.  1).  1)..  Secretary  of  the  Presbyterian  Hoard 
of  Education,  who  had  been  a  warm  friend  of  the  enter]3rise.  .\'ext 
day,  January  i.  1S57.  the  tirst  short  session  was  opened  under  the 
charge  of  the  Kev.  j.  1'.  Carter.  .\.  M..  of  I'.altiniore.  who  was  *he 
principal  and  the  sole  teacher.  There  were  but  four  students  at  the 
opening,  and  among  them  was  James  K.  Anios.  whose  name  is  already 
familiar  in  this  narrative,  lie  h.id  laUned  in  the  erection  of  the  build- 
ing, and  was  the  hrst  steward  of  the  institution.  lie  was  the  tirst 
graduate,  in  1S3S:  in  the  same  \ear  he  was  licensed  by  the  I're-bvtery 
of  New  Castle,  and  in  1S39  he  sailed  for  Liberia,  where  he  labored  faith- 
lullv  for  ti\e  vears  as  a  missionarv  and  a  i)ioiieer  in  exlendiiiij   mission 


OF  THE  STATE  UE  TEX SSY LI  ASIA.  257 

wiii'k.  Til  1864.  wliile  011  a  visit  to  the  L'nited  States,  lie  came  to  an 
iiiitinielx'  ileatli    from  cnnsuniiitinn. 

The  stiiry  cit  Asliniun  Institute  iliirino-  tiie  years  wliicli  intervened 
hetdre  tlie  ci(jse  ai  the  cixil  war  is  a  record  ot  (Hfficulties  and  strug- 
gles. P>ut.  tiiiall}-.  as  prophesied  in  the  memorial  slah  in  the  original 
huilding.  the  night  was  .gone  and  the  day  had  dawned.  \\'ith  the  res- 
toration of  ])eace.  in  1865.  came  new  friends  and  more  hountiful  .gifts. 
In  the  following  )ear.  out  of  grateful  recognition  of  the  Martvred 
Emanci]jator.  the  .grandest  figure  of  his  age.  hy  charter  amendment 
Ashmun    TnstitiUe    hecame    Lincoln    L'ni\-ersit}'. 

I  he  ])ro])erty  of  Lincoln  l'niversit\-  comprises  a  tract  of  one  hun- 
dred and,  thirty-twci  acres  of  laud,  uiioii  which  stand  a  handsome  group 
of  hiiildings — L'ni\ersity  Hall,  for  recitation  pur])oses :  Livingston  Hail. 
for  Commencement  assemlilages.  the  gift  of  Miss  Susan  (iorgas.  of 
West  Chester:  the  \  ail  Memorial  Lihrarx'.  ])ro\ided  through  the  mu- 
nificence of  William  H.  \'ail.  of  Newark.  Xew  Jersey:  the  Harriet 
Watson  Jones  Hos]jital.  huilt  hy  J.  ^[.  C.  Dickey,  of  Oxford:  four 
dormitories:  Houston  Hall,  for  the  theological  students,  the  gift  of  H. 
H.  Houston,  of  I'hilailelphia :  Cresson  Hall,  the  gift  of  the  I'^reedman's 
Bureau,  through  the  instrumentality  of  ( ieneral  O.  O.  Howard,  and 
Ashmun  Hall  and  Lincoln   H:dl.  hoth  huilt  with  undesignated  funds. 

The  L'niversitN'  is  ojjen  to  students  of  all  reh.gious  denominations, 
the  oiih  re(|iiisite  for  admission  heing  e\idence  of  fair  moral  char- 
acter. The  (ientral  Asseinhly  of  the  I'reshyterian  Church  in  the  l'nited 
States  commends  the  school.  ;.n(l  holds  a  veto  ])ower  in  the  election  of 
professors  in  the  Theological  Department.  The  nuinher  of  students 
now  enrolled  is  241.  In  all  more  than  one  thousand  young  men  have 
heen  under  trainin.g  in  tlie  L'niversity:  four  hundred  in  the  full  college 
curriculum  and  >i\   hundred  in  a  prejiaratory  and  iKirtial  course.      Two 


258      COMPEXDIUM  Uf  JlISTORy  AND  GENEALOGY 

luindred  dt  these  lia\c  been  fitted  for  the  ministry  l)y  rui  additional 
three  years"  course  of  instruction  in  tlieology.  and  entered  the  ministry 
of  the  Presbyterian.  Metliodisl,  Baptist.  Congregational  and  l-"|)isco])al 
churches.  Otlier  collegiates  entered  the  legal  and  medical  professions, 
and  a  large  number  became  trachers.  Tlie  president  is  Re\'.  Isaac  M. 
Kendall.   D.   D. 

.\llegheny  College.  Mead'.ille.  possesses  a  history  at  once  unic|uc 
and  deeply  interesting.  Its  founder  was  Timothy  Alden.  D.  D..  of 
Boston,  a  descendant  of  John  Alden,  of  "Mayflower"  fame,  and  a  grad- 
uate of  Harvard,  as  were  all  his  male  ancestors  from  1665  down.  His 
mother  was  a  descendant  of  Fox.  tiie  martyrologist.  Dr.  .\lden  was  a 
brilliant  scholar.  .\t  college  he  was  distinguished  for  his  proficiency 
in  oriental  languages,  and  his  graduating  oration  was  in  Syriac.  1  le 
preached  acceptal>l\  in  Boston  and  New  York,  and  spent  his  vacation 
preaching  to  the  Indians.  In  1815  Mead\i]le  had  a  popnlation  of  only 
live  hundred,  but  some  of  it.^  citizens  projected  a  college,  and  called 
to  the  work  Dr.  .\lden.  who  decline<l  a  call  to  the  presidency  of  a 
college  at  Cincinnati  in  order  to  plant  an  institution  at  Meadville.  Dr. 
,\lden  went  east  and  succeeded  in  obtaining  donations  to  the  amount  ut 
about  $4,000,  while  the  people  of  Meadville  and  vicinity  contributed 
(n-er  $5,000 — this,  considering  the  hard  times  following  the  war  of 
year  of  1812,  showing  remarkable  generosity — and  the  state  added 
a  further  sum  of  $7,000.  In  the  same  year  the  college  was  chartered 
(1817).  the  first  commencement  was  held.  and.  while  there  were  no 
graduates,  the  high  grade  of  scholarship  is  evidenced  by  the  fact  that 
a  Hebrew  oration  and  four  Latin  orations  were  delivered.  During  the 
fifteen  years  of  President  Alden's  administration  there  were  but  twehe 
graduates  in  all.  Instruction  was  given  in  the  old  log  court  house  and 
in  Dr.  Alden's  residence  until    1822.  when  was  built   Bcr.tlev   Hall,   so 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  259 

nanietl  in  lionur  of  Rttv.  Williitm  Bentley,  wlio  at  liis  death  left  tu  the 
institution  a  lil)rary  xahied  at  $3,000.  .\bout  183 J  Ur.  Aklen  presented 
to  the  I're>I)\ter\-  of  Erie  a  petition  asking  that  liotly  to  take  AUeglieny 
College  under  its  ])atronage,  l;ut  this  was  denieil.  the  Presbyterians 
already  luning  two  small  colleges  in  western  Pennsylvania.  The  effect 
of  this  was  t<i  retluce  the  attendance  of  students  and  lose  an  annual 
state  api)ropriation  of  $1,000.  Dr.  .\lden  saw  failure  staring  him  in 
the  face,  and  he  I'esigned. 

Bentle_\'  Hall  stcx.id  untenanted  for  two  )-ears.  when  Rev.  Homer 
J.  Clark  came  to  the  ])astorate  of  the  Methodist  church  at  Meadville. 
Determined  to  resuscitate  the  college  in  the  interests  of  his  denoniina- 
tum.  he  ])r(jcured  a  meeting  of  the  Pittsburg  Methodist  conference  in 
Meadville,  and  that  body  i)leilged  its  jiatronage  and  $_'0.ooo  for  the 
estal)lishnient  of  the  school.  The  nionetarx"  ])ledge  was  not  fulfilled,  but 
the  school  was  reopened  in  Xo\ember.  1833.  with  Rev.  Martin  Ruter. 
D.  D..  I'resident:  Kew  Homer  J.  Clark.  I).  1)..  \'ice-President  and 
I'rofessorof  Mathematics:  and  .\.  \\'.  Ruter  as  Professor  of  Languages. 
Dr.  Ruter  graduated  fourteen  students  during  his  fou''  years"  prej 
denc}-.  and  resigned  to  become  sui)erintendent  of  his  church  mis 
work  in  'i'exas.  He  was  a  man  of  industry  and  \ersatiliiy — the  au"P(ior 
of  a  Hebrew  grammar,  a  "Plistory  of  the  Martyrs."  and  a  "History 
of  the  Methodist  Clnn-ch."  which  was  the  standard  for  ministers  of  that 
denomination  for  nearly  half  a  century — ;uid  his  scr\-ices  and  talents 
find  standing  attestation  in  Ruter  Hall,  erected  in  1833  by  the  citizens 
of  Meachille.  ;uid  named  in  his  honor.  I  fe  \vas  succeeded  by  Rew 
yomer  j.  Clark  (  1837-47).  who.  (hiring  his  administration  added  nearly 
$60,000  to  tlie  entlownient.  but  seriously  imjiaired  his  plnsical  powers 
in  the  effort.  Dr.  Parker  next  came  to  the  presidency  and  dischargeil 
the  duties  of  the  position   with    signal   ability  and   singvdar   loyalty,   re- 


2f5n      COMPEXDIUM  OF  IIISTORV  JXD  GENEALOGY 

])eate(lly  dccliniiii;  oilier  similar  i)Iaces  w  illi  larger  salary,  until  lie  was 
stricken  willi  apoplexy  in  Decenibei".  1S59.  the  twelfth  year  ol'  his  in- 
cumlMMicy.  L  luler  President  Luoniis.  the  tine  Cnher  1  lall  was  erected. 
The  most  important  feature  of  liis  administration,  however,  was  the 
admission  of  females  as  students,  which  result  was  in  greater  part 
brought  about  tiirough  the  instrumentality  of  Professor  Hyde,  and  it 
is  worthy  of  remark  that  .Mleghenx-  was  one  of  the  first  colleges  in  the 
country  to  introduce  this  inno\ation.  I'nder  the  administration  of 
President  Bugbee.  Alexander  Bradley,  of  Pittsburg,  adiled  to  previou-; 
lil^eral  gifts,  endowing  the  chair  r,f  T.atin  in  i)erpetuity.  During  the 
same  period,  Hulings  Hall  was  built,  and  a  I'nited  States  army  officer 
was  first  assigned  to  duty  there  as  instructor  of  military  science.  Under 
President  \\'heeler  the  college  course  was  completely  modernized,  and 
the  iiolicy  was  adopted  of  appointing  only  specialists  to  the-  faculty. 
Dr.  William  H.  Crawford  became  President  in  1893.  and  (hiring  his 
term  several  new  chairs  were  founded  and  a  g\ninasium  was  built. 

.Mlegheny  College  counts  r.mong  her  alumni  an  extraordinarv  num- 
ber of  distinguished  men.  .\niong  them  are  two  bisbojis  of  the  Meth- 
odist Episcopal  church — Kingsic\'  and  Tlioburn ;  six  college  presidents 
— Martin,  of  J)ePau\\  L'nixcrsity ;  Mar\in.  of  the  L'ni\ersit\-  of  Kan- 
sas: (ioff,  of  the  Western  L'niversitv  of  PennsyKania ;  b'resliwater.  of 
Baldwin  Uni\ersity.  Ohio:  \\'illiams.  of  Allegheny  College:  and  Harts- 
horn, the  founder  of  Mount  I'nitm  College,  in  Ohio:  several  dis- 
tinguished jurists,  among  tlieiii  Judges  John  J.  Henderson  an<l  I'ierson 
(."liurch :  two  governors  of  states — Pierpont.  of  West  X'irginia.  and 
l.owndes,  of  Maryland.  Former  President  McKinley  was  a  student  at 
Allegheny  College  in  his  freshman  year. 

Dickinson  College,  at  Carlisle,  chartered  in  17K3.  bad  for  its  prin- 
cipal sponsors  Benjamin  Rush  and  John  Dickinson,  and  the  institution 


OP  THE  STATE  OF  P£.V.V.V)7J '.^.V/.-^/.  2C,l 

\\as  named  lor  llie  last  n.'uned.  who  was  tlien  the  chiel"  magistrate  of 
tlie  state,  and  wlni  hecamc  the  first  ] 'resident  of  tlie  College,  continuing 
in  that  position  until  his  de.'ith..  in  1808.  His  gifts  to  the  college  in- 
cluded a  plantation  of  two  hundred  acres  in  York,  another  of  five  hun- 
dred acres  in  Cmnberland  county.  fi\c  hundred  dollars  in  monev.  and 
the  nucleus  ot  a  lilirary  from  his  own  collection  of  books.  April  6. 
1784.  was  elected  the  first  I'aculty  :  Dr.  Charles  Xisbet.  a  Scotchman. 
I'rinciiJal,  and  (ames  Ross.  I'lofessor  of  Greek  and  Latin.  W'lien  Dr. 
Xisbet  came,  in  ijS^  (the  grammar  school  ha\ing  pre\'iously  been 
opened  under  the  direction  n\  Professor  Ross),  the  Re\'.  Robert  Da\'i(l- 
son,  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  church  of  Carlisle,  was  called  to  the 
chair  of  History  and  Belles  Lettres.  and  a  Mr.  Jait  was  chosen  to 
"teach  the  students  to  read  ,ind  write  the  English  language  with  ele- 
gance and  propriet)'."  Instruction  was  first  gi\'en  in  a  small  brick  build- 
ing near  the  coi^ner  of  Bedford  street  and  Liberty  a\-enue.  In  1798  the 
])resent  line  site  was  purchased  from  the  Penns.  and  uyiou  it  was  Iniilt 
a  commodious  edifice  which  was  destroyed  \)\  fire  before  its  completion. 
Aniung  the  subscriliers  to  the  rebuilding  fund  were  Thomas  Jefifersf)n. 
Count  de  la  Luzerne,  the  French  minister,  and  seventeen  members  of 
Congress.  The  ])lans  were  drawn  bv  the  Cnited  .'states  gox'ernment 
architect,  and  as  the  I'esult  of  bis  labors  the  jiresent  \\'est  College  was 
erected,  a  superb  exaiuple  of  colonial  architecture.  This  erlifice  was  the 
first  of  a  series  of  eleven  fine  buildings  now  constituting  the  college 
establishment,  the  first  of  them  being  a  building  for  g''ammar  school 
and  religious  pnrjioscs.  whiih  was  burned  down  in  1836  (the  rear 
following  its  erection),  and  was  replaced  with  the  ]iresent  substantial 
brick  edifice.  Among  the  present  buildings  are  the  Tome  Scientific 
School,   provided   through   the  gcnerosit_\-  of  Jacob  Tome,  of   Port  Dc- 


2r.-->     coMPRxniiM  ()/•■  HISTORY  j.vp  cF.xr..irncy 

pnsit.  Marylaml;  the  James  W.  linslcr  Mi-innnal  Library  llall;  ami 
Denny  Memorial  Hall. 

At  its  organization  the  College  was  entirely  iniik'nnniinatiiiiial. 
hnt  I'reshyterian  influence  was  long  predominant  in  the  faculty.  In 
1S33  it  came  under  Metliodi'^t  I'-jjiscopal  control,  with  llishop  JmIui 
Emorv  as  rresident.  The  institution  maintains  cullegiatc  insti'uction. 
and  the  Law  School,  which  was  suspended  in  iSSj.  is  .-igain  admirahly 
organized. 

Washington  and  Jeffersr  n  College  owes  its  origin  tn  the  labors 
of  the  first  Pre.shy'terian  ministers  who  crossed  the  .Mlcgheny  Moun- 
tains and  settled  within  the  bounds  of  the  jiresent  county  of  Wash- 
ington. Among  these  was  the  I\e\ .  John  McMillan,  a  graduate  of 
Princeton  College,  who  probably  oi)eued  his  school  at  Chartiers  about 
1781.  Alwut  1782  the  Rev.  Tliaddeus  Dod,  al.so  a  graduate  of  Prince- 
ton, opened  a  classical  and  preparatory  school  at  Ten  Mile  (.\mity). 
The  log  school  house,  occording  tn  a  pupil  (the  \\c\ .  Dr.  Jacnb  Lin<l- 
ley).  "was  sufficiently  large  for  three  or  four  beds,  with  room  for 
tables,  etc.."  and  accommodated  thirteen  students,  all  of  whoni  bnarded 
with  Mr.  Dod:  nearly  all  of  them  entered  the  ministrx.  The  teachers 
of  these  schools,  with  others,  in  1787  ])rocured  a  charter  for  Wash- 
ington .\cadem_\-.  which  was  opened  in  the  court  house  at  Washington. 
in  1789.  Two  years  later  the  building  biu'iied  down,  and  the  teachers 
accepted  a  ])roposition  to  remove  to  Canonsburg  and  there  establish  an 
academy.  The  latter  institution  dcveloiied  into  Jefiferson  College, 
chartered  in  1802.  Washington  Academ\-  was  reorganizefl.  and  was 
chartered  in  1806  as  Washington  College,  and  its  building  erected  in 
1793  is  yet  standing  on  the  college  campus.  I'oth  colleges  were  with- 
out endowment,  and  were  so  near  each  other  as  to  pro\-<(ke  rivalries 
and  impair  the  usefulness  of  Ixjth.    Various  attempts  looking  to  a  union 


(;/•■  riiii  sT.iriL  oi-  I'ESSsvi.r.iM.i.  263 

were  unsuccessful,  until  1SO3,  when  the  l\e\'.  Dr.  C.  C.  Beatty,  of 
Steubenville,  Ohio,  made  an  offer  of  $50,000,  whicli  was  accepted, 
conditioned  u])nn  both  sciiools  Ijcing  maintained,  tiiat  at  Washington 
provicUng  for  the  preparatory  aiifl  scientific  departments  and  tlie  fresli- 
man  class  of  tlie  classical  depaitnient,  and  that  at  Canonsburg  for  the 
sopliomore.  junior  and  setiior  classes  of  the  classical  department.  After 
four  years  this  dual  form  of  union  pro\'ed  unsatisfactory  in  all  re- 
spects, and,  in  1869  a  real  consolidation  was  effected  under  the  title 
of  Washington  and  Jefferson  College,  located  at  Washington.  Since 
then  the  College  has  been  prosperous  and  successful,  with  its  faculty  of 
about  twenty  teachers,  and  a  student  attendance  of  aliout  three  hundred 
and  fifty. 

Geneva  College,  at  Bea\-er  Falls,  under  the  control  of  the  Reformed 
Presbyterians,  or  Covenanters,  had  its  beginning  at  Xorthwood,  Ohio, 
in  184S,  under  Rev.  J-  B.  Johnston.  In  1880,  by  action  of  the  synod, 
the  College  was  removed  to  Beaver  Falls,  Peimsylvania.  The  Econo- 
mite  Society  donated  a  ten-acre  tract  of  ground,  upon  which  a  college 
edifice  was  built  at  a  cost  of  $40,000,  and  three  other  buildings  have 
been  since  added.  The  school  affords  preparation  for  the  study  of  the 
professions.     The  annual  attendance  of  students  is  about  two  hundred. 

Waynesburg  College,  at  Waynesburg,  is  the  result  of  the  third  at- 
tempt (if  Cumberland  Presbyterians  to  establish  a  collegiate  institution 
in  Pennsylvania,  tlie  first  being  Madison  College,  at  Uniontown,  now 
extinct.  Educationally  it  is  an  outgrowth  of  Greene  .\cademv,  at  Car- 
michaels,  which  was  opened  by  Professor  Ely  in  1812.  In  1836  Dr.  Whip- 
ple became  Principal,  and  called  U\  his  assistance  Joshua  Loughran.  The 
latter  named  became  Princijial,  and  this  was  the  occasion  for  the  transfer 
of  his  work  to  Waynesburg,  and  the  incorporation  in  1850  of  Waynes- 
burg  College,    under    the    ausjiices   ol     the     Cumberland    Presbyterian 


'2i'A     co.yriixnii'M  or  iiistokv  .ixn  chxrai.ocv 

cluirdi.  In  iS;i  tlic  COllege  ii])(.'ik-i1  umk-r  tin-  piesiilciKv  nf  Kc\-. 
Mr.  !.•  iiiyliran.  in  a  Iniildiiiy  Iniilt  idr  its  use,  at  a  cnst  of  $6.ooo.  A 
C(iiisi(leral)le  ixnticni  lA  this  sum  was  iinciillecteii  tinni  tiic  sul>scrihei"s. 
and  the  ilel>t  was  iDr.ijiven  l>v  tin-  hankinj;  Imusc  Imldino  tlie  dhliya- 
tions.  \'*iv  many  years  tlic  manajjcmcnt  ci intended  as^ainst  wliat  ap- 
peared to  lie  iiisiiperal)le  ilillicnlties,  meetint;  witli  little  jjatronaue  and 
incumbered  witli  constant  debt.  A  new  ediliee  was  nearly  twent\-  \ears 
in  Iniildinsj.  but  was  finally  completed  in  iS()o — a  beautil'ul  structure 
and  a  model  of  comenience.  It  has  now  hacl  under  instruction  uiiwards 
of  five  thousand  vouths  of  botli  sexes,  maintaining;,  in  additiou  to  its 
s])ecific  collegfiate  worlc.   commercial    and   musical   courses. 

Westminster  l'olle,<ie.  at  New  W  ilmint;ton.  was  founde(l  in  1S3J. 
It  was  originally  under  the  control  of  the  twd  Presbyteries  of  .Shcnaii<;ii 
and  Ohio,  and  afterward  of  the  L'nited  Presbyterian  church.  There 
are  four  collejje  buildings,  hrom  the  tirst  it  was  endowed  with  luii- 
versit\'  powers,  and  it  has  always  offered  to  women  the  same  ojiportun- 
ities  of  instruction  as  to  men.  Of  its  somethint.;  like  fifteen  hundred 
graduates,  more  than  three  lumdred  and  fifty  ha\e  entered  the  go-.pcl 
ministrv.  and  mauv  ha\e  fillcil  hiL;h  ])ositions  of  honor  .and  trust  in  the 
l)ul>lic  service,  in  educational   work  and   nt  other  inijiortant  callings. 

franklin  and  Marshall  College.  Lancaster,  is  the  embodiment  of 
two  distinct  educational  mo\emenls.  'fhe  former  named  grew  out  of 
a  desire  to  jirovidc  for  the  higher  educati<mal  needs  of  the  interior  of 
tlie  state,  and  especiallv  for  the  ( lerman  ])eo])le  there  settled.  lienjamin 
I'Vanklin  was  personallv  active  in  this  nvixcmcnt  :  he  svihscribed  to  the 
endowment  fuinl.  and  as  governor  of  the  state  he  lai<l  the  corner-stone 
nf  the  institution,  which  was  deservedly  named  in  his  honor.  The 
entire  movement  was  premature,  and  the  College  maintained  a  |)rccari- 
ous  existence  until    1839.   when  a   reorganization    was  effected,  and   it 


OP  THE  STATE  OF  I'E.XXSYIA'AXIA.  265 

l)ecainc  an  ailjuiirt  in  tlie  ]Hil)lic  si'linnls.  Xo  de.t^rees  were  ever, cr)iifcrre<l. 
In  iS^j  the  institutinn  was  consnlidateil  w  itli  Marshall  College,  under 
a  charter  creatint^-  hraiiklin  ai.d  Mai'shall  College.  Marshall  College, 
named  in  honor  of  ('liief  justice  Marshall,  had  heeii  founded  at  Mercers- 
burg,  under  the  au>iiices  of  the  Reformed  "church,  and  h.ad  absorbed  the 
Theological  Seminary  df  th.il  sect,  which  had  been  estalilished  at  Carlisle 
in  1S23,  and  was  remo\ed  to  ^'ork  in  iSjg.  The  new  college  (Franklin 
and  Marshall  )  prosjiered  imtil  the  beginning  of  the  ci\'il  war  period, 
which  was  disastrous  tii  most  cducatii'ual  institutions,  .\fter  1866  the 
College  entered  upon  a  new  life,  and  has  since  performe<l  an  excellent 
instructional  work,  widening  the  courses  of  stud\-  to  meet  the  require- 
ments of  the  present  day,  and  at  the  .same  time  holding  fast  to  the  old- 
time  requirements  in  regarding  the  formation  of  character  under  posi- 
tive Cln-istian  teaching  as  of  i);u'am(innt  importance.  Tlie  college  pos- 
sesses the  acKantages  of  the  Daniel  .Scholl  ()bser\ator\-,  the  gift  of  Mrs. 
James  Hood,  of  b'rederick.  Ahirylrnid  ;  and  a  fine  library  building,  the 
gift  of  General  J.   \\'atts  DePeyster. 

Crsinus  C/ollege.  at  Collegexille.  is  a  child  of  the  Reformeil  church, 
and  was  chai'tered  in  1869,  and  opened  in  Se])tember  of  the  following 
year,  under  the  headship  of  Rev.  J.  H.  .\.  Bomberger.  D.  D.  In  i8<Sr 
the  PennsyKania  l'"emale  College  at  Collegexille  closed  its  doors,  and 
Ursinus  College  was  o])ened  to  wduieu.  .and  an  academical  department 
was  opened.  In  1871  a  theological  scln  k  1I  was  organized.  The  princi])al 
of  the  buildings  is  P>on'iberger  Memorial  Hall,  an  imposing  structure, 
erectefl  as  a  memorial  to  Dr.  Pmmberger,  the  first  President.  The 
principal  benefactor  of  the  college  was  Robert  Patterson,  of  i'hila- 
del])hia.    whose   gifts   aggregated   about  $JOb,ooo. 

IIa\erford   College,   Ha--erford.    founded   bv   members   of   the   So-  • 
ciety  of  P'riends,  was  opened  in  1833.     It  was  in  reality  a  college  from 


2fi6     coMPi-XDirM  nr  ifisroRy  .1x1^  geseai.uuy 

the  tirst.  althmioli  it  did  iiDt  receive  :nitli<iiity  to  CMilcr  degrees  until 
1836.  riic  miiiil)er  dI  students  (young  men)  is  about  one  luindred  .md 
twenty,  for  wlioni  arc  provided  (he  usual  cnursc  in  arts,  and  scientific 
courses;  general  science,  nieclianical  engineering,  electrical  engineering 
and  cliemistrv.  The  sectarian  idea  which  existed  at  the  beginning  has 
well  nigh  disappeared,  and  students  attending  represent  nearl\-  all  evan- 
gelical denominatinns.  The  College  property  comprises  upwards  of 
two  hundred  acres,  of  whicii  sixty  acres  are  laid  out  as  college  grounds. 
The  buildings  are  ample  and  convenient,  and  include  a  well  equipped 
observatory.  The  endowment  of  Haverford  Cnllege  has  Ijeen  gradually 
increasing.  In  1897.  as  residuary  legatee,  the  College  came  into  pos- 
session of  prni,erty  \alued  at  one  million  dollars  from  the  estate  of 
the  late  Jacol)  1'.  Junes,  and  other  income-]iro(lucing  funds  amount  to 
alxiut  one-halt  that  sum. 

Swarthmore  College,  at  Swarthmcuc.  was  founded  in  1869,  through 
the  effort  of  members  of  the  Society  of  Friends,  and  was  named  after 
the  English  home  of  George  and  Margaret  Fox.  Under  the  charter, 
the  toard  of  managers  must  be  Quakers,  but  the  institution  is  entirely 
non-sectarian.  Officers  and  students  may  be  of  any  denominatinn.  ami 
the  religious  instruction  gix'en  is  such  as  would  inxoKe  no  controversy 
with  any  Christian  church.  The  College  holds  ideal  pri)])crty  i'^r  edu- 
cational purposes — two  hundred  and  fift\'  acres  of  land.  u]>on  which  the 
principal  building  is  Parrish  Hall,  erected  at  a  cost  of  $225,000,  and 
named  for  the  first  President,  Edward  Parrish.  .Samuel  W'illets,  of 
New  York,  was  a  zealous  friend  of  the  institution,  and  gave  to  it  more 
than  a  rjuarter  of  a  million  dollars. 

Bucknell  University,  Lewisburg,  was  founded  in  i84r).  its  principal 
benefactors  being  William  Bucknelland  family.  John  V.  Crozer  and 
family,  David  Jayne  and  sons,  and  William  H.   J'.ackus.     Stephen   W. 


OP  THE  STATE  OF  PESXSMJ'AX LI.  -''iT 

Tavlor.  A.  M..  was  actiii"-  President  iiiUil  1831.  wlien  Howard  Mal- 
colm l)ecame  the  iirsl  full  President.  The  institutinn  offers  the  cur- 
ricula usualh'  laid  dnwn  fur  colleges  <if  liberal  arts,  the  theological 
(Baptist)  department,  which  was  organized  in  1S54,  ha\ing  been  dis- 
continueil  in  1868  in  favor  of  Crozer  Tlieijlooical  Seminary.  The  real 
estate  comprises  a  tract  of  thirt}'  acres  and  twelxe  buildings,  \-alued  at 
more  than  $300,000.  The  cullege  possesses  a  ten-inch  Clark  e(|uatorial 
telesco|)e,  with  auxiliary  instruiuents;  a  \alual)le  collection  <\{  physical 
chemical  and  biological  aj^iiaratus :  a  museum  of  some  t\ve!\'e 
thousand  S])ecimens :  and  a  library  of  twenty-one  thousand  \-olumes. 
The  affiliated  schools  are  the  Preparatory  School  for  Roys,  the  Institute 
for  \\^)nTen,  and.  the  .Scho(]l  of  Music. 

The  name  of  Henry  Melcliior  ^ruhlen1>erg,  to  whom  reference  is 
made  upon  another  page,  is  perpetuated  in  that  of  Muhlenberg  College, 
at  .\llentown,  a  Lutheran  institution,  estal)lished  in  1867.  anrl  the  suc- 
ces.sor  of  the  .\llentown  Seminar\-  |  1848-64)  and  .Mlentown  Collegiate 
Institute  and  Military  .\cadem}-  (  1864-67).  Its  first  president  was  Rey. 
Frederick  .\.  Muhlenljerg.  In  1886  Re\-,  Theodore  L,  Seip,  a  dis- 
tinguished scholar,  came  to  the  headshi|i  of  the  institution.  The  en- 
dowment fund  is  something  less  than  $200,000.  and  the  college  property 
is  \alued  at  $100,000.  The  graduate  list  numbers  upwards  of  five 
hundred,  among  whoni  are  man\'  who  lia\e  taken  influential  places  as 
ministers  and  teachers,  as  well  as  in  other  honorable  walks  of  life. 

PennsyK-ania  College,  at  Cettysburg  (Lutheran),  was  founded  in 
uS^j.  Its  ])ropert\  is  \alued  at  $300,000,  and  one  of  its  most  beautiful 
buildings  is  the  Rrua  Memorial  Chapel,  erected  in  1890.  by  the  late 
Colonel  John  P.  Brua.  as  a  memorial  to  his  parents.  'i"he  number  of 
instructors  is  sixteen,  and  the  usual  attendance  of  students  is  250.  The 
institution  is  open  to  both  sexes. 


'2GS    coMrr.xnirM  oi-  nisroN)'  .ixn  cexeai.ogy 

lliicl  C"i)lli'.t;c'.  ( Irt'L'in  illc  (  l-!\;m,i;elic:il  I-ullicran  ).  ■  w  us  il>  cxi'^t- 
ence  tn  the  l)t".icriccnce  of  A.  I.uuis  Thiol,  wlio,  ai  the  suggestiDii  nf 
Re\'.  W.  A.  P;'.ssa\anl,  D.  1)..  hciiuoatlu'd  tlic  t^ieater  part  of  liis  ])ro|)- 
crtv  for  the  endow  iiient  of  a  college  for  tlie  liit;lier  eiliuation  of  hdth 
sexes.  The  jjoipeitv'  comprises  a  tract  of  forty  acres,  witli  four  Ijuild- 
ings.  Tlie  productive  endowmcut  fund  is  $62,300.  Tlic  college  depart- 
ment  is  maintained  by  the  Pittsburg  Synod. 

Lebanon  \' alley  College,  at  .\nn\illc,  cliartcred  in  1867.  grew  out 
of  the  needs  of  the  people  of  the  Churcl)  of  the  I'nitcil  Rrethren  in 
Christ,  and  was  founded  b\'  a  mimher  of  citizens  of  Aniuille — among 
them  Rudolph  Herr.  J'^hn  IT.  Kinports.  Ceorge  .\.  M.i'k.  Jr..  T..  W. 
Craumer.  and  deorge  W.  TTo\ertcr.  who  liought  the  .\nn\illc  .\cademy 
])roperty  for  the  new  purposes,  'ilie  ]iro]icrt\'.  with  its  additions,  now 
comprises  a  beautiful  tract  of  about  ten  acres.  u])on  v.liicli  arc  three 
Commodious  buildings.  The  College  departments  are  fom"  in  number: 
The  College  proper,  with  three  courses  of  study  leading  to  degrees  in 
arts.  ])hilosophy  and  science:  the  Preparatory,  designed  to  fit 
yoinig  people  for  college,  teaching  or  business:  the  Department  <if 
Music:  and  the  .\rt  Deiiartmcnt.  Since  its  founding,  the  College  has 
been  under  the  presidency  of  Thonias  R.  X'ickrov,  Lucian  II  ll.inimond. 
l)a\id  D.  ncl.oiig.  Edmund  S.  Lorenz.  Cx'rus  J.  Ke]ihari  V..  P.cnjamin 
Hierman  and  Hervin  U.  Roo]).  The  latter  named,  the  iirst  graduate 
of  the  college  to  be  elected  President,  entered  upon  his  duties  in  1897, 
in  many  respects  the  most  critical  period  in  the  history  of  the  institution. 
During  its  existence  the  College  has  sent  out  into  the  world  of  art,  science, 
literature,  tlie  professions  and  industries,  more  than  three  hundretl 
graduates  of  Ixith  sexes,  and  more  than  four  thousand  \oung  people  who 
have  received  education  in  less  degree. 

A  unique  and  somewhat  pathetic  history  is  that  of  Juniata  College, 


OF  THE  STATE  OT  PEXXSYLl'AMA.  269 

at  1  luntinyilim.  in  iiunte  <.)ne  of  its  hisluriaiis  (Mr.  I.  Ilarvev  nrum- 
haui^li).  "like  main-  (illier  iii>i  ituti<  jiis.  it  had  a  denomir.atioiial  origin; 
liut.  unlike  e\'er\'  otlier.  it  dt'xclnijed  not  under  the  patronage  ot  tlie 
ehnrch  it  represented,  hut  inde])endent  of  it." 

Juniata  College  grew  out  of  ihe  wants  of  the  people  of  (iernian- 
town.  rennsvKania.  ami  vicinity,  helonging  to  that  hranch  of  the  Baptist 
fraternitv  xulgarlv  called  "Tiinkers."  hut  known  among  theniseKes  as 
"P)i-ethren."  and  later  designated  as  "German  Baptist  Brethren."  in  order 
to  distingi\ish  tlieni  from  others  of  the  great  Ba])tist  sect.  The  great 
mass  of  this  people  were  inimical  to  education,  setting  agriculture  liefore 
all  else,  .\fter  a  time.  man\'  of  their  children,  hungering  for  the 
knowledge  which  was  denied  them,  went  troni  their  homes  and  came 
under  religious  intluences  which  were  repugnant  to  the  parents,  and 
this  finally  led  to  \-arious  attempts  to  organize  schools.  The  first  ])er- 
nianent  and  successful  moxement  was  that  of  which  Juniata  College 
was  the  outgrowth,  and  this  so  recentlx"  as  in  \t>j().  so  great  was  the 
indifference  (if  not  op])osition )  of  these  otherwise  estimahle  i)eople. 
In  that  \ear  Jacoli  M.  Zuck  opened  a  school  of  three  pupils  in  a  room 
in  the  "rilgrim"  office  in  Huntingdon.  I'rofessor  Ziick  disi)layed 
such  energy  and  aliilits'  that  the  fame  of  the  infant  institution  was 
widely  sjM'ead.  hut  a  small-pox  epidemic  in    1878  wurked   its  disruption. 

The  school  was  reorganized  later  the  same  year,  and  was  incoqjorated 
hv  the  legislature  as  Brethren's  Xormal  College,  with  degree-conferring 
powers.  .\  college  huilding  w;is  erected  in  1879.  and  was  occupied  in 
.\])ril.      In  Mav  a  great  calamity  liefell   the  school  in  the  death  ot    I'ro- 

fessor  Zuck.  hut  he  left  a  well  estahlished  institution  to  per])etuate  his 
memor\-.      The    name    was    suhse(|uenil\     changed    to    Juniata    College. 

The  propertx'    coniprises    loui'    large    huildings.    pro]>erly    convenienced 

and  e(|uipped.  with  a  hhrar\-  nf  more  than   15.000  \iilumes.     The  courses 


27n      COMFEXDJCM  OP  IIISrORV  AXD  GESEALOGY 

i)f  study  have  gradually  broadened,  and  the  ])aclieliir  of  arts  degree  has 
been  conferreil  each  year  since  1897. 

Wilson  College.  Chambersburg.  cliarttred  in  i86(->.  was  founded 
niKin  a  bequest  of  $30,000  left  b\  Miss  Sarah  Wilson.  i>f  near  Chambers- 
burg. for  the  estabiisiiment  of  a  college  fur  women.  The  l)oaril  of  in- 
struction numbers  thirty  leacliers.  w  itii  clerks  and  Hbrarians.  and  tlie 
number  of  students  is  about  tlnee  hundred. 

l.ITKKATfRE    .WI)    .\KT. 

Within  four  years  after  tlie  coining  of  I'enn's  colony,  a  printing 
press  was  set  u]j  b\-  one  of  its  members  at  rhihulelphia.  William  Ijr.ad- 
ford.  a  Quaker,  from  England..  The  hrst  printer  in  the  province  and 
the  third  in  the  colonies,  his  lirst  publication  (  i()t<())  was  the  "Kalen- 
darium  Pennsilvaniese."  In  the  following  year  he  l>egan  the  ".\merican 
\Veekly  Mercury."  He  also  ])rinted  (leorge  Keith's  i>oleniic:d  ir.acls 
directed  again  the  New  luiglard  .■uuhoritio.  thus  incunni.g  their  dis- 
pleasure, anil  resulting  in  his  arrest,  the  cimtiscation  of  his  jiress.  and 
his  trial  lor  sedition.  .\t  his  trial  the  jury  disagreed,  and  on  being 
Ireed  he  removed  to  .Xew  ^Hrk.  where  he  became  public  ))rinler.  In 
1728  another  printer.  Keimer.  began  the  public.ition  of  "  The  L'nixersal 
Instructor  in  .Ml  .\rts  and  Sciences,  and  l'ennsylvani;(»  (lazetle."  which 
became  famous  under  Benjamin  I'ranklin.  who  purchased  il  the  folkjw- 
ing  year,  it  is  to  be  noted  that  iManklin  had  previously  determined  u])on 
establishing  such  a  journal,  and  was  anticipated  by  Keimer,  wli<i  had 
gained  knowledge  of  his  intentions,  l"nmkliii"s  sujierior  abilitv  as  a 
writer  and  original  thinker  gave  him  a  i)lace  at  the  head  of  .\merican 
journalism,  and  this  he  maintained  for  seventeen  years,  and  until  his 
effort  was  directed  to  other  field>.  In  1731  he  established  the  first  circu- 
l.-iting  library  in  .\inerica.  and  in  the   following  year  he  ;■^sucd  the  fust 


OF  THE  STATE  Of  PENNSYLVANIA.  271 

of  llie  "I'ocir  Richard's  Almanacs,"  a  publication  which  was  continued 
f(jr  twenty-five  years  and  attained  a  marvelous  popularity.  In  17^9 
came  from  I'ranklin's  press  a  notable  publication — his  pamphlet  en- 
titled "Proposals  Relating  to  the  Education  of  Youth  in  Pennsylvania." 
and  which  lay  at  the  foundation  of  what  came  to  be  the  University  of 
Pennsvlvania.  I'"ranklin's  ".\utobiograph)"  is  a  classic  to  the  ])resent 
(I'u-.  In  this  connection  the  present  writer  cannot  refrain  from  giving 
a  brief  personal  narrati\e.  as  exemplifying  the  estimation  in  which 
this  work  has  been  held  by  men  of  great  intellectuality. 

The  writer  was  in  his  youth  an  apprentice  in  a  countrx"  jirinting 
office.  He  was  an  eager  reader,  and  diligently  perused  such  books  as 
came  within  his  reach.  .\.i)'ahani  Lincoln,  then  li\ing  in  a  not  far  dis- 
tant town  and  not  \et  come  into  the  public  gaze,  was  a  frequent  \'isitor 
to  the  printing  ofifice  as  he  came  to  attend  court.  On  one  occasion,  he 
entered  into  conversation  with  the  Ixjv.  and  drew  from  him  knowledge 
as  to  the  books  he  had  read  Said  Mr.  Lincoln,  "'rhere  is  one  book 
you  have  not  named,  w  hich  ever)-  latl,  certainly  e\ery  jirinter  bow  should 
read — Ben  Branklin"s  'Autobiography.'  "  The  lad  bought  the  book 
shortly  afterwards,  and  treasures  it  ti.i  the  jjresent  day.  for  the  real 
\-alue  it  has  had  for  him,  as  well  as  for  sake  of  the  incident  narr.-'ted. 

Christopher  Sower  set  u])  a  ])rinting  press  at  (iermantown.  from 
which  was  issued,  in  1739,  the  first  German  newspajjer  ]M'inted  in  the 
colonies.  From  the  same  i)ress  came  (so  sa_\-s  Mr.  Brumbaught.  the 
historian  of  the  (lerman  Bajjtirt  Brethren),  "the  first  Bible  in  a  Eurtj- 
])ean  t<ingue  published  in  America:  here  two-thirds  of  all  the  (lerman 
books  ]niblishcd  in  the  colonial  period  were  printed;  and  from  here, 
thi-ough  a  religious  journal,  distributed  free,  some  of  the  best  thought 
of  th.e  time  went  forth.  Here  also  was  organized  the  lirst  Sunda\- 
school    in  the  worKl.    forl\'  years  before    l\ol)ert    Raikes :   in  this  school, 


\ 


272      COMPEXDIUM  OF  HISTORY  ASD  GEXEALOGY 

cards  were  used  \\it!i  scrii)ttiral  texts,  wliieli  later  came  intn  uni\er-ial 
use."  It  is  ])ilit'ul  tci  note  that  the  leader  in  these  ])ii>us  enter])rises 
(Sower)  liccanie  the  \ictim  d'  itj^ixiraiice  and  perseci'tidii.  even  in 
America — his  lar_i;e  ])rinting  tstahlisliment  was  destri)\ei!.  his  nruper!) 
was  coiifiscateil,  and  he  died  in  puxert). 

In  \j(X)  tliere  were  ti\e  weekly  newspapers  in  I'ennsyKauia — 
three  in  l'liiladel])hia.  nne  at  ( iermantow  ii.  and  ine  at  I,ar.caster.  Sev- 
eral iiiagiizines  ajipeared  hetween  1741  and  1  77^^'.  the  piiiiciiJal  <<{  which. 
"Tlie  Pennsylvania  Magazine."  i>ntli\ed  all  otliers.  cnntinuing'  l'oi-  a 
period  of  eigiiteen  months.  At  the  present  time,  there  are  piihlisheil 
witliin  the  State  more  tlian  two  hundred  dail\-  and  nearlv  a  thousand 
week]}'  newspapers,  to  sa\'  nnthiug  <il'  lii-weekl\-  and  scmi-weeklv  -iheets. 
and  alxmt  two  Inmdred  an<l  hlt\  ni'intliK  and  (piarterly  magazines  cov- 
ering tlie  entire  range  of  human  knowledge. 

To  trace  the  work  of  Peunsyhania  authurs  wduld  ic(|nire  \olumes 
in  themselves,  .\ccording  lo  j.  Suulh  I'uihex"  and  (iilheit  Cnpc.  ("His- 
tory of  Chester  County."  1881).  that  cunty  aKn.e  was  to  that  time 
represented  hy  more  than  four  hundred  and  liftv  Ik  mud  volumes  writ- 
ten by  i)ersous  native  lo  or  r.'sideiU  in  it.  The  greater  number  df  the 
early  volumes  written  in  the  ])rovince  were  up<iu  religious  topics,  and 
largely  in  a  controversial  vein.  To  these  .soon  succeeded  works  im 
science  and  text-hooks  t'or  schools.  Thus,  jdhn  Churchman,  in  1 7t;o. 
published  a  "\';.rialion  Chart,  or  Magnetic  .\tlas."  which  wa.s  re]]ublished 
in  London  in  I7t;4:  this  cnncerned  the  variation  and  dip  nf  the  needle — a 
fiehl  of  investigation  which  yet  has  and  probably  ever  will  have  its  de- 
voted but  baflled  followers.  John  I'.artram.  between  1731  and  1769. 
wrote  upon  his  travels  and  botiuucal  nbservatinns  from  1-lorida  to  Can- 
ada, and  his  son  William  i)reij:;red  the  most  complete  table  nf  American 
iirnithology   before    the   a])])earance   of    Alexander    Wilson's    work.      In 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  273 

17S5  liiimphr)-  .M.-irsliall  ])iil)lislie(l  a  \nluine.  "Arlmsliini  Anierican- 
uni."  l)eing  a  catald^uc  uf  American  trees  and  shrulN,  wiili  hints  of 
their  uses  in  nie(hcine.  as  dyes  and  in  domestic  economy.  N'ears  after, 
in  IiSjO.  Dr.  \\'illiani  I)arHngt(jn  pubhshed  his  "Flora  Cestrica."  Ijeing 
a  catalogue  of  the  nati\'e  and  naturalized  plants  nf  Chester  county. 
I'"ollo\\ing  in  a  snmewh.at  similar  line.  Dr.  William  D.  llartmau  and 
Dr.  I'.zra  Michener  puhlislied  their  "Concholngia  Cestrica,"  being  a  cle- 
sci'iptiou  of  the  conchology  of  Chester  county. 

Of  authors  who  are  held  in  constant  remeuibrauce.  and  whose 
works  are  e\er  read,  thus  far.  Bayard  'ra)li)r  and  Thomas  Buchanan 
Read  stand  foremost.  Air.  Taylor  covered  a  broad  scope  in  both  prose 
and  ijoetry,  but  with  l'enns_\dvauians.  perhajjs,  his  "Storv  of  Kennett." 
with  its  delightful  local  fla\'oring,  redolent  of  the  t'lelds  and  woods  of 
Chester  coiuit_\",  will  e\er  hold  first  place.  I'or  like  reasor.s,  Mr.  Read's 
"Wagoner  of  th.e  Alleghenies"  ne\er  grows  old,  ami  tinds  new  readers 
eacii  _\-ear  from  aiuong  the  constantly  succeeding  Hocks  of  tourists  who 
break  away  from  the  cities  into  the  mount.ains.  But  this  genial  ])oet 
will  be  most  generally  remembered  fiir  his  stirring  battle  lines,  "Sheri- 
dan's Ride,"  famib.ar  to  e\erv  schoolboy  for  more  than  a  score  of  years 
jiast,  and  which  in  .\merica  is  destined  to  remain  a  school  rostrum 
classic  when  ( luore's  the  jiity)  "Casablanca"  and  "Old  Ironsides"  are 
forgotten.  Rea'!  was  no  mean  artist,  but  his  paintin.gs  a.re  less  known 
than  are  his  writings.  Tlis  best  work  on  canvas  was  pr.ib.ablv  "I^ong- 
fellow's  Children." 

0\  other  artists,  Benjamin  \\'est  stands  supremeh'  first  in  the  esti- 
mation of  Pennsvh'anians,  if  not  of  all  .\mericans.  .\  nati\e  of  the 
St.ate,  born  at  Siiringiield.  his  inchnation  for  ;n"t  was  apparent  before 
he  had  ceased  to  be  a  child.  Court  iiainter  to  ( ieorge  111.  he  succeeded 
Sir  Joshua  Re^'uolds  as  pre.--ideut  of  the  Ro\al  Acadenn-       The  ronian- 


\ 


'-'74      COMPENDIUM  ()!■  lUSTUliV  AND  GENEALOGY 

tic  story  of  liis  marriage  is  told  (Jii  aimtlier  paj^c  of  lliis  wnik.  1  le  IkmI 
for  a  impil  liim  w  lio  became  lamous  as  Tliimas  Sull_\ .  whose  most 
ailmirable  work  in  tiie  estimation  of  Americans  will  e\er  lie  iiis  "W'asli- 
iiigton  Crossing  the  Delaware."  Anotiier  famous  pnpil  of  West  was 
Charles  W.  Peale.  who  jiainted  an  early  portrait  of  Washington  an<l 
of  various  of  his  general  officers.  ihe  lormer  of  these  historic  prcj- 
iluctions  is  the  property  of  *lie  West  Chester  Stale  N'ormal  Sciiool. 
Peale's  sem,  Remhrandt  Peale,  also  developed  line  ability  as  a  piinter. 
and  his  "Roman  Daughter"  and  "Court  of  Death"  are  held  in  admira- 
tion to  the  present  day. 


OF  THE  STATE  Of  PEXXSYIJ'ANIA.  275 


CHAPTER  XII. 

Meoicixe.  Law  axd  Theology. 

The  liistdn-  of  medical  science  in  Pennsylvania  had  its  Ijeginnings 
witli  the  ship  harhers.  nr  cliiruru-ei)'",s.  whu  came  witli  the  first  colnnists. 
Surgery  was  coniparatixel}-  unknown,  and  was  not  strictly  a  part  of 
medicine,  and  the  coming  together  of  the  two  departments  of  what  is 
now  a  science  came  through  an  orderly  evolution. 

The  first  chirurgeon  to  lie  emi)loved  in  the  Swedish  colonies  on  the 
Delaware  was  Jan  Petersen,  at  a  salary  of  ten  guilders  a  month.  He 
served  from  Jul\-  i.  i'')38,  and  was  succeeded  hy  J-Ians  Jansche  in  16^4. 
Timon  Stiddem  in  iC^S.^.  .I'Ti  Costing  in  1637.  and  Peter  Tyneman  in 
1660.  The  adx'cnt  of  the  Penn  c<jlony  marked  a  large  step  forward. 
.Among  the  new-comers  u-as  John  (joodson.  "Ciiirurgeon  to  the  Society 
of  Free  Traders,"  who  came  from  London,  settled  first  at  L'pland. 
whence  he  rcmo\ed  to  Philadelphia,  and  who  is  recognized  hy  annalists 
as  the  first  real  ])hvsician  in  the  colony.  With  Penn  cariie  in  the  "Wel- 
come" Tliomas  Lloyd.  Thomas  Wxanan  and  (Iriffith  Owen,  medical 
practitioners  of  character  and  'x-pute.  who  had  heen  trained  in  Luropean 
schools.  The  last  named  was  also  a  preacher  in  the  Society  of  I-'riends. 
and  all  were  ])ronounced  1)\'  ;i  contemporary  writer  to  he  men  well  calcu- 
lated to  secure  for  the  colony  "a  prominence  in  national  welfare,  in  sci- 
entific standing  and  in  morality,  which  it  soon  reached  and  long  main- 
tained." Yet  it  would  ap])car  that  these  men  were  held  in  little  re- 
s])ect  at  first,  prohahly  hecanse  of  the  little  need  for  their  services,  for 
in  1685.  three  years  after  the  colony  was  planted.  Charles  (iordon,  of 
Xew  Jersey,  wrote  fn  his  hrother.  a  iihysician  in  England,  "if  vou  tiesire 


•27C,      COMPENDIUM  OF  HISTORY  ASD  GENEALOGY 

to  come  hither  yourself,  >i)ii  may  come  as  a  Planter.  ')r  a  Merchant, 
l)iit  as  a  Doctor  of  Medicine  I  cannot  aiKise  yini,  for  I  liear  of  no  dis- 
eases but  some  Agues,  and  ciitted  Ict^s  and  lingers,  and  tliere  is  im  want 
of  empirics  for  these  already."'  And  another.  Gabriel  Thonias.  a  man 
of  standing,  of  positive  ideas  and  strong  individuality,  declaimed  against 
the  infant  medical  ]irofession  in  the  following:  "Of  lawyers  and  ])hy- 
sicians  I  shall  say  nothing,  because  this  country  is  now  Teaccaljlc  and 
Healty ;  long  may  it  so  continue  and  ne\er  have  occasion  ior  the  tongue 
of  the  one.  nor  the  Pen  of  the  other,  lx)th  c(|ually  destructive  to  Men's 
Estates  and  Sins:  besides,  forsooth.  ilie\-.  llangnian  like.  ha\e  a  Licen.se 
to  Murder  and  make  Mischief." 

The  medical  men  who  came  with  the  earlv  cokmists  were,  oiu  of 
the  necessities  of  the  case,  obliged  to  engage  in  other  than  their  profes- 
sional occu])ation.  and,  being  men  of  education,  the  greater  number  of 
them  took  part  in  public  afifairs.  Lloyd  became  deputy  governor,  presi- 
dent of  the  council,  and  keeper  of  the  great  seal  of  the  province.  Wynne 
was  president  of  the  lirst  asser.ibl\-.  and  was  ever  active  in  the  affairs  of 
the  province.  Oven  became  a  member  of  the  assembly,  ilep\Uy  master 
of  the  rolls,  and  commissioner  of  property.  Physicians  who  came  later 
devoted  their  energies  more  ]);u"ticularl\-  to  their  profession  and  less 
tt>  politics.  In  1711  Dr.  John  Kearslcx-  came  into  prominence  at  a 
time  when  l-'rank!in  was  "mounting  to  the  zenith  of  his  inlluence  and 
fame."  Kearsley  may  not  have  been  the  fomider  of  the  Inst  mcilical 
.school  in  Philadelphia,  but  he  was  •\  pioneer  in  protcssion.il  instruc- 
tional work,  and  he  graduated  to  the  profession  from  among  his  pupils 
some  of  the  most  accomplished  practitioners  of  the  early  years  of  the 
eighteenth  century.  "Of  his  pupils  he  exacted  services  beyond  those 
which  Ijelonged  specifically  to  their  medical  studies,  for  they  were  re- 
ipiired  to  comjjound  his  medicines  and  go  his  errands,  and  do  for  him 


ur   rilE  STATE  UT  I'l-XSSYLl'.lMA.  -'77 

otlier  menial  services,  emerging  from  his  hard  scho(jl  with  a  rare  fitness 
for  their  work." 

Perhajis  the  most  Ijrihiaiit  practitioner  and  teaclier  of  liis  day  was 
Dr.  CadwaUadcr  Colden.  He  was  a  native  of  Scotland,  the  son  of  an 
eminent  clergyman,  and  was  educated  at  the  L'niversity  of  Edinburgh. 
He  came  to  America  in  1708,  when  t\\ent\'  vears  of  age,  locating  in 
Philadelphia;  where  he  built  up  a  large  ])ractice.  In  1717  he  began  a 
series  of  "physical  lectures."  his  pu.rpose  being  to  instruct  young  men 
ill  the  science  of  medicine,  and  he  made  an  ineffectual  attempt  to  pro- 
cure a  legislati\'e  a]jpropriation  to  aid  him  in  his  efforts.  In  the  follow- 
mg  year  he  removed,  to  New  ^'o^k.  which  became  the  scene  of  his  mo.«t 
acti\-e  and  useful  effort.  He  was  one  of  the  earliest  authors  on  certain 
contagions  diseases  and  sanitation,  antici[)ating  much  of  what  has  been 
written  in  com])arati\-e!y  recent  _\'cars  in  ascril)ing  epidemic  diseases,  in 
large  measure,  to  unsanitarv  conditions.  His  worth  as  an  investigator  in 
scientific  channels  is  evidenced  by  his  correspondence  with  Benjamin 
I'rauklin.  the  Swedish  naturalist  Linnaeus,  and  the  (ierman  philologist 
and  rmtiquarian  dionoxius.  He  was  the  tirst  in  America  to  give  meth- 
odical attention  to  nati\-e  botany,  and  he  collected  nearl\-  four  hundred 
]ilant  specimens  \\hich  were  catalogued  by  Linnaeus  in  his  "Acta  L'p- 
saliensia."  Colden  would  uudoubtedI\-  ha\'e  risen  to  even  higher  emi- 
nence in  the  medical  career  and  other  sciences  had  he  not  given  his 
attention  to  ])olitics.  He  was  the  first  sur\-e\-or  general  of  Xew  \'ork, 
and   from    1761   to   1775  he  was  lieutenant  governor  of  the  ]iro\-ince. 

1  )r.  Thomas  C'adwahider,  ;i  nati\e  of  Philadel])hia,  began  public 
medical  teaching,  with  dissections  and  demonstrations  in  anatomy,  about 
1730.  when  he  was  twenty-three  \eru"s  old.  This  school  was  the  first 
teaching  institution  of  its  kind  in  Pennsyb-.ania.  ;md  is  said  to  have 
been  cstal>lislicd    for  the  especial   instruction   of   Dr.    William    Shipi)cn 


278    coMriixnn'M  or  i [/story  j.vd  gexealogv 

and  others.  In  i/.^i.  during  the  snial!pi»x  cpideniic,  Cadwalader.  willi 
Drs.  Kearsley,  Zachary.  the  elder  Shippen.  Suniers  and  I'oiyd.  practiced 
inoculatiiin.  and  tliis  innovation  was  also  favored  by  Dr.  Cjraeine.  one 
of  the  most  noted  practitioners  of  the  day,  who  was.  however,  ill  during 
the  continuance  of  the  scourge,  and  unable  to  take  a  ])art  in  conilialting  it. 
h'roni  this  time  on.  the  advancements  in  medical  instruction  were 
aided  through  various  instructional  movements  in  other  than  ]irofessioiial 
teaching  channels,  in  ij-t*;  was  foinided  the  .\cademy  of  Pliiladel])liia, 
primarily  through  the  effort  of  Henjamin  l"ranklin.  and  at  the  sugges- 
tion of  Pr.  I'hineas  liond.  and  which  lin;dly  developed  into  the  I'niver- 
sitv  of  i'ennsvKania.  that  splendid  institution  which  has  given  a  host 
of  ornaments  to  medicine,  to  the  law.  to  the  arts  and  sciences,  .md  to 
other  useful  pursuits.  The  .\cademy  was  followed,  in  1731.  h\'  the 
I'eniisylvania  I  luspital.  w  Iiich  came  into  existence  through  the  same 
agencies,  (ioing  outside  of  the  chronological  order,  it  is  to  he  said 
that  in  1786  was  founded  the  l'hiiadcl])hia  Dispensary,  the  ])ioneer  in- 
.stitution  of  its  kind, in  the  I'nited  States. 

MKDUAl.    SCHOOL    OI'    T II K    IXIVKRSITY    OF    PENNSYLV.\NI.\. 

In  I  70J  were  laid  the  foundations  of  \rliat  came  to  he  the  .Medical 
School  of  the  University  of  l'enns\l\;mia.  In  that  \car  Dr.  William 
Shippen.  jr.,  returned  from  England,  whither  he  had  goiK  to  complete 
his  medical  stiidies,  and  began  a  course  of  anatomical  lectures  at  his 
father's  house,  having  for  his  e(iuipment  a  number  of  anatomical  draw- 
ings and  plaster  casts  which  he  had  brought  from  i-ondon.  Dr.  Sln])])en 
taught  alone  until  i7'^i5.  when  Dr.  John  Morgan  came.  M;iy  3,  the 
trustees  nf  the  College  (Academy  of  I'liiladeljihia )  elected  Dr.  Morgan 
"Professor  (jf  the  'Iheorv  and   rraclice  of   I'lnsic,"   who  thus  became 


or  Tim  sr.iiii  of  rii.wsvLr.ixLi.  2T0 

the  first  medical  prol'e.sscjr  in  an  .Xnicrican  institutif;n  of  ieai"nin.<^.  Three 
weeks  later  Dv.  Mnri^an  (lcli\erc<l  his  inaugural  address  on  "'j'he  In- 
stitution ijf  Medical  Schools  in  America,"  and  which  he  had  written 
while  he  was  _\et  in  Paris,  h'or  a  time  Hr.  Shi])i)en  seems  to  have  heen 
])crturhed  on  account  of  the  distinction  conferred  upon  Morgan,  while 
he  himself  had  heen  the  original  projector  of  the  school,  hut,  some  months 
later,  he  addressed  tlie  College  trustees  in  appro\al  of  their  action,  and 
asking  a  faculty  appointment.  He  was  accordingly  made  Professor  of 
Anatomy  and   Surger)-. 

The  lecture  courses  were  hegun  in  Xo\eml:)er,  1765.  On  June  21. 
1768.  was  held  the  first  medical  Commencement,  and  the  degree  of 
Bachelor  of  Medicine  was  conferred  u])<)n  John  Archer,  Benjamin  Cowell, 
Samuel  Duftleld,  Jonathan  Potts,  Jonathan  Elmer,  Humphrey  Fullerton. 
l)a\id  Jackson.  John  Lawrence.  James  Tilton  and  Nicholas  \\'a\'.  In 
1 77 1  the  full  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine  was  conferred,  some  of 
the  graduates  being  those  who  had  receixed  the  Baclielor's  degree  in 
I7(')8.  The  jjriority  of  medical  degrees  has  long  heen  a  vexed  cpiestion 
hetween  the  medical  school  of  the  University  of  PennsvK-ania  and  that  of 
Columbia  Uni\ersity.  New  "N'ork.  There  would  appear  to  be  no  reason 
for  antagonizing  the  claim  of  the  former  as  to  the  conferring  of  the 
Bachelor's  degree,  inasmuch  as.  according  to  its  own  recorrls.  the  New 
"\'ork  school  did  not  confer  the  degree  until  May  16.  1769.  As  to  the 
Doctorate  degree,  the  New  ^'ork-  school  claims  its  first  conferring.  May 
15,  1770,  upon  Robert  Tucker. 

In  1779  the  Medical  IvacultN'  cnm]5rise(l  Drs,  Shippen,  Kubn,  and 
Rush,  and  to  their  nunil)cr  were  added  Dr.  Casper  W'istar.  Dr.  Samuel 
( Iriffith  arid  Dr.  Benjamin  S.  Barton.  In  this  year  the  Bachelor's  de- 
gree was  abandoned.  Tliis  was  done  for  tlie  reason  that  some  who  had' 
taken  it  had  at  once  engaged  in  practice,  styling  themselves  "Doctors." 


'iso    coMrnxnirM  oi'  histor)-  .ixd  grmulogy 

and  failing  to  return  to  the  school  to  complete  ilieii  mukIic^  ami  lake 
llieir  lull  degree.  The  requisites  for  the  full  degree  were  now  laid  douii : 
the  caniliilate  uuisl  he  of  legal  age,  should  pass  at  least  iwn  years  in 
college,  attending  a!!  its  principal  courses  of  lectures,  and,  alter  passing 
examination,  write  and  prim  a  tiicsis.  In  1S05  tiie  Medical  College 
made  an  unsuccessful  appeal  to  the  legislature  for  a  liuildin,^  f^r  its  pur- 
poses. X(jt\vithstanding  the  disadvantages  under  which  il  iahnrcd.  it 
surpassed  the  college  proper  in  numbers  and  in  reputation.  \\\  iSoj  the 
medical  students  nunil)ered  two  hundred  and  se\cniy.  ihe  average 
annual  number  of  medical  graduates  for  the  fust  half  cenlurv  was  more 
than  one  hundred,  and  in  some  years  prior  to  1S3J  it  was  as  high  as 
one  hundred  and  sixlw  The  early  instruction  w;is  in  larg^e  degree  given 
in  the  I 'ennsylvania  Ihisjjital  and  afterwards  also  in  the  Alms  I  louse, 
which  latter  (in  1807)  fitted  up  a  room  for  instructional  purposes.  In 
iSi()  a  course  in  I'liarmacy  was  established  on  motion  of  the  .Meilical 
b'aculty.  and  in  1825  degrees  were  conferred.  In  1841  the  first  (lis])en- 
sar_\-  clinic  was  held,  by   Drs.  (ierhard  and   b'hnson. 

In  1874  the  Mc<lical  ScIkkiI  took  u]i  its  home  in  West  i'hiladeli)hia. 
In  1877  the  course  was  extended  to  three  _\ears.  and  the  term  to  six  and 
one-half  months.  In  1883  a  voluntary  fourth  \ear  was  added  to  the 
course,  but  few  students  ga\e  this  innovation  the  s.anction  of  their  at- 
tendance. In  1893  a  four  \ears"  course  was  made  conijiulsoiy,  .md' 
the  term  was  extended  to  eight  months,  as  in  the  other  departments  of 
the  l'ni\-ersity  of  Pennsylvania.  The  ad\antages  of  the  Medical  School 
had  now  been  immeasurably  mcreased.  The  University  Hospital  was 
greatly  extended  through  the  benefactions  of  the  widow  of  l)i'.  I).  1  layes 
.\gueu.  ;md  :i  legislatixe  appropriation  of  $80,000.  ()ther  adjvHuts  were 
the  rep])er  Laboratory  of  Clinical  Medicine,  a  memorial  t<i  Dr.  \\  illiani 
Pepper:  the  Gibson  Wing  for  Chronic  Diseases:  a  Nurses"  Home,  the 


OF  THE  STATE  OE  rEXXSYLJ-AXL-L  281 

gift  of  the  family  nf  Juliana  W'ihkI;  and  a  .Mateniit\'  Hospital,  liiiilt  and 
ef|iii])|)p(I  out  of  funds  ])rociircd  1)\-  i'rofessor  iKarton  C  Hirst.  In  all. 
the  Hospital  property  now  represented  a  value  of  nearly  if  nui  quite  one 
and  a  half  million  dollars. 

During  this  period,  the  haenltx-  changes  were  numerous.  Con- 
spicuous among  the  PiYifessnrs  and  instructors  were  Drs.  j.  W.  White. 
Charles  11.  .Mills,  jolm  Marshall.  Wli.irton.  Deaver.  Reichart.  I'iersol. 
Duhring.  Cuiteras.  (iriiiith.  Alusser,  Penrose  and  Da\is.  .\mong  those 
who  closed  periods  of  much  usefulness  were  William  Osier,  Samuel 
Dixon.  Jolm  S.  Billings,  the  last  named  of  whom  was  particul.arh-  ser\-ice- 
ahle  in  the  organization  and  conduct  of  the  Ih'gienic  Lahoratorv  and 
the  Hospital.  In  1S84  Dr.  .\lfred  Stille  resigned  and  hecame  Professor 
iMiieritus;  Drs.  Penrose  and  Hayes  resigned  in  1888.  and  Rohert  M. 
Smith  and  William  (ioodell  in  iSyj;.  Dr.  Joseph  Leidv,  Professor  of 
.\natomy.  a  man  of  most  hrillianl  attainments,  died  in  i8()i.  and  Dr. 
Agnew,   I'rofessor  luneritns,  died  a  _\car  later. 

The  present  instructional  staff  of  the  Medical  School  numbers  103, 
with  472  students.  .\t  the  Commencement  of  igo2.  151  students  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine.  It  will  not  l)e  gainsayed  that 
the  pro])hetic  utterance  of  Dr.  John  Morgan,  who  filled  the  first  medical 
]irofessorship  created  in  .\merica.  in  his  o])ening  "Discoin-se  ujion  the 
Institution  of  Medical  Schof)ls  in  .\merica,"  delivered  in  the  College  of 
Philadelphia,   in    17^3,  has   found  complete  fnlhllment : 

"Perhaps  this  medical  institution,  the  first  of  its  kind  in  .\merica, 
though  small  in  its  heginning,  ma\'  rccei\'e  a  constant  increase  of  strength, 
and  annualh-  exert  new  \ig<ir.  It  ma\-  collect  ;i  number  of  \-oung  ])er- 
sons,  of  more  than  ordinary  abilities,  and  so  impro\'e  their  knowledge 
as  to  spread  its  reiwtation  to  distant  p.arts.  liy  sending  these  abroad 
dul_\    (|u;dilied.  or  by  exciting  an  emulation  amongst   men  of  [j.arts  and 


282    co^^rl■.\'D^rM  op  iiistor)'  .ixn  geneai.ocy 

lilei;itiirc.  it  may  give  liiitli  ti>  Dtlicr  useful  instiluticiis  >■.  a  similar 
nature,  or  occasional  rise,  \t\  its  example,  to  numerous  societies  i>f  <lif- 
ferent  kinds,  calculated  to  spread  the  light  of  knowledge  tin-ougli  the 
whole  American  continent,   wherever  inhabited.  " 

OTHER  EARLY    MEDIC.M,  .SCHOOLS. 

I'ollmving  tlic  close  of  the  Revolutionar}'  War.  the  custom  f  il- 
lowed  hv  some  of  the  older  i)raclilioners  of  giving  to  their  otVice  jjupils 
instruction  in  anatomy  and  physiology,  with  occasional  demonslrations 
in  dissection,  led  to  the  opening  of  several  prixate  medical  schools,  some 
of  whicli  were  of  real  usefulness,  and  all  of  winch  tended  to  increase 
interest  iri  medical  education,  and  ultimately  led  to  the  founding  of  a 
second  medical  college.  Among  the  ])rivate  medical  school  jiionccrs  was 
Dr.  Nathaniel  Chapman,  who  began  his  work'  (in  1S17)  after  a  more 
comi)rehensive  fashion  than  had  formerly  prevailed.  With  him  was  as- 
sociated Dr.  Horner,  and  out  of  this  beginning  came  into  existence  the 
Medical  Institute,  whicli  ten  \ears  later  "reached  the  condition  of  a 
i)opnlar  and  systematic  course  of  in.struction"  extending  o\er  nearly 
the  whole  yeai\  and  attended  by  upwards  of  one  Inmdred  students.  In 
i8i<S  Dr.  Joseph  Parrish  opened  a  scliool  which  soon  numbered  more 
than  thirty  students,  and  with  this  encouragement  lie  called  to  his  aid 
Dr.  (leorge  B.  Wood,  and  other  instructors  at  a  later  time.  In  1830 
this  school  had  de\eIoped  into  the  Pliiladeli)hia  .Association  for  Medical 
[nstruction,  with  a  faculty  comprising  Drs.  P.arrish,  Wood,  Morton, 
iJarton  and  Bache,  and  still  later  were  added  Randolph,  Gerhard,  Pan- 
coast  and  Rush.  Tliis  school  llourished  until  iS^f).  when  it  began  tn 
decline.  Its  founder  died  in  1840.  Between  1818  and  1820  Dr.  William 
Gibson  opened  the  School  of  Medicine.  He  was  a  capable  ])raciiiioiier, 
tJid  a   lecturer  of   more  than  ordinary   capacity.      His  assistants   were 


OF  THE  STATE  OT  I'ENNSYEVANIA.  2s3 

Urs.  Jacoi)  Raiidolpli.  Ilenjamiii  II.  Cuutes.  Kciie  i.a  Kuche,  Juliii  llnp- 
kiiison  ami  Cliarles  1).  Meigs.  All  were  men  of  standing"  in  iheir  i)ro- 
fession,  and  Dr.  Meigs  was  afterward  ])ri)miner.l  in  the  Jeftersnn  .Medical 
College,  one  of  that  "l^'acult)-  of  184  i"  whieli  widely  e.\tended  llie  fame 
nf  that  institution.  The  School  of  Medicine  enjo\ed  a  successful  career 
for  se\eral  years.  l)Ut  linalK'  closed  its  doors.  In  iSjo  Dr.  Jason  \'. 
Lawrence  uptued  an  institution  which  he  called  the  riiiladelphia  .\nato- 
uiical  Ivionis.  lie  \\as  an  originator  of  new  ideas  in  professional  work, 
and  a  scholarly  lecturer.  In  1S22  he  liecanie  a  lecturer  on  .\natoniy 
a.nd  Surgery  in  the  L'ni\ersity,  and  from  tliat  time  his  school  hecanie 
a  summer  school  to  continue  during  the  \acation  (  .\pril  ti>  Xmcmher) 
of  the  larger  institution.  He  died  in  11^-23,  when  Dr.  John  1).  (imidnian 
assumed  its,  contrnj.  and  conducted  it  with,  great  success.  In  iSjA  Dr. 
(loodnian  remo\ed  to  Xev.'  ^'ork.  and  was  succee<led  li\'  Dr.  James  W'eh- 
ster,  who  conducted  the  school  for  four  years,  and  then  lel'l  it  to  take  a 
chair  in  another  institution.  Dr.  Pancoast  was  his  successor,  ruid  main- 
tained the  schocil  until  iS.^O.  when  he  joined  tlie  facultv  of  the  Jefferson 
Medical  College.  In  1S3S,  Dr.  James  McClintock  opened  the  I'hiladel- 
])hia  School  of  Anatomy,  on  the  plan  outlined  In-  Lawrence,  who.se  school 
he  ultiniately  ahsorhed.  The  u-iiinn  was  accomplished  in  1841.  and  the 
School  of  .\natomy  was  recognized  as  notahly  useful  until  1875.  ''cing  in 
all  respects  a  worthy  institution,  and  fre(|uenth'  referred  t;i  as  "a  famous 
training  grnund  for  professional  chairs"  in  the  larger  medical  schools. 
I'or  many  \-ears  its  history  ran  in  parallel  lines  with  th;it  of  the  TciTerson 
Medical  College,  which  undouhtedly  profued  In-  its  existence,  although 
the  two  were  in  no  sense  allies.  its  teachers  were  among  the  most 
capahle  in  the  city — Drs.  W'illi.ani  R.  ( h'ant.  I ).  1 1,-iyes  .Agncw.  James 
.\.  (iarretson.  James  P.  .Xndrews.  R.  S.  Sutton,  \\'.  W.  Keen,  and  others 
of  like  attaimiieuts. 


2S4      COMPENDIUM  OF  HISTORY  .L\'D  GENEALOGY 

JEFFERSON    MEDICAL    COLLEGE. 

For  the  sake  of  contimiity.  (^ne  notewfulli}-  scliool  lias  been  left 
nut  of  its  clironological  order.  In  i8_'i  Dr.  deorge  McClcllaii  litleil 
up  a  lecture  room  in  connection  with  his  nfiicc.  and  therein  laid  llie 
fouiulations  for  the  Jefferson  Medical  College,  lie  was  onl\'  twenty- 
four  \'ears  of  age.  hut  he  had  lieen  a  diligent  and  anihitious  student 
under  the  preceptorsliip  of  such  eminent  ])h\sicians  as  Dorsey  ruid 
Phvsick,  and  had  come  to  he  an  accomplished  practitioner,  hoth  in 
medicine  and  surgery,  and  excelling  in  the  latter  department.  His 
recognized  high  al)ilit\'  and  winning  personality  soon  I>rought  to  hini 
more  ^itudents  than  he  could  serve,  and  it  hecanie  necessary  for  him  to  call 
in  assistant  instructors.  Before  him.  successful  private  teachers  had 
endea\'ored  to  secure  an  act  of  incor]X)rnti<in  to  enahle  them  to  estahlish 
a  medical  .school  which  should  come  to  a  like  dignity  and  prestige  with 
tliat  of  tlie  University,  hut  the  greater  institution  h;ul  stoutly  antagonized 
such  efforts  and  with  entire  success.  Seven  years  after  the  last  ahortixe 
effort  (that  of  Dr.  \\'.  P.  C.  Barton),  Dr.  McClellan  enlisted  agencies 
through  which  he  achieved  success.  .\  .Scotch  Presbyterian  himself,  he 
applied  to  Jefferson  College,  at  Canonsburg,  an  institution  under  the 
control  of  his  sect,  proposing  the  founding  of  a  medical  school  in  con- 
nection tlierewith,  with  the  result  that  ( in  1824)  the  trustees  of  Jefferson 
College  established  a  medical  facultx-  in  the  city  of  Pliiladeli)hia.  under 
the  name  of  Jeffer.son  Medical  College,  the  I'rofessors  being:  Joseph 
Klapp,  Theory  and  Practice:  John  Eberle,  Obstetrics;  Jacob  Green, 
Chemistry;  George  McClellan.  Surgery  and  .\natomy:  1!.  Rush  Rhces, 
Materia  Medica.  Of  this  first  faculty  Dr  fTenry  says:  "Drs.  McClellan, 
El)erle,  Rhees  and  Green  were  the  force  that  upheld  the  institution  during 
its  critical  period  of  beginning,"  and,  it  may  be  added,  they  struggled 


OU  THE  STATE  OP  PENNSYLVANIA.  2S5 

noljh'   against   main'   and  serious  cniljarrassmenls   iinlil   tlie   LDllege  be- 
came estahlislicd  upun  a  reasDiiabK'  linn  basis.     In  some  respects  tbe  first 
tacull\-  was  a  remarkable  ij<id\-  of  men.     I'djerle  was  tbe  autbor  of  two 
works.  "Materia  MecHca  '  and  "Practice  of  Medicine."  wbicli  made  for 
bini  reputation  alii'oad  as  well  as  at  bome :    tbe  former  was  translated  in 
Cierman}'.  and  secured  f(_ir  ]d.)erle  a.  membersbip  in  tbe  Medical  Society 
1)1   I'.erliii.     Kliees.  wlio  graduated  under  Dr.  Janics  Kusb.  was  a  man  (jf 
\aried  accomplisbments.  and  a  careful  and  conscientious  teacber.     (ireen 
outser\-ed  all  bis  colleagues  in  tbe  Pacult',-.     He  bad  a  broad  knowledge 
of   tbe  natural   sciences,   to   wbicb   be   de\oted   bimself   in   preference  tn 
medicine,    for   wbicli   be  conceived   a   dislike   after   witnessing  a   jjainful 
operation.      IMcClellan    was   a   Ixirn    surgenn.      Dr.    Ciross   said    of   bim ; 
"1    ne\-er   met   one   wluj   was   bis   superior   in    de.\terit\'   and    rapiibtx'  \)i 
e.xecution,  and  onl}-  two  or  tbree  w  bo  were  bis  ecpials."      In    1824   Mc- 
Clellan  assisted  Dr.  Eberle  in   founding  tbe  "Pbiladelpbia    .Medical    Ke- 
\"iew   and    Analytical    journal,"    to    wbicb    be   contributed    articles    u])on 
some  of  bis   more   interesting  cases  and   operatic  ms.      His  best    written 
i>aper  was   a   review   of  Larrev's   "Surgical   Memoirs,"   wbicb   attracted 
mucb   attention.      After   bis    retirement    from    public   teacbing    be   c<im- 
])osed  a  work  on  siu'gerx'.  ultimatelv  issued  in  one  \olume,  tbe  last  pages 
of  wbicb  were  passing  tbrougb  tbe  i)ress  wben  be  was  seized  witb  tbe 
illness  from  A\iiicli  be  died,  in   1847.     O"^  "•"  tbe  darling  objects  of  bis 
e;irl\-  life,  after  be  bad  founded  tbe  Jefferson   Medical  College,  was  tbe 
pulilication  of  a  "Treatise  on  .\n;itomy,"  in  conjunction  witb  bis  brotber, 
l^r.   Samuel  McClellan,  but  tbe  only  portion  of  ;be  wurk  tbat  was  e\er 
written  was  tbe  preface. 

Tbe  first  regular  meeting  of  tbe  Medical  F.aculty  was  beld  in  Pbi'a- 
delpbia,  December  24,  i8_'4,  an.d  tbe  Medical  College  wa".  opened  in  tbe 
Tivoli  Tbeatre  building    (  n^  iw    Xo.  518  Locust  street).   Marcb  8.    i8_'5. 


2sr,      COMPEXPfl'M  nr  HISTORY  .IXP  CnXEALOGV 

Pri)\isi()ii  was  made  for  tlie  reception  of  iiidii^ent  palients  wlm  were  Id  lie 
siipiilietl  with  ineilicir.e  i;ratuit(iusly.  and  on  Ma\'  <>  a  patient  was  recei\ed 
into  tlie  liuspital  (le])artinenl,  ar.d  was  operated  u]K)n  \>y  Dr.  McClellan. 
On  the  i6tii.  tlie  day  of  formal  opcninij.  six  patients  were  ])reserilied 
for.  and  this  was  the  heginning'  of  Uie  history  of  the  Jefferson  Medical 
College  Hospital,  now  one  of  the  must  complete  institntions  of  its  char- 
acter in  the  I'nitcd  .States.  On  the  last  Thnrsda_\-  in  Octoher  the  Medicil 
College  was  lornially  opened,  with  a  niatricnlate  list  of  one  hnndred  and 
nine,  representing  fourteen  States  and  two  t'oreign  countries. 

Xow  arose  a  distnrhing  f|neslion — had  the  faculty  of  Jefferson 
College  of  Canonslnirg.  which  was  a  literary  educational  institution,  the 
right  to  grant  diplomas  to  and  confer  degrees  in  medicine  upon  the 
graduates  of  Jefferson  Medical  College?  The  legislature  was  ,-ip])ealed 
to,  and  on  April  26,  1826,  an  act  was  passed  which  enlargcil  the  hoard  of 
trustees  by  the  addition  of  twelve  memliers  in  Philadelphia  to  sujierin- 
tend  the  Medical  Department,  and  authorizing  the  conferring  of  medical 
degrees,  .and  on  April  14  twenty  candidates,  the  tirst  class  graduated. 
ha\ing  passed  the  necessary  examinatinns.  received  their  diplomas. 

t\\\  iSjS  it  was  determined  t<i  jirocure  more  comnioclious  (|u;u"ters  for 
the  Medical  College,  the  expense  not  to  exceed  $20,000.  and  the  funds  to 
lie  procured  hv  stock  suhscriiilions.  and  the  Rev.  Ezra  St\'1es  El\'.  1).  D., 
was  engaged  to  carry  the  intention  into  effect.  Dr.  \'.]\  moved  with 
great  promptness  and  ability.  He  inn-chased  a  lot  on  Tenth  street,  be- 
tween what  are  ufiw  known  as  Sansom  .and  Mora\ian  streets,  whereon  he 
erected  a  building  which  was  occu]iied  in  the  f.ill  of  the  same  year. 

In  the  sjiring  of  1838  an  act  of  the  legislatin-e  was  priicurcd  which 
provided  that  "the  Medical  Dcinntment  of  Jefferson  College  be  and  here- 
by is  created  a  sei)arate  and  indejienflent  body  corjiorate.  as  The  Jefferson 
.Medical  C^illegeof  l'hiladel])hia..  with  the  s.ame  powers  and  restrictions  as 


• 


OP  THE  STATE  OP  PENNSYLVANIA.  287 

llie  University  of  I'ciinsylvania.'"  'l"!ie  College  was  now  finally  estab- 
lished u])on  the  basis  originally  contemplated  by  its  fonnders.  Mct'Iellan, 
the  founder,  was  yet  a  member  of  the  hacult}'.  as  was  his  original  associ- 
ate, Prt)fessor  (ireen.  The  otliers — Eberle,  Rhees  and  KlaiJ]) — had  re- 
tired. I'or  McClellan  the  \ictory  was  complete,  and  the  goal  of  his  am- 
bition had  been  reached.  But  he  was  now  struggling  to  retain  a  con- 
trolling influence  in  the  affairs  of  the  institution  which  he.  almost  alone, 
had  l)rought  into  being  and  rep.red  to  a  healthful  existence,  sustaining  it 
for  years  wth  liis  arduous  labor  and  unfaltering  enthusiasm  and  ho])e. 
Tfe  still  remained  a  power,  but  his  influence  was  declining  under  the 
rapitl  progress  now  making  in  the  medical  world,  and  in  two  years  he  was 
set  aside  to  give  place  to  fresh  l;lood. 

Under  the  new  charter,  the  trustees  of  Jefferson  Metlical  College  in- 
creased their  number  to  fifteen,  and  ])ro\-ided  for  enlarging"  and  remodel- 
ing the  cijllege  Liiikling.  Now  came  a  period  of  disturbance,  which  cul- 
minated ( in  June.  183c)).  in  an  assertion  of  ;uithorit\'  u]ion  the  part  of  the 
trustees,  who  ch.'-'sohed  the  Facultx".  A  majorit\'  of  the  old  I'rofessors 
were  reappointed,  but  Dr.  (ieorge  McClellan  was  ignored.  Un(|uestion- 
abl\'  one  of  the  most  accom])lisbed  surgeons  in  the  L'nited  .St.ates.  he  had 
no  superior  as  an  instructor  ar.d  clinician,  and  in  his  setting  aside  the  col- 
lege lost  a  famous  teacher  and  a  de\(ited  friend.  I'lUt  the  very  (jualities 
which  were  essential  to  the  achiexement  of  his  great  piu'pose — the  foinid- 
ing  of  the  college — were  those  which  destroyed  him  now  that  the  insti- 
tution  was  firmly  established.  Tie  was  strongly  self-assertive  and  deter- 
mined :  when  op]3osed.  he  was  disposed  "to  be  arbitr;ir}'.  ex'en  obstinate; 
and.  w  ithal.  he  had  infirmities  of  tcnii)er.  .\nd  so.  the  dissensions  which, 
had  arisen  between  himself  and  others  of  the  I'aculty  were  irreconcilal/le. 
and  among  those  whom  he  antagonized  most  strenuously  was  the  re- 
nowned Dr.   I\oble\-  l)uni:lison.  wiio  came  to  lead  in  the  crusade  against 


288      COMPEXDICM  OP  HISTORY  JXD  GEXEALOGV 

liiin.  Dr.  McClellan  was  succeeded  in  his  cluiir  1)\  Dr.  Joseph  I'aiicoast. 
wliuse  associates  upon  the  new  l-'aculty  were  hihn  Ke\erc.  i'heory  and 
Practice:  Granville  S.  Pattison.  Analumv ;  SanuKl  .\UClcllan.  Midwif- 
ery: Rnlilex'  Dnnsjlisoii.  Institutes  ui  .Medicine  ant!  Medical  jurispru- 
dence: Robert  M.  Houston.  Materia  Medica:  and  Jacnh  (Ireen,  Chem- 
istry. 

Xotwitlistanding  the  undi'i'hted  strength  of  the  new  l-"acult\'  and  the 
individual  pojnilaritx-  i>\  its  niendiers.  McClellan  still  had  a  strong  fol- 
lowing. He  iniinediately  conceived  the  ])uri)iise  ni  fcirniing  another  med- 
ical school,  and  he  procured  a  ch.irter  for  what  was  known  as  the  Methcal 
Department  of  T'enusyKania  College  at  (leilyshurg.  This  was  opened 
in  Xovemljer.  1839.  with  nearly  one  hundred  students,  under  the  follow- 
ing faculty:  Dr.  Samuel  ( i.  Morton.  Physiology  and  .\natomy ;  Dr. 
George  McClellan.  Principles  antl  Practice  of  Surgery:  Dr.  Calhoun. 
Materia  Medica  and  Pharmacy:  Dr.  Samuel  McClellan,  Obstetrics:  Dr. 
William  Rush.  Theorx-  and  Practice  of  IMiysic:  Dr.  Walter  R.  |ohnson, 
Clieniistry.  Meantime,  the  1839-40  session  of  Jefi'erson  Medical  College 
was  ])oorly  atteuiled,  and  the  graduating  class  fell  off  nearly  forty  per 
cent,  below  the  class  of  the  jjrecediiig  year,  and  si.xtv  per  cent,  lower  th.in 
that  of  1836. 

On  .\pril  20.  1 84 1,  all  the  chairs  in  Jefferson  Medical  College  were 
vacated  upon  the  ])eremptory  order  of  the  trustees,  because  of  internal 
differences,  and  the  following  I'acully  was  installed:  Dr.  Rohley  Dung- 
lison,  Institutes  of  Medicine  and  Medical  Jurisprudence:  Dr.  Robert  W. 
Houston.  Materia  Medica  and  (ieneral  Therapeutics:  Dr.  Jo.seph  Pan- 
coast.  General,  Descriptive  and  Surgical  .\natomy:  Dr.  Jnhii  K.  Mitchell. 
Practice  of  Medicine:  Dr.  Thomas  D.  Miitter.  Institutes  ;ind  Practice  of 
Surgery:  Dr.  Charles  D.  Meigs.  Obstetrics  and  Diseases  of  Women  and 
Children:  Dr.  T-"ranlsdin  Ijache,  Chemistry.     This  h'acultv  remained  un- 


OF  THE  STATE  OP  PENNSYLVANIA.  289 

changed  for  the  lung  ])erio(l  of  fifteen  vears.  hor  a  year  or  two.  tlie 
nnniher  of  students  was  not  materially  increased,  largely  owing  to  the 
rival  sch(jol  of  Dr.  ^IcClellan.  hut  in  1843  ''^^^  graduates  iinnihered  forty- 
seven,  and  this  was  increased  in  1S45  to  iiO,  In  1844  two  rooms  were 
rented  for  the  use  (jf  patients  after  gra\e  oj.ierations.  and  at  the  clinic. 
Deceniljer  23,  1846.  Dr.  Mutter  ga\e  the  first  exhihition  m  Philadelphia 
of  the  anesthetic  power  of  etliei'.  Ahout  1841J  the  surgical  clinic  used 
riionis  adjoining  the  college  on  the  north;  these  were  suhsequently  re- 
niodeleil  to  accommodate  fifteen  jiatients.  and  here  the  clinic  was  main- 
taineil  until  the  huilding  of  the  hospital. 

Thihi(lel])hia  had  now  hecome  a  great  educational  centre  for  the 
medical  jjrofession.  Diu'ing  the  winter  of  1845-46  more  than  one 
thousand  students  were  enrolled  in  the  city,  from  all  parts  of  the  United 
.States  and  from  al)rc:iad — from  Xiiva  Scotia,  the  West  Indies.  Ireland 
and  h'rance,  and  one  from  far  cM  Burmali.  In  addition,  the  faculty  of 
Jefferson  Medical  College  greeted  with  pleasm"e  the  jiresence  of  many 
medical  officers  of  the  army  ;md  naxy.  and  twenty-nine  gradtiates  of 
other  incorporated  institutions  nho  had  chosen  this  college  in  order  to 
accniire  more  thorough  knowledge  of  medicine  and  surgerw 

At  the  annua]  commencement  in  INlarch.  i860.  173  candidates 
were  graduated.,  hut  there  was  soon  to  he  a  seri<ius  diminution  in  num- 
her.  I'or  se\eral  x'ears  there  had  heen  maintained  in  Philadelphia  pri- 
\'ate  schools  for  medical  instruction  in  si)ecial  hranches.  One  of  these 
was  that  of  Di'.  William  S.  I'orhes.  who  instructed  in  .\natomy  a.nd 
Operatixe  Surger\- :  another,  that  of  Dr.  D.  Ha\-es  .\gnew  :  and  a  third, 
that  of  Dr.  1  hniter  Mc(iuirc.  .Ml  were  l>rilliant  teacliers.  and  they 
drew  large  classes  from  among  those  amhitious  stuilents  who  were 
using  exery  means  to  tit  themsehes  for  their  profession,  the  greater 
luimher  heing  at  the  same  time  attendants  in  the  college.      Dr.  Mc(iuire 


21MI      COMPENDIUM  01'  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

was  tlie  principal  actnr  in  a  scene  n\  dranialic  fnrcc  ami  inlerest. 
A  native  \  irginian.  marked  hy  the  traits  which  characterize  the 
niiisl  forcelnl  elements  of  his  State,  he  was  an  impassioned  advocate 
cif  the  cause  of  secession.  Whether  he  took  the  initiative  in  indiicinir 
the  Southern  students  at  Jeft'crson  to  withdraw  from  that  institution, 
is  uncertain.  At  least,  he  s^ave  williui;'  heed  to  the  im])ortunities  of 
the  Richmond  Medical  School,  a.nd  leil  several  hundred  medical  students 
away  trom  Philadelphia,  and  his  part  in  this  affair  idtiniateK'  led  to  ))ro- 
hihition  of  such  schools  as  that  .'it  Richmond,  which  ])romised  to  the  se- 
ceders  the  same  relative  standins^'  as  at  Jefiferson  and  i^ratuitous  instruc- 
tion. Alhnx'd  h}-  such  promises,  and  fired  \)\  their  hostiliiy  to  the  Xorth 
and  its  institutions,  several  hundred,  led  hy  .McCiuire.  tmaied  their  hacks 
u])on  their  college  to  enter  that  at  Richmond.  Manv  of  .\lc(  luire's  fol- 
lowers entered  the  rehel  armv.  ;:s  did  he  himself,  and  he  rose  to  high  rank 
in  its  medical  corps.  After  the  war  he  devoted  himself  to  medical  teach- 
ing and  writing,  and  with  nuich  success.  He  received  the  degree  of 
doctor  of  laws  from  the  I'niversitv  of  Xorth  ("arolina  in  iSSj.  and  suh- 
sequently  he  received  a  degree  from  Jefferson  Medical  College. 

To  (piote  from  Hr.  1  lolkuuTs  "History  of  Jefferson  Medical  Col- 
lege." "when  the  civil  war  hroke  out.  as  two-fifths  of  the  class  usually 
came  from  the  Southern  States,  it  is  not  surprising  th.at  in  two  years  the 
roll  of  student-^  shrank  from  C^t^o — the  largest  class  which  up  to  that 
time  had  attended  any  medical  college  in  tliis  country — to  only  J75." 
JelTers(jn  was  also  largely  represented  in  the  Union  army,  in  the  ranks, 
with  Commissions,  and  in  the  medical  corps.  It  need  only  he  added  in 
this  connection,  that  in  1864-65  many  of  the  Southerners  who  had  left 
Jefiferson  at  the  l)eginning  of  the  war  came  hack  to  review  their  studies 
and  receive  their  diplomas. 

Tn  iSrif)  ;i  dailv  clinic  was  cstahlished,  with  Dr.   Jacoh  M.  DaCosta 


OF  Tlin  STATE  OT  PENNSYLVANIA.  2!n 

as  lecturer  on  clinical  medicine,  and  a  summer  course  of  instruction  was 
begun  the  same  year.  In  i<S68,  aftei'  t\\  enty-ti\e  vears  of  acti\'e  service, 
impaired  health  obliged  Dr.  iJunglison  to  retire  from  his  Professorshi]) 
and  also  Irom  the  i^osition  of  Dean.  His  continued  association  with 
the  I'aculty  was  (leenied  desirable,  ho\\e\er.  and  he  was  made  luneritus 
Professor  in  his  department,  and  he  continued  in  that  capacity  until 
his  death,  -\pril    i.   1869. 

In  1870  was  organized  the  Alumni  .\ssociation.  of  which  the  elder 
(iross  was  made  the  tirst  president.  This  eminent  man,  renowned  as  a 
practitioner,  teacher,  and  author,  died  on  May  Ck  1884.  His  remains 
were  cremateil  at  \\'ashing"ton,  PennsyKania.  Subsequently,  on  May 
5.  i8()7.  a  life-size  bronze  statue  of  him  was  un\eded  in  Washington 
Lit}  :  the  donors  were  the  .\merican  Surgical  .Vssociatiou  and  the  .\lumni 
Association  of  the  Jefferson  Medical  Ccillege,  while  the  granite  ])edestal 
was  pro\-ided  for  out  of  an  a]jpropriati(.)n  made  b\-  .\ct  of  Congress, 
lie  was  one  who  was  at  once  lo\ed  and  re\ered  by  his  associates  and 
])n])ils.  He  was  a  -^low.  steady  and  tearless  o])erator,  a  notaldx'  accurate 
ihagriostician,  and  a  brilliant  speaker  in  the  amphitheatre  and  class 
room. 

Tn  T873  the  legislature  made  an  appropriation  of  $100,000  tor  the 
erection  of  a  new  Hospital  building.  This  was  <me  of  the  lirst  as  it  was 
<ine  of  the  noblest  undertakings  in  which  the  intluence  of  the  Alumni 
.\ssociati(in  was  e.xerted  in  behall"  of  the  Lollege.  Its  members  were 
not  only  instrumental  in  ])rocuring  the  necessary  legislation,  but  they 
were  generous  in  their  ])ersoiial  subscriptions.  The  institution  was 
opened  in  Se]itember,  1877,  and  cost,  with  its  equipment,  nearly  ,'i>l86.ooo. 
'ibis  amount  w.as  made  u])  in  part  b_\-  donations.  1.  \'.  William-^on  lead- 
ing with  the  munihcent  gift  of  $30,000.  .\  large  medical  statT  was  at 
once  created,  and  has  been  coiistantK'  maintained.      The  legislature  suit- 


iit»2      COMPENDIUM  Ui'  IJISrORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

sequcntly  appropriaieil  a  Iiirtlicr  sum  di  $iuu,ooo.  ])a\al)le  in  install- 
ments of  $10,000.  'I'o  pro\-ide  an  enclownicnt  fund,  the  trustees  offered 
to  found  and  su]iport  one  free  bed  on  the  donation  of  $5,000  or  the 
annual  ])aynient  of  S_500.  antl  this  proft'er  met  with  eordial  I'espoiises 
irom  1.  \'.  W'iUiamson.  Henry  C.  Lea.  Thomas  A.  Scott.  .\sa  I'arker,  A. 
W'iiitney,  A.  |.  l)re.\el.  Joseijh  Pancoast.  Jesse  Cieorge  TliDmas  1). 
Mutter,  the  Reading  Railroad,  and  others.  In  1878  a  I'atholog'cal 
Museum  was  established  in  ctjunectiou  with  the  hospital;  in  iSSo  the 
new  Laboratory  bnildin.g  adjoining  the  Medical  I  lall  w;is  opened,  i)ro- 
viding  facilities  for  section  teaching  in  operatise  and  minor  surgery, 
anil  tor  instruction  in  practical  chemistrv,  microscopy  and  physiology, 
:\u<\  in  iS'Ni  was  e(ph]>ped  the  Laboratory-  of  Materia  Medica  and  Phar- 
macy in  the  Medical  ll.all.  l-ioui  the  moment  the  Hospital  was  opened 
(in  1877)  it  became  an  important  factor  in  medical  teaching,  as  well 
as  in  the  treatmer.t  of  iliscase.  While  prim;uil_\-  intended  for  the  in- 
struction of  medical  students,  it  was  es')eciall\  .idxantageous  to  the 
])atients,  who  were  afforded,  without  ct)st,  the  services  of  leading  jjrac- 
titioners,  chosen  for  eminent  abilitx',  each  in  his  own  special  depart- 
ment, and,  as  a  result,  patients  suffering  from  comjilicated  disorders 
ha\'e  long  come  to  this  clinic  for  diagnosis  and  treatment,  from  .ill  over 
Pennsylvania  and  .-idjacenl  States. 

As  early  as  1890  it  became  apparent  that  the  I  iospital  building 
was  inadequate  to  the  demand,  and  in  1894  was  purchased  a  six-st(jry 
building  .-uljacent  to  the  Hospital  proper,  which  was  styled  the  Hosjjital 
Annex.  In  1899  the  splendid  edifice  ;it  the  northwest  corner  of  Tenth 
and  Walnut  streets,  the  new  Medic.d  College  building,  was  completed 
— rqjresenting  the  best  of  rucliitectural  skill,  within  and  without— 
modern,  attractive  and  useful,  and  rcijresenting  the  ouiLiy  ni  hundreds 
of  thousands  of  dollars.     Even  before  this  work  w;is  finished,  the  trustees 


OF  THE  STATU.  Ol-   PES .\S)IAAM .1.  293 

had  entered  upijii  the  sell-apixiintcd  task  ul  preparatiun  fur  the  erection 
of  a  new  Hospital — a  structure  which  in  excellence  of  construction  ancT 
interior  appointments  will  ri\-al  anv  building  of  its  kind,  rmd  will  cost 
upwards  of  three-quarters   of  a   million   dollars. 

The  I'acult}'  rolls  of  Jefferson  Medical  College  for  the  vear  1903- 
190-I  contained  the  names  of  two  emeritus  and  tweh-e  regular  profes- 
sors, ten  honorary  and  clinical  professors,  five  adjunct  and  assistant 
]n"ofessors,  four  lecturers  and  associates,  fourteen  demonstrators,  one 
prosector,  and  fifty-six  other  instructors  and  assistant  demonstrators, 

OTHER  MEDICAL  SCHOOLS, 

The  ]\Iedico-Chirurgical  College  of  Philadelphia  had  its  origin 
JNfay  13.  1S48,  as  a  society  or  i:)ermanent  association  of  physicians.  It 
was  chartered  in  1850.  and  in  18(17,  by  virtue  of  an  amendatory  act. 
it  was  transformed  into  a  regular  Medical  College,  with  power  to  con- 
fer degrees.  Those  who  were  the  principal  factors  in  its  institution 
and  development  were  Drs.  John  \',  Shoemaker.  William  S.  Stewart, 
and  the  late  Drs,  William  H,  Pancoast.  Henry  E,  Goodman  and  Peter 
I).  Keyser,  The  College  is  wholly  a  product  of  the  last  two  decades, 
and,  til  (luote  Dr,  F,  P.  lienry,  "in  the  rapidity  and  vigor  of  its  growth 
is  [jrnliabh-  without  a  parallel  in  the  histor}-  of  medical  schools," 

An  institution  of  the  highest  class  is  the  Philadelphia  Polyclinic 
and  College  for  Graduates  in  Medicine,  now  in  its  twenty-second  _\'ear. 
It  numbers  in  its  I'acultv  some  of  the  most  accomplished  physicians  and 
surgeons  in  America, 

The  Hahnemann  Medical  College  and  Hospital  of  Philadelphia  is 
notable  as  being  the  first  institution  of  its  school  of  medicine  to  be  in- 
corjiorated  and  emjiowered  tn  confer  the  medical  degree.  It  was  char- 
tered iii   1848,     At  that  time  there  were  in  the  L'nited  States  about  three 


'204      COMPF.Xnn'M  OF  IflSTORV  JXP  Gr.XF.AI.OGY 

Iiumlred  physicians  wlin,  reared  in  ■"the  iil<l  scluml.  "  had  hcccnie  in  larger 
i)r  smaller  degree  followers  of  1  lahncniann.  In  1S44  was  organized 
the  American  Institnte  of  J  Inmcopath}'.  antedating  liy  two  years  the 
old  school  American  Medical  Associatiim.  The  latter  named  body 
having  declared  the  pupils  of  homc<ipatliic  ])hysicians  ineligilile  to  ma- 
triculation in  the  onlv  medical  colleges  then  existing,  the  adherents  of 
the  new  school,  led  1)\-  Drs.  C  onstantine  licring.  Jacuh  Jeanes  and  \\  .al- 
ter Williamsnn.  procured  an  act  of  incor])orati<in  from  the  legisiatnrc. 
under  the  title  of  the  !  iomeupathic  Medical  College  nf  1 'cnnsyKani.a. 
The  new  college  opened  its  first  session  Octnhcr  1(1,  1S4S.  in  a  hmlding 
on  tlie  site  of  635  Arch  street,  whence  it  remosed  in  1S49  tn  a  more 
commodious  edifice  at  i  103  hilhcrt  street.  In  iSiX)  the  name  nf  the  in- 
stitution was  changed  to  the  1  lahncniann  Medical  Lcillege  ami  Hospital 
of  Philadelphia,  in  1886  removal  was  made  tn  the  tine  .grunp  nf  build- 
ings on  North  Iimad  street,  two  scpiares  north  i>f  the  city  hall.  The 
properties  are  not  snqiassed  in  eligibility  bvanv  medical  school  in  the 
country,  and  com]irise  nearly  two  acres  of  ground  ;nid  four  spacious 
buildings.  The  .Museum,  which  bad  its  founding  in  1830.  has  long 
been  an  object  of  particular  pride  to  teacher  and  graduates.  The  Library 
is  the  most  complete  in  existence  in  its  particular  class  of  medical  sci- 
ence, including  the  llering  librarw  containing  Dr.  llering's  "Paracelsian 
Collection."'  the  most  complete  collection  of  the  writings  of  Paracelsus 
and  the  commentaries  of  other  writers  thereon  that  is  known  to  exist: 
together  with  all  of  Hahnemann's  works,  in  the  original.  man\'  of  them 
enriched  b\-  annotations  in  the  handwriting  of  Dr.  llering.  The  (.  ol- 
lege  numbers  nearly  fift\-  instructors,  has  an  annual  student  list  of  nearly 
three  hundred,  and  since  its  foundation  has  given  instrvictiou  to  neai'ly 
foui"  thousand  students. 

The  Woman's  Medical  College  nf  Penns\l\ania  was  opened  October 


or  Tim  sr.rrii  oh'  j'lna-s)'j.i\Ii\/.i.  'j'j^ 

12,  1850,  ill  a  siiiall  l)uil(liiig  in  tlic  rear  of  627  Arch  street,  I'hiladelpliia. 
Jn  1861  was  upeUL-cl  the  \\'(>nien's  llospitah  founded  iiiainl}-  throii<iii  tlie 
efforts  of  Dr.  Ann  Preston,  inspired  hv  a  desire  to  pro\'ide  chnical  ad- 
\antages  f{ir  the  colleae  students.  Jn  1869  a  jiroj^'ressive  course  of  study 
was  instituteeh  and  tlie  college  thenceforward  rapidly  extended  its  use- 
fuhiess.  In  1875  a  college  edifice  was  huilt,  and  it  is  worthy  of  note 
that  this  was  the  lirst  ediiice  in  the  world  expressly  huilt  for  the  educa- 
tion of  women  in  medicine.  In  1883  Clinic  Hall  was  opened;  the  out- 
door obstetric  (le])artment  was  founded  in  1888:  Brinton  Hall,  the 
home  of  the  Young  Women's  Christian  .\ssociation,  was  oijened  in 
1888.  and  some  )ears  later  came  into  the  possession  of  the  college:  in 
1895  the  original  W^imen's  Hospital  hnilding  was  replaced  l)v  a  large 
and  handsome  structure:  and  in  1893  the  Hospital  and  Dispensar\'  of 
the  .\lumnae  of  the  \\'omen's  Medical  College  was  o])ened.  In  the  vear 
1900  the  College  celebrated  its  fiftietli  anni\-ersary.  when  the  corps  of 
professors  and  instructors  for  the  \'ear  nunihered  sixty-six,  ;ind  reports 
were  read  giving  the  number  of  graduates  to  that  date  as  940.  The 
institution  has  since  made  various  inijiortant  additions  to  its  already 
splendid  equipment,  and  holds  an  h.onoreil  place  among  the  medical 
schools  of  the  coiuitrv. 

In  1886  was  estalilished  the  Western  Penns\-l\ania  Medical  Col- 
lege, at  Pittsburg,  which  in  i8()3  became  the  Medical  l)e]);irtnient  of 
the  Western  L'ni\ersit\-  of  Penns\l\'ani;i,  The  original  college  build- 
ing has  been  recenth'  rebuilt  and  enlarged.  Through  the  liberality  of 
Isaac  Kaufmann  was  built  the  College  Dispensar_\-  and  T'.mnia  Kaufmann 
Clinic,  where  more  than  fwe  thousand  jiatients  are  annu.allv  treated. 
The  College  controls  the  obstetric  service  in  the  fine  Reincman  Hospital, 
a  gift  i.if  the  Late  .\dani   Reincman.     More  than  sexentv   Prcifessors  and 


2'.«r,      COMPENDIUM  OF  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

iillier  instructors  ;in-  cnj^aged,  and  all  (lc|)artnicnts  arc  as  cai>al)ly  tau.t;ht 
as  in  otlier  kindred  institutions  which  Iiave  liad  long  existence. 

COURSKS    OF    MEDICAL    STUDV. 

Tlie  cause  of  medical  education  was  greatly  aihanccd  through  the 
operations  of  "An  Act  for  tiic  I'roniotion  (pf  Medical  Science,"  which 
was  ostensibly  the  result  "if  the  endeavors  of  the  College  of  Physicians 
of  I'hiladelphia,  hut  which  in  realit\'  originated  with  1  )r.  William  S. 
Forbes. 

Prior  to  the  enactment  of  the  law  there  was  much  difticulty  in 
procuring  material  for  the  dissecting  room,  and  some  incidental  scandals. 
The  needs  of  the  medical  schools  stimulated  a  most  degrading  tralhc — 
that  carried  on  by  the  so-called  "resurrectionists."  through  conni\ance 
with  tho.se  charged  with  the  l)urial  of  the  unclaimed  dead,  or  l)\-  down- 
right robbery  of  cemeteries,  and  which  brought  oblofjuy  ujion  the  schools 
and  their  teachers,  no  matter  how  innocent  of  complicity  in  the  nefarious 
transaction.  Dr.  h'orbes.  while  an  army  surgeon  during  the  ci\il  war. 
bad  been  a  pained  witness  of  the  want  of  a  jjractical  knowledge  of 
anatom\'  on  the  ji-art  of  man\'  of  the  medical  corps,  and  attributed  their 
ignorance  to  the  obstacles  in  the  \\:\\  n{  systematic  dissections  while 
students.  Moreover,  he  hafl  a  jiersoual  knowledge  of  the  difliculties.  if 
not  dangers,  which  beset  the  teacher,  for  in  iSAj.  while  i)roprietor  of 
the  College  A\enue  .\natomical  School  in  I'hiladelphia.  he  was  brought 
to  trial  under  a  charge  of  grave  robbing,  of  which,  bnwexer.  he  was 
acrpiitted. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  College  of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia,  im  h'cb- 
ruary  6,  1867,  I")r.  I-'orbes  offered  resolutions  lnr>king  to  the  enactment 
of  a  law  sanctioning  the  dissection  of  dead  huiuan  l)o(lies,  undci'  proper 
restrictions,  ;nid  he  presented  his  reasons  with  nuich   torce.      lie  stated. 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  FENNSYLrANIA.  2!»7 

also,  thai  at  the  previous  session  df  the  let;"islalure  he  had  procured  tlie 
introduction  of  a  Ijill  of  which  he  was  the  author,  and  which  had  passed 
tlie  House,  l)ut  failed  in  the  Senate  liecause  of  ojtposition  on  the  jiart 
of  a  meuilier  of  that  Ixxly  who  liad  ilcnounced  tlie  measure  as  "un- 
worth_\-  of  the  age  in  whicii   we  li\e." 

At  this  meeting  of  the  College,  Dr.  h'orbes  also  read  the  draft  of 
his  "Act  for  the  rromotlon  of  Medical  Science,  and  to  I'rexent  the 
Trafhc  in  Human  I'odies  in  the  City  of  I^hiladelphia."  In  this  it  was 
])ro\ided  that  the  bodies  of  deceased  persons  requiring  to  he  buried  at 
pulilic  expense  should  he  used  within  the  state  for  the  adxancenient  of 
medical  science.  ])reference  being  g"i\en  to  medical  schools,  public  and 
private,  such  bodies  to  be  distributed  among  the  same  in  proportion  to 
their  number  of  students;  the  remo\-;il  of  such  bodies  beyond  the  State, 
or  traffic  in  them,  was  expressly  forbidden.  [Recency  was  safeguarded 
by  the  pro\-ision  that  the  body  of  no  jjci'son  should  lie  dispfised  of  as 
before  provided  if  the  deceased,  dui'ing  his  last  illness,  should  express  a 
desire  for  burial:  if  ;i  kinsman  of  the  deceased  should  recpic^t  that  the 
hodv'  be  buried;  or  if  the  deceased  ])ersoii  were  a  stranger  or  traveler 
who  had  died  suddenly. 

The  proposed  law  was  .approved  bv  the  College,  and  a  coniniittee 
(  1  )rs.  W.  S.  I'^irbes.  S.  D.  (iross  and  1).  Ilaves  Agnew  )  was  appointed 
to  urge  its  passage  b\'  the  legislature.  I  )r.  (Iross  was  unable  to  go  to 
llarrisburg.  and  Dr.  llartsliorne  attended  in  his  stead.  The  bill  w.as 
introduced  in  the  Senate  liv  Senator  W'ilmcr  Worthington,  of  West 
Chester,  a  physician,  and  a  man  of  high  character  .and  great  inlfuence. 
There  was  determined  op]iosition  to  "the  Chastlv  Act,"  ;is  it  was  termed 
bv  prominent  statesmen.  The  bill  was  referred  to  a  committee,  whicli 
bi-ought  in  an  adverse  report,  whereupon  Senatoi-  \\'ortliington  procured 
a    lecommital,   and   this   g.ave   oppoi-lnuity    for   the   conimitlce    from    the 


208      COMPENDIUM  OF  HISTORY  .IXD  GENEALUGY 

CnIlosi:e  til  a])]>e;ir  and  uii;v  its  \ie\\s.  \\hii.li  it  tlid  su  eflfcctivel)  that 
iIk-  cniiunittcc  now  lecdiiimencled  the  passage  i>i  ilic  liill.  \\  Irmi  liie 
liill  was  called  uji  in  the  Senate,  it  was  i^hjected  that  unless  the  pro- 
\isi()ns  lit"  the  act  were  restricted  tn  l'hilade!])hia  it  nught  nut  to  pass, 
on  the  grounds  that  the  views  nf  the  cnnstitueiils  ni'  the  rural  repre- 
sentatives were  not  known.  The  Oillege  representatives  made  answer 
tliat  their  colleagues  had  the  catholic  desire  of  ha\  ing  the  Ijenetit  ol'  the 
act  extended  to  everx  ])art  of  the  State,  hut  that,  if  it  could  not  he  so 
e.\ende<l.  they  would  receive  it  for  themselves.  Such  was  the  prejudice 
against  the  measure  that  the  restriction  was  made,  cxcejit  in  the  case 
of  .\jlegiieny  count}',  which  was  included  at  the  recpiesl  of  its  senator. 
The  hill  became  a  law  on  .March  18.  1S67,  and  was  signed  by  Governor 
Jiihii   W,  deary, 

Imiuediateh'  afterward,  a  xnluntarv  association  of  the  denniusira- 
tnrs  in  the  chartered  and  jirivate  schools  of  anatotu_\-  was  furmcd  tor 
the  puriKise  of  ])ro\-iding  for  an  eipiitable  distribution  cif  unclaimed 
IxKJies.  and  this  organization  was  maintained  until  the  act  of  1883  ren- 
dered it  superfluous  by  extending  the  operations  of  the  act  throughout 
the  State,  and  by  making  specific  iimvisions  for  the  equitable  distribu- 
tiiiu  of  material  for  dissecting  purposes. 

bor  many  years  there  were  no  uniform  regulations  for  admissimi 
til  a  medical  college.  Such  progressive  men  as  the  senior  Pancoast, 
(iross  and  Da  Costa,  with  others,  had  earnestl\-  advocated  a  general 
elevation  of  the  medical  educational  standard,  but  definite  action  was 
delayed  until  alx>ut  1892.  when  a  number  of  medical  colleges  came  to- 
gether and  formed  the  Ass(x;iation  of  American  Medical  Colleges,  w  hich 
e.xercised  a  salutary  influence,  and  through  whose  agency  was  finally 
enacted  legislation  which  proved  an  additional  barrier  against  those 
who  presumed  to  enter  upon  practice  with  but  a  smattering  uf  medical 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PEXXSVLl'AMJ.  2!»9 

knowledge,  l-'nr  many  years  there  liad  l)een  practicall}-  no  closing  the 
doors  against  the  illiterates.  ^'nnng  men  ])resented  themselves  who 
were  found  sadlv  wanting  in  elenientar\-  education.  Then,  again,  an 
eml>ryi>  medicn  cnuld  stuilv  under  the  office  tutorshi])  of  a  practitioner 
who  was  not  a  grailuale  of  an^•  regular  collegiate  institution,  and.  hy 
attending  one  course  of  jiractical  anatom_\-  and  of  clinical  instruction, 
make  himself  eliqihle  for  a  diploma.  This  loose  system  wa.s  to  some 
degree  abrogated  through  the  ado]:)tion.  l)^■  the  leafling  medical  colleges, 
of  the  requirement  that  the  student  must  ])roduce  a  satisfactor\-  certifi- 
cate of  having  studied  medicine  for  at  least  three  years  under  a  regular 
graduate,  or  licenciate  and  |)ractitioner  of  niedicine.  in  good  standing, 
using  the  word  "regular"  in  the  sense  commonh-  unrlerstorwl  in  the 
medical  profession.  The  ]>ro\isions  laid  down  1>\-  the  .\ss(x:iation  of 
American  Meclical  (Colleges  ])ro\ed  remedial  along  all  lines,  tending  to 
elevate  the  character  aufl  standing  of  the  colleges  coni])rising  it.  Among" 
the  excellent  results  of  the  confederation  were  the  establishment  of 
harmoin'  among  the  individual  colleges,  anrl  ])ro\ision  for  uniformitx' 
in  the  curriculum.  Reputable  schools  of  medicine  were  brought  nearer 
together  in  accord  and  methods,  and  those  unworthy  of  confidence  were 
ignored. 

On  May  i8,  1893.  was  enacted  a  law  which  was  intended  to  provide 
the  necessary  regulations  for  safeguarding  the  legitimate  practice  of 
medicine,  and  which  has  to  a  great  extent  fulfilled  the  expectations  of 
its  advocates,  i'nder  it  there  was  established  a  Medical  Council,  com- 
jirising  the  lieutenant  go\ernor,  attornex-  general,  secretarv  of  internal 
affairs,  the  ])resident  of  the  state  l)oard  of  health  an<l  \  ital  stati.stics. 
the  president  of  the  board  rif  niedical  examiners  representing  the 
Medical  .Society  of  Pennsylvania,  the  president  of  the  boani  of 
medical   examiners   representing  the    lioiucopathic   Medical    Society   of 


300      COMPENDIUM  01'  niSTORV  .IND  GENE.U.OiJV 

l'cniisvl\;iiii;i.  aiul  the  president  of  the  Knard  of  medical  eNaniiners  rep- 
resenting the  I'lclectic  Medical  Society  of  I'cnnsyhania.  I'.ach  of  the 
Society  boards  named  is  composed  of  seven  members  chosen  out  of  its 
own  membership,  and  whose  duty  it  is  to  examine  and  pass  upon  the 
quabtv  and  proficiency  of  practitioners  of  their  own  indi\idual  school 
of  medicine.  The  law  establishing  these  several  boards  is  sufficiently 
broad  and  explicit  to  protect  the  several  schools  of  medicine  and  their 
practitioners,  and  to  cxchule  from  the  protession  such  as  arc  ot  unworthy 
character,  whether  practicing  inider  the  guise  of  completed  scholarship 
in  some  institution,  or  without  anything  worth\-  the  name  of  medical 
education. 

L.\W  SCHOOLS. 

The  first  Law  School  in  .\mcrica  was  thai  which  was  opened  in 
connection  with  the  College  which  e\entually  (le\  eloped  into  the  Tni- 
versity  of  Pennsylvania.  The  bar  of  Philadelphia  was  alread\-  famous 
tor  its  ability,  and  lawyers'  ot'fices  were  eagerly  sought  b\-  man\-  .am- 
bitious students.  These  latter,  desirous  of  more  ample  opportunity  for 
gaining  professional  knowledge,  in  1781;  ])rocured  the  use  of  a  college 
room  wherein  to  bold  their  meetings  for  discussions  and  moot  trials.  In 
the  following  year  a  prominent  lawyer.  Charles  Smith,  suggested  to 
the  college  board  the  institution  of  a  law  lectureship,  and  he  offered 
himself  as  a  lecturer.  ITtimately.  James  Wilson,  a  member  of  the 
board,  and  who  was  then  a  justice  of  the  L'nited  States  Supreme  Court, 
was  a-])ix)inted  a  Professor  of  Law.  and  a  course  of  instiniction  was 
vaguely  laid  down,  and  may  be  thus  summarized : 

I.  To  explain  the  Constitutirm  of  the  L'nited  States,  its  parts  and 
powers,  and  the  distribution  and  operation  of  those  powers;  to  a.scertain 
the  merits  of  that  Constitution  by  comparing  it  with  the  constitutions 
of  other  States,  with  the  general  princijilcs  of  go\'ernmcnl,  and  with  ll)e 


OP  THE  STATE  OF  PEXXSVLVANIA.  30r 

riglils  (if  men:  to  mark  jjarticularly  and  dislinclly  the  rules  and  de- 
cisions of  the  l''ederal  Courts  in  law  ;uid  practice:  to  investigate  the 
connection  which  subsists  between  the  b'ederal  ( iovernnient  and  the 
several  States,  and.  of  C(_>nsequence,  l)et\\"een  each  of  the  States  and  all 
the  others.  (  It  is  interesting  to  note  that  these  purposes  were  almost 
identical  with  those  laid  down  by  Thomas  Jefferson  at  a  later  day  (  1819), 
in  his  syllabus  with  reference  to  the  University  of  Virginia,  of  which 
he  was  the  i'ounder. ) 

2.  To  illustrate  the  genius,  the  elements,  the  origiuals,  and  the 
rules  of  the  common  law.  in  theor\  ;ind  jiractice.  these  including  the  law 
of  nations,  the  cix'il  law.  maritime  law.  the  law-merchant,  rmd  the  law 
of  each  countrw  in  .all  cases  in.  which  those  laws  are  peculiarly  appli- 
cable. 

Aiuiouncement  was  made  of  three  lectures  each  week,  with  law 
exercises  on  one  day.  The  introductor\-  lecture,  on  l)eceml)er  13,  i  "yO, 
was  a  notable  afi'air.  rhila<lelp!ii:i  was  then  the  national  capital,  and 
the  e\ent  was  witnessed  by  I'resident  Washington  antl  his  Cabinet,  the 
1  louses  of  Congress,  the  State  Legislature,  and  other  important  per- 
s  luages.  The  lectures  were  continued  through  that  w  inter,  and  a  partial 
c<iurse  was  gi\en  during  the  following  winler,  then  being  abandoned. 
This  Law  scIkhiI  w;is  of  little  moment,  and  is  only  of  interest  as  being 
the  hrst  law  lectureship  in  the  I'niteil  States,  and  for  the  high  dignity 
of  the  first  law  teacher. 

Aftei"  an  interruption  of  more  than  a  (piarter  of  a  century,  law  was 
made  a  course  of  study  in  1S1-,  and  was  taught  by  Charles  W.  Hare, 
who  announced  three  courses  of  lectures:  I.  On  Xatural  jurisprudence, 
or  the  science  of  right  and  wrong  as  it  ai)])ears  to  hum.au  reason,  coui- 
jjared  with,  illustrated  by  and  embodied  in  law:  _•.  International  Juris- 
])rudeuce,    including   jiarticularly    the    theory    and    jiractice   of    the    I  on- 


302      COMPEXDIUM  OP  HISTORY  AXD  GEXEAI.OGY 

^^titllti^>Ils  oi  tlie  L'liilol  Staler  ami  t-<i  ihc  State  'A  I'ciinsv  Kaiiia :  ,^. 
Jurispriuiciicc  i>l  tlic  L'uitcd  States  ami  I'cnnsN  1\  ania  as  (.listini^'iiislicd 
from  tile  ConiiiiLin  Law  ui  luigland.  Only  the  tirst  course  was  •,Mveii. 
Ml".  Hare  U)sii!g  liis  reason,  and  his  \acant  chair  remained  untilJed. 
In  iJ<j_'  the  rniversity  trustees  were  solicited  to  re-establish  the  Pro- 
fessorship:   hnt  no  action  was  taken. 

In  iS5t)  the  Law  Scliooi  was  re\i\ed  ami  entered  u|Hin  a  conlinu- 
nns  existence  under  the  scholarly  Cieorf^e  Sharswdinl,  then  Judge  of  the 
District  Court  of  F'hiiadeiphia.  Hlackstone  ami  Kent  were  the  authors 
studied,  and  niiH>i  courts  were  held.  In  iS5_'  twn  eminent  jurists,  Peter 
McCall  and  !•'..  Spencer  Millei',  weie  associated  with  Judt^e  Sharswood 
in  a  Law  l-'acidlv.  and  lhi>  marked  the  heijinninj.;'  of  a  re,!L,'ular  system 
ipf  instruction.  These  were  succeeded  h\  other  masters  in  the  protes- 
sion.  hnt  the  real  lit,t;inninji'  of  the  i^reat  de\elo])ment  of  the  Law  School 
of  the  l'ni\ersit\  dales  from  1SS7.  when  (,".  Stuan  I'attiTsou  and  A. 
Syudey  I'.iddle  were  made  Professors,  with  the  Inst  named  as  Dean. 
I'ntil  that  time  the  school  had  no  settled  quarters,  no  etpiipuicnt,  and 
little  more  in  the  way  oi  a  library  than  the  l>ou\  ier  livil  Law  donated 
by  Di'.  Peterson.  This  was  mi\v  sup]ilementeil  b\  the  Piddle  Law 
Library,  lormerly  the  propertv  i>f  I'.eniamin  II.  Prewster.  and  |)resenled 
by  the  Piddle  brothers  as  :i  meniori.il  of  their  father.  ( ieorge  Piddle.  In 
i(;<j<)  was  dedicated  wh.u  is  j.erhaps  the  largest  and  most  effectixely 
eiphpix'd  law  school  buildmg  in  CNistence.  its  cost  of  nearly  $400,000 
being  met  by  niunicificent  meiuorial  gifts  from  the  fannlies  and  friends 
t'l  distinguished  lawers  and  jurists,  ami  b\-  other  generous  contributions 
friim  members  (pf  the  legal  profession 

In  iSi>5  the  Western  L'niversity  of  PennsyK;mia  at  Pittsburg  e.';- 
t;:blished  a  Law  Dei)artment  with  Ibm.  John  A.  Shafer  as  Dean.  This 
>ehool  is  well  officered  and  .imply  e(phi)]>ed.      Its  gra<luaie  list,  while  in 


OP  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  303 

tlie  necessit}'  of  llie  case  siiial!,  is  of  sucli  character  as  to  retlect  credit 
upon  it. 

THEOLOGICAL   SCHOOLS. 

Tlie  riieoli.igical  Seminary  of  the  Reformed  Presl)_\terian  C'liurch  in 
North  America  was  organized  at  i'hiladeljjliia  in  1807.  '  ''^  ^^''^^  l)rofes- 
sor  was  Rev.  Samuel  B.  \\'}lie.  U.  !),.  \\W>  contiiuied  in  his  office  until 
1851.  his  classes  meeting  in  his  residence.  He  died  in  185J.  and  the 
.school  was  comlucted  In-  Rew  Samuel  W  .  ('raw  ford.  Adjr.nct  l'r<ifessor. 
who  was  assisted  l)v  Rev.  Iheodorus  \\'\lie,  son  of  the  first  President. 
Dr.  Crawford  resigned  in  183^.  and  in  1859  Dr.  .\ndrew  Black  was  ap- 
pointed Professor,  hut  did  not  ii\e  to  take  his  seat.  In  i860  Re\'.  John 
Xiel  McLeod.  D.  D.,  was  appointed  Professor  of  Doctrinal  Theolog\'.  and 
Dr.  \\  ylie  was  continued  in  his  chair  of  Biblical  Literature,  and  Church 
History  and  Pastoral  Theology,  In  1856  the  institution  was  incoqx)- 
rated.  The  factdt\'  was  considerahh'  augmented  in  succee<ling  vears. 
During  the  past  half  century  the  seminar)-  met  for  seventeen  years  in 
rooms  of  the  I'irst  Reformed  Preshvterian  Church  in  Philadelphia,  and 
for  twenty-two  }-ears  in  roonis  of  the  hourth  Cliii'''''li.  and  from  181)0  to 
1898  in  rooms  of  the  Second  i/hnrch.  In  1898  the  trustees  jjurchased  a 
fine  huilding  oxerlooking  the  l'ni\ersit\-  cif  P'ennsylvania.  about  midwa\- 
between  the  Medical  and  Law  dcjiartments.  The  alumni  list  is  not 
large,  numbering  little  more  than  three  hundred,  'idle  seminarv.  how- 
ever, enjoys  the  distinction  oi  being  among  the  oldest  in  the  United 
States,  and  ami;ng  its  graduates  are  man\-  who  have  occupied  some  of 
the  niost  prominent  pulpits  in  llic  cnunlry.  Among  the  stmlents,  i864-()5;. 
was  Dr.  (jregor)'.  now-  lunong  the  foremost  scholars  in  (ierman\-. 

.Mlegheny  Theological  Seminary,  (or.  as  its  legal  title  runs,  the 
.Mlegheny  Theological  Seminar\-  of  the  L'nitetl  Presb\terian  Church  of 
Xiirth   America),   was  established   in    i8_':;.  li\-  the   .\ssociate   Refni'med 


.10-t  COMPENDIUM  OP  lUSTORV  AND  GENEALOGY 

Synod  of  tlie  West.  At  the  lust  it  had  Iml  <iiie  teache.'.  Rev.  ji>sei)li 
Kerr.  Tlie  seminary  was  iiicorpurateil  liy  tlie  I  legislature  in  1830.  L'li- 
lil  183 J  tlie  scIkioI  was  held  in  Pittsl)urg,  anJ  afterward-  in  .\lleghen\. 
when  Hanna  Hall  was  hiiilt  i  ut  nf  a  Let|uest  liy  TliDnias  llanna.  In 
iSgj  tlie  old  buildings  were  razed  to  make  room  fur  a  modern  structure. 
the  funds  Ijeing  proxided  in  greater  i)art  liy  residents  of  i^ittsburg  and 
Allegheny.  Sini:e  its  establishment,  nmre  tlian  eleven  hundred  young 
men  liave  recited  in  its  classes,  tlie  larger  number  of  wbum  enteied  tiie 
ministry. 

The  Reformetl  l'rc>l)yterian  (Co\enanter)  Theological  Seminarx  at 
.Mlegheny  was  established  in  \i<^(>.  The  faculty  nmnbers  three  in- 
structors. 

The  Theological  Seminarv  "i  ibe  Kcfornied  I'lnn'cii  in  the  I'nited 
States,  at  Lancaster,  grew  oul  c^f  an  mgent  need.  I'nini  1747  u<  18J4 
the  Kefiirmed  C'hurcii  in  America  was  withnut  a  theological  schmil:  there 
were  one  hundred  and  fifty  vacant  pastorates,  and  of  tlie  eightx  ministers 
then  on  the  roll  there  were  InU  two  or  liiree  who  were  held  to  be  (|ualificd 
(jr  who  would  serve  as. teacher  in  a  theological  seminary  I'nder  pres- 
sureof  these  conditions,  in  1825  was  o])ene(l.  at  Carlisle,  a  school  of  theol- 
ogy with  one  jjrofessor  and  live  students,  on  the  basis  of  an  agreement 
entered  into  by  the  Synod  of  the  Reformed  (."hurcli  and  the  trustees  of 
Dickinson  College,  then  under  Presbyterian  contml.  in  iSji;  the  sciiocij 
was  removed  to  York,  and  a  classical  department  was  added,  in  1S33 
another  removal  was  made,  to  Mercersburg.  where  tlie  classical  school 
developed  into  Marshall  College.  When  Marshal  and  l-r.-Miklin  Colleges 
became  one  at  Lancaster,  the  'Theological  Seminary  reinai-'.ed  at  Mercers- 
burg until  1S71.  when  it  also  renioved  to  the  same  place  The  I'aciilty 
numbei-5  six  Professors.  The  graduates  aggregate  nearly  six  luindred 
;in<l  tlftv,  and  the  annual  attendance  is  about  one  hundred  and  twentv. 


OF  THE  STATE.  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  305 

Cnizer  'riienlDgical  Seniirarv.  Upland.  (Chester),  \\;is  founded  In' 
the  widow  and  chilch'en  of  J(jhn  1^.  Crozer.  and  was  incorporated  in  1867. 
I')V  arrangement.  Bucknel!  L'ni\ersitv  ( formerlv  Lewisburg  College) 
alxuidoned  its  tliei_)l(jgical  department,  wliicli  was  under  Baptist  auspices. 
tci  the  new  scliool.  The  Crnzer  school  ojjened  Octijher  2.  1868,  under  tiie 
presidenc}-  of  I\e\'.  Ileni-y  (1.  Weston.  D.  D..  LL.D..  who.  now  upwards 
of  eighty  years  of  age.  yet  occupies  his  old  position,  as  well  as  the  chair  of 
Practical  Theology.  The  sclu.iol  has  gi\'en  instruction  to  UKjre  than  two 
thousand  students  who  have  become  Bai.)tist  ministers.  The  college 
buildings  iccuj^y  an  icleal  site  overlooking  the  Delaware  ri\er.  and  its  real 
pro]jerty  is  valued  at  about  $200,000.  The  endowment  amounts  to  about 
a  half  million  dollars. 

The  Di\inity  School  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church.  Philadel- 
])hia.  was  founded  through  the  etYort  of  Rt.  Rev.  Alonzo  Potter.  D.D..  in 
1862.  Its  pro]jert\'  and  endowments  amount  to  $450,000.  The  school 
has  about  fi\'e  hundred  matriculated  students,  and  its  alumni  number 
more  than  three  hundred,  among  whom  are  three  bishops,  and  about  ten 
who  are  or  ba\"e  been  ])rofessors  in  dix'initv  schocils.  A  large  i)ropor- 
tion  of  the  alumni  are  or  ha\'e  been  in  the  mission  field. 

The  Theological  Seminar\-  of  the  Reformed  Episcopal  Church  was 
established  in  1887.  upon  the  gift  of  a  woman  who  donated  land  and  a 
building,  \alued  at  Si  50.000.  together  with  a  sum  of  $50,000  as  an  en- 
dowment fund.  The  seminarv  buildings  form  part  of  a  superb  architec- 
tural .yroup  of  church  edil'ices  in  West  Pbiladeliibia.  at  the  corner  of  h'or- 
ty-third  and  Chestnut  streets.  Its  educational  adwantages  are  offered  on 
efiual  terms  to  young  men  of  all  denominations,  and  Presbyterians, 
Methodists  and  r>a])tists  ha\e  been  recei\ed  and  educated. 

Meadx'ille  Theological  School,  at  Meadxille.  (Unitarian),  was  es- 
tablished in   1844.  and  incorporated   in    1846.      In  its  original   form  the 


:!»'•;      COMPENDIUM  01-  IlISTORy  AND  GENEALOGY 

charter  iimxiilcil  tliiit  w  doctrinal  test  except  "a  bcliel'  in  tlie  dixinc 
origin  of  Christianity"  should  exer  he  niaile  a  condition  of  nienil]er'ilii|)  in 
tlie  school,  but  this  was  dropijcd  in  1897.  ''""'  ^''*-*  charter  in  its  present 
form  declares  it  to  he  the  purpose  t)f  the  scliot)!  to  '"giNe  instruction  in 
religion.  thet>logy.  etiiics  and  ])reparation  for  tlie  Christian  ministry." 
This  does  not  exclude  instruction  inimediatel\-  subsidiary  to  tlie  princi])al 
l)urix)se.  although  at  present  there  is  no  distinct  picjiaralory  department 
as  in  the  early  days  of  the  school.  Instruction  was  at  first  given  in  an 
abandoned  church  builihng.  The  lirst  teacher  was  Rev.  l-'rederic  Iluidc- 
koper.  who  atiordeil  his  services  gratuiti>usl\-  during  all  ins  many  years 
of  service.  Later  he  had  i^-x  an  associate  teacher  Rev.  Rutus  1'.  Stcbhins. 
who  was  also  President,  and  one  or  two  non-resitlent  instructors  delivered 
lectures  at  intervals. 

The  School  has  steadily  grown,  and  now  owns  ])roperty  to  the  value 
of  more  than  $500,000.  and  a  library  of  25.000  volumes.  Of  its  more 
than  $30,000  endowment.  $25,000  was  gi\cn  by  p.arishioners  of  Rev. 
Rol)ert  Collyer.  of  New  ^'orl^■  City.  The  present  faculty  numbers  six 
members,  with  three  instructors  who  give  assistance  in  subsidiarx-  branch- 
es. The  -School  has  graduated  nearlx-  three  hundred  students,  many  of 
x\  bom  baxe  entered  the  L'nit.iri.m  ministrx'. 

.\mong  Roman  Catholic  ecclesiastical  institutions  in  the  I'nited 
States  few  hold  a  more  prominent  jilace  than  the  Theological  Seminary  of 
St.  Charles  Borromeo.  at  Overbrook.  This  establishment,  designed  sole- 
ly ioY  the  education  of  candidates  for  the  priestiiood  in  the  Diocese  of 
Philadelphia,  bad  for  its  founder  the  Rt.  Rev.  Francis  P.  Kenrick.  D.D.. 
whose  plans  found  consummation  in  the  labors  of  his  successors.  The 
first  class,  five  young  men,  assembled  in  1832.  The  seminary  xvas  the  in- 
dividual concern  of  Bishop  Kenrick  imtil  183S.  when  the  scbucil  xvas  in- 
iiirporated  under  Act  of  the  Legislature.      In  1S65  xxas  bought  one  bun- 


or  THE  STATE  or  PENNSYLVANIA.  307 

died  and  tliirty-se\c-ii  acres  ut  land  at  Overbrouk.  upon  which  was  erected 
line  uf  the  finest  ihucesan  ecclesiastical  seminaries  in  the  world.  The 
number  uf  ])rijlessurs  is  fifteen,  and  the  number  uf  students  is  usually 
alxnit  une  hundred  and  furt\'. 

A'illanova  Cullege.  about  six  miles  fruni  I'hiladelphia.  is  the  chief 
reliijiuus  and  educati(.inal  institute  of  the  Augustinians.  It  was  planted 
in  iS4_>.  chiefly  through  the  effurt  (if  Rev,  John  P.  0"Dwver.  and  in  1843 
I'ope  Gregory  X\'I  created  \'ilIanova  a  noxice  and  study  house  of  its 
order.  Church  and  lay  de|)artments  are  maintained,  and  about  one  hun- 
dred and  se\enty-fi\e  students  attend. 

St.  \'incent  College,  at  Reatty.  in  Westmoreland  comity,  was  found- 
ed in  1846  by  Arch-.\bl)ot  Boniface  ^\'inlmer.  to  .supply  the  need  for  Cer- 
man  speaking  priests  in  the  United  States.  He  came  from  Bavaria, 
whose  king.  Lou.is.  had  aft'urded  him  jjecuniary  assistance.  In  the  early 
days  the  College  was  a  ])urely  (ierman  institution,  but  after  a  time  the 
English  language  was  introduced,  broni  this  ])arent  house  not  onl\-  ha\e 
hundreds  gone  out  into  the  ministrw  but  ten  colleges  in  various  jjarts  of 
the  country  have  sprung  from  it.  Ihc  annual  attendance  of  students  in 
all  the  N'arious  classes  is  about  three  hundred. 

St.  \'incent"s  Seminarv  at  Ciermantown  is  the  central  house  of  the 
Congregatiiin  of  the  Mission  (mure  cunmiunlv  known  as  the  Lazarists. 
or  \'incentian  h'athers )  in  the  eastern  ])art  of  the  United  States — an  or- 
der of  ])riests  bound  to  labor  for  the  salvation  of  the  poor  anil  the  train- 
ing of  \-oung  men  for  the  ministry.  The  community  was  first  established 
near  St.  Louis.  Mis.souri.  whence  Rev.  S.  V.  Ryan  transferred  the  cen- 
tral house  to  (ierniantown.  in  i868. 

Henr_\-  INlelchior  Mulilenl)erg.  in  his  ])lans  fur  the  de\elu]jment  of  the 
Lutheran  Church  in  America,  contemplated  the  erection  of  a  theological 
seminar}-  at  Thiladelphia,  and  as  early  as  1741,;  purchased  a  building  site. 


3U8      COMPENDIUM  01-  HISTORY  AND  CENEALOGV 

His  relative  and  successDr,  Rev.  John  C.  Kuiizc.  souglit  to  carry  the  idea 
to  success,  hut  the  KcNolutionary  war  ijustinnicd  the  mMvenicnt.  Mean- 
time, the  pastors  of  tlie  mother  cliurclics,  in  an  nnhroken  Hue.  gave  in- 
struction to  theological  students,  still  keeping  in  mind  tlie  desire  nf  Mnld- 
enljerg,  and  one  of  the  number  (Rev.  C.  R.  Denimc).  hegan  tlie  nucleus 
of  a  lihrary  before  the  College  was  brought  into  being. 

In  1864.  Dr.  (-".  W.  Scl.acffer.  President  nf  the  Ministerium  of 
Pennsylvania,  urged  llie  immediate  establishnuMil  of  ;i  theological  sem- 
inary, and  on  October  4,  in  St.  John's  Church.  l'iiiladeli>hia.  a  h'acnlty 
was  formed:  Dr.  Charles  R  Schaeffer,  Dr.  Williau)  I.  .Mann,  Dr. 
Charles  P.  Kraulii.  Dr.  Charles  W.  Schaeffer  and  Dr.  ( ioillob  1".  Krotel. 
Instruction  was  at  first  given  in  the  rooms  of  tlie  Lutheran  Board  of  Pub- 
lication, and  until  1865,  when  a  building  was  purchased.  The  capacity 
of  this  building  was  doubled  in  1873.  and  in  1889.  on  the  t\venl\-liftli  an- 
niversar\'  of  the  school.  reiiio\al  was  taken  to  new  buildings  at  Mount 
,\iry,  the  present  home  of  the  institution.  The  grounds.  com]irising 
nearly  seven  acres,  are  handsomely  inipro\ed,  and  contain  sjiacious  build- 
ings sufficient  for  instructional  and  dormitory  i)ui"poses.  .\  highly 
valued  possession  of  the  Evangelical  l.ullieran  Theological  Seminary  is 
the  liturgical  lii)rary.  collected  at  a  great  outlay  of  time  and  money  by 
Rev.  P..  M.  .Schmucker.  late  English  secretary  of  the  Clnnch  P.ook  Coiii- 
iiiittee.  This  comjjrises  a  large  iiortion  of  the  collectionr.  of  Petri  and 
other  eminent  liturgiologists  in  Germany,  and  can  justl\'  claim  to  be  with- 
out an  e(|ual  in  America,  if.  indeed,  in  Europe.  The  seminary  has  grad- 
uated upwards  of  six  hundred  ministers,  who  are  serving  in  all  ])orlions 
of  the  Cnited  States. 

The  Lutheran  Theological  Seminary  at  fjettysburg  was  established 
iu  18^5.  It  offers  two  courses  leading  to  the  Bachelor  of  Divinity  de- 
Ljree:  a  regular  course  for  such  as  have  graduated  in  the  classical  depart- 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  FEN.XSYLI 'AXl.i.  iUiO 

ment  of  a  regular  college:  and  a  pust-graduate  course  for  non-resident 
pui)ils  who  ha\e  not  had  the  benefit  of  a  collegiate  and  theological  train- 
ing. The  real  estate  is  valued  at  $160,000,  and  the  library  contains 
14.000  \-olumes. 

Susquehanna  I'nixersity.  at  Selinsgrove,  was  founded  in  1858,  under 
the  name  of  the  Missionary  Institute.  Tt  is  designed  especially  to  aid 
the  need  for  ministers  in  the  General  Synod  of  the  Lutheran  Church.  Tt 
maintains  a  collegiate  as  well  as  a  theological  course,  and  has  a  corjis  of 
sixteen  professors  and  instructors. 

The  Mora\-ian  College  and  Theological  Seminary  at  Bethlehem  had 
its  inspiration  in  a  meeting  of  Aloravian  clergymen  in  1802.  The  sug- 
gestion came  from  C.  L.  Benzien,  but  no  definite  action  was  taken  until 
1806,  when  Charles  de  T'orrestier  and  Christian  Ivenatus  Verbeek  were 
sent  out  by  the  ruling  board  of  the  Unitas  l^ratrum.  and  in  the  following 
year  installed  Ernest  L.  Hazelins  and  John  C.  Bechler  as  Professors  in  a 
new  theological  seminary  to  be  conducted  in  connection  with  the  church 
school  for  boys  at  Xazaretli,  Penns^dxania.  In  1838  the  Seminary  was 
removed  to  Bethlehem,  thence  in  183 1  to  Nazareth,  anrl  in  1858  to  Beth- 
lehem. In  1825  the  school  received  the  Haga  legacy  of  $25,000.  In  the 
last  \ear  of  its  residence  at  Xazareth,  it  occupied  the  historic  Ephrata 
House,  built  originallv  for  Cieorge  W'hitefield,  and  which  now  contains 
the  museum  and  archix'es  of  the  Morax'ian  Historical  Societx'.  The  Col- 
lege had  no  existence  as  such  until  1858,  (to  this  time  it  h".d  been  a  class- 
ical school  preparatory-  to  theology),  when  the  Pro\incial  Svnod  made  its 
title. "The  Aloravian  College  and  Theological  Seminary."  and  in  186,^  it 
\jas  incorporated  as  such  by  Act  of  the  Legislature,  in  1867  Rt.  Re\-. 
Edmund  de  Schweinitz  became  President,  and  the  curriculum  was  con- 
siderably expanded.  In  1883  the  College  entered  u])on  its  period  of 
greatest  prosi)erity  under  the  i)rcsi(lency  of  Dr.  .\ugustns  Schultzc.  wdio 


310      COMPENDIUM  OF  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

had  cnme  frdiii  tlie  vice-prcsiiloiicy  of  the  Mdiaxian  Liillegc  at  Xieskx-. 
(iennanv.  ti>  a  professorsliip  in  the  Collefjc.  in  \Hjo.  In  iStjo-gj  were 
hiiih  a  group  ni  l)uil(liiijjs  on  Collesje  Heiglits.  in  Xiutli  I'cthleheni — 
Comenius  Hall,  the  ]irincipal  hiiiiltlins  ;  the  rel'ectnrx-.  and  the  ])ri>tcssf)rs' 
residence.  In  i<^93  Mr.  and  .Mrs.  .Xslitun  (.'.  I'mrhck  erected  the  I  lelen 
Stadiger  Pxirhek  .Menmrird  Cha])cl.  Since  1SS3  tlie  endowments  lia\e  in- 
creased to  tlie  sum  of  $1  17.000.  and  tlie  ainnial  expen.ses  of  the  institution 
are  aliout  $10,000.  I")iu'in!j  the  same  ])eriod  the  cmn-ses  of  study  ha\e 
undergone  \'arions  nio(htication.--  and  additions,  hrintiint;'  them  into  line 
with  the  liroadesi  re(|nirements  of  the  ]iresent  time.  ])rovidino-  thorough 
instruction  in  collegiate  and  theological  courses.  Special  stress  is  i)laced 
n])on  the  splendid  literatures  of  Greece  and  Rome,  and  this  is  in  marked 
contrast  tii  many  high-class  institutions  which  have  gi\en  wav  hefore 
the  modern  tendency  to  minimize  the  \alue  of  classical  tr.aining.  It  is  in- 
teresting to  note  the  fact  that  the  nuiseum  is  es]iecialh-  rich  in  the  ilejjart- 
ments  of  hotany  and  mineralogy,  and  the  world-wide  distrilnuiou  of  Mo- 
rax'ian  missionaries  is  traceah'e  in  the  large  nunihcr  of  rare  anthro])o- 
logical  curios  which  have  come  to  its  sheh  es. 


OF  THE  STATE  OT  I'EX.XSyLfJM.I.  311 


CHAPTER  XIII. 

Social  Condition's. 

Said  .Sir  ^^'alte^  Scott,  "there  is  iin  heroic  poem  in  tlie  world  hut 
is  at  the  hottom  the  hfe  of  a  man.'"  Trnly,  lieroic  ])oems  were  those 
written  in  the  h'x-es  of  tlie  makers  of  Pennsylvania — those  who  planted  on 
its  hills  and  in  its  \allevs  the  church  and  the  school  house,  and  laid  the 
foundations  of  its  mightx'  industries — and  it  is  a  most  interesting  and 
])rofital>!e  pursuit  to  learn  of  what  manner  of  men  thev  were,  for  they 
were  the  forbears  of  the  .\merican  of  to-dav.  This  lineage  of  ours  is  ex- 
ceedingly comj^lex.  The  m;m  among  us  who  can  trace  his  ancestry  purely 
mill  unlirokeni}'  from  tlie  immigrant  of  his  name. — English,  Scotch.  Irish 
or  German,  as  the  case  may  he, — is  the  exception,  so  intermarried  ha\e  all 
these  \-arious  races.  Side  by  side  with  this  blood  admi.xture,  is  to  be  con- 
sidered, though  it  cannot  be  measured,  the  subtle  influences  of  association, 
which  make  of  eacli  human  being,  in  some  degree,  the  com])osite  product 
of  those  of  his  fellf)ws  with  or  near  whom  his  lot  has  lieen  cast  in  the 
formati\c  period  of  his  life.  .\nd  so,  in  some  degree,  even  thougli  there 
be  no  blood  relationsbi]-).  ha\e  we  of  the  present  been  stamjied.  more  or 
less  strongly,  with  all  the  gciod  (and  the  e\i1.  too),  of  all  the  peoples 
w  bom  we  are  to  consider. 

If  there  is  aught  in  the  history  of  Pennsvh'ania  that  is  so  completely 
establislied  as  to  he  wholly  outside  the  pale  of  controversy,  it  is  the  fact 
that  its  early  colonists  were  a  deeply  religious  people.  Penn.  in  bis 
"Frame  of  CiON-ernment."  harl  provided  that  "all  persons  lixing  in  this 
Province,  who  confess  and  aclnow ledge  the  one  almighty  and  eternal 
(jud  to  be  the  creator, uphuldci  ai,d  ruler  of  the  world,  and  that  hold  them- 


■•ti-j     coMi'iixDH'M  (>!■  insroR)'  .ixn  genealogy 

selves  oWigcd  in  CDiiscience  to  li\c  i)cacc';il)ly  and  jnstly  in  civil  society, 
sliall  in  no  wavs  l)c  molested  or  ])rejn(liccd  fi>r  tiicir  religions  persuasion 
or  practice  in  matters  of  t'aitli  and  worslii]),  nor  sliall  iliev  be  compelled 
at  any  time  to  frecpient  or  maintain  any  reli,i;ious  worslii]).  pl.ace.  or 
ministry  wliatever."  In  response  came  Enc^lisli  ;md  W'elsli  Quakers. 
Scotch-Irish  Preshyterians.  I'rencli  Huguenots,  and.  at  a  later  day. 
(ierinan  Mennonites  and  Mor;i\ians.  All  these  jieoples  had  hecii  the 
ol>jects  of  persecution  in  their  nati\e  l.iiid.  and  tlie\'  came  to  Anierici 
intent  upon  enjoyiuQ-  the  freedom  there  assured  to  ihcni.  and  with  no 
thought  of  restricting  the  liherties  of  those  religionists  who  held  to  a 
different  faith.  And  so  it  came  that  while  Quakers  were  being  wliipjied 
in  Xew  England,  and  I'^jiiscopalians  were  being  driven  out  of  her 
Ixjundaries,  every  form  of  religion  was  t'ller.ated  in  Pennsylvania. 
From  that  early  day.  religion  has  prospered,  and  to-day  Pennsyl\-ania 
stands  first  among  the  states  in  the  number  of  church  org;mizations. 
first  in  the  number  of  churcli  edifices.  ;ind  first  in  the  ;ipproxiniritc  seat- 
ing capacity  of  the  church  buildings.  In  the  value  of  church  ])ro]ierty. 
Pennsylvania  stands  second  only  to  Xew  ^'ork.  and  occupies  the  same 
relative  position  as  to  the  number  of  communicants  or  members. 

Penn's  original  Quaker  colony  claims  lirst  ;ittentioii  In  a  general 
way  it  may  be  said  that  Philadel])liia  was  settled  by  b.nglish  and  Welsh 
Frienfls.  Old  Chester  countv  (now  di\ided  into  the  counties  of  Chester 
and  Delaware),  was  settled  bv  h'.nglish.  Welsh,  ( lermaiis  and  l)utcli. 
To  the  Welsh  was  set  off  a  forty  thous;md  acre  trad  on  the  .^-^chuylkill 
river,  which  included  that  beautiful  stretch  n\  country  iniw  sd  familiar 
to  the  people  of  eastern  Penns\l\ania,  and  so  atlractixe  to  them  on  ac- 
count of  its  fine  school  ami  college  buildings  and  elegant  suliurban 
homes — the  water-shed  between  the  ."^chuylkill  and  Delaware  risers, 
rising  steadily  from  the  west  bank  of  the  stream  first  named  for  about 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  313 

t\\ciity-ii\'e  miles  to  the  siiiiiiiiil  near  I'anli.  ( )n  ttie  iiortliern  side, 
Ijeaulitul  \ie\\s  are  obtained  of  tlie  Cliester  \-alle\-.  or.  as  it  was  called 
bv  the  Welsh,  Dnffrin  ]\l;i\\r.  Man\-  of  the  towns  and  townships  yet 
bear  the  pleasing  Cymric  names  which  were  originall}'  bestowed  iijion 
them,  as  Uwchlan,  Bryn  Mawr,  Berw_\-n  and  Tredyff rm :  and  names 
of  like  nrig'in,  as  (Iwvnedd  .anii  Pcnlhn,  were  carried  int')  Montgomery 
county. 

The  influence  of  the  (Juak-crs  was  ]iotential  in  the  liistorv  of  the 
Province,  coloring  its  thought  in  ever\-  department  of  life.  Idieir  re- 
ligious meetings  were  first  held  in  ])ri\ate  houses,  and  afterwards,  as 
their  numbers  uncreased,  they  erected  small,  plain  buildings,  at  first  of 
logs,  and  later  of  stone  or  brick,  which  were  frer|uentlv  used  for  edu- 
cational as  well  as  religious  ])ur])oses.  Their  distinguisliing  doctrine, 
that  of  "the  light  r)f  Christ  in  man,"  led  them  to  belie\-e  that  obedience 
to  the  inner  \-oice  is  that  which  brings  sahation:  that  mortal  man  needs 
not  so  much  a  ])ardon  at  the  close  of  life  for  errors  committc<l  while  he 
li\-es,  as  he  does  guardianship  during  life  that  will  keep  him  from  error, 
and  that,  so  preser\'ed  from  sin  in  the  present  life,  he  will  ha\e  no  sin 
to  atone  for  at  the  end.  Their  worshi])  is  for  the  most  part  silent  and 
inward,  the}-  preferring  to  "m;ike  melody  in  their  hearts  unto  God." 
They  rejected  baptism  and  the  Lord's  Supper  as  oliserved  l)v  other 
Christians.  They  abstained  from  all  \\()rlflK-  amirsements.  They  were 
the  earliest  in  .\merica  to  condemn  and  then  strenuously  op]iose  liunKui 
sla\-ery  and  aid  in  bringing  s!a\-es  to  freedom,  contriliuting  of  their 
means  to  that  pur]iose.  and  opening  their  houses  for  the  concealment  of 
runaways  until  tliey  could  safely  continue  their  jmn-nev  toward  free 
Canada.  Their  conscientious  scrujiles  against  bearing  arms  would  not 
permit  them  to  t.akc  an  acti\'e  part  in  the  Re\()]utionar\'  war.  but  for 
the  greater  part  thc\-  were  true  patriots,  and  altordcd  the  infant  govern- 


314      COMPJiXDICM   01'  HISTORY  AMD  GENEALOGY 

iiRMit  sulistaiuial  aiil  in  ci intril'utin!:;'  id  the  supjiMrt  nf  its  anii}'.  Tlie 
(listinguishiiig  cliaracteristics  of  tliis  cxi-niplarv  jicople  lia\c  1>\'  no  means 
disappeared.  Many  nf  their  descendants  Inire  a  splcnchd  part  in  i)i"c- 
serving  the  west  for  freedom  wlien  l\ansas  was  a  dark  and  liloody 
ground,  contended  for  liy  frcc-soilcrs  and  sla\er\-  cxtensionists.  An 
example  of  tliis  class  was  Coirnel  Kersey  Coates.  a  native  of  Lancaster 
ci>nnt\'.  Pennsylvania.  Tie  tan^ht  in  the  higli  schini!  in  his  native  town. 
.studied  law  under  Thaddeus  Stevens,  and  was  admitted  to  the  har.  .\t 
the  solicitation  of  Mr.  Stevens  he  went  to  Kansas  in  1S54  as  agent 
for  the  Emigration  .\id  .Society  of  Pennsylvania,  whose  ])nr])ose  was 
to  purchase  pulilic  lands  and  settle  them  with  a  desir.ahle  class  of  free- 
soilers.  He  was  engaged  in  this  work  for  two  years,  and  diu'ing  this 
time  he  witnessed  many  scenes  of  violence  and  hloodshed.  while  his 
own  life  was  fre<|uently  imperiled,  lie  was  more  th.an  the  mere  .'igcnl 
for  capitalists  and  homeseekers.  liis  natur.al  instincts  led  him  to  ahhor 
slavery,  and  his  convicti<^ns  had  heen  deepened  through  the  inllnence 
of  his  father,  an  active  aider  in  the  inanagement  of  the  "I'nderground 
Railway."  and  of  his  personal  friend  and  ])atron,  Thaddeus  Stevens,  an 
im])lacal)le  foe  of  human  hondage.  Mr.  Coates  aided  the  free-soilcrs 
(among  whom  were  many  Pennsylvanians )  persistently  and  fearlessly, 
;md  cmic  to  he  regarded  as  or.e  of  their  most  resourceful  .and  determined 
lea<lers.  In  two  instances  his  experiences  were  among  the  most  intensely 
interesting  and  thriltingly  dramatic  of  those  trouhlous  times.  In  the  one. 
he  was  of  counsel  for  the  defense  o\  ("lovernor  Charles  Robinson,  put 
on  trial  for  treason  because  of  his  refusal  to  he  the  tool  of  the  slavery 
l)ropagandists.  in  the  other,  he  afforded  concealment  and  protection 
to  Governor  .\ndrew  H.  Reeder  (also  a  Pennsylvanian),  whose  life  was 
in  jeopardy,  and  aided  his  escape  to  Illinois.  Years  afterward.  Gover- 
nor Reeder  sent  to  Mrs,  Coates  an  oil  painting  of  himself  in  his  dis- 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PEXXSYIJ-AXIA.  315 

guise  as  a  woodchnpper  wlicn  tlie  pro-sla\-ei'yites  were  seeking  liis  !ite. 
When  tlic  emergency  liad  ])asse(l  and  Kansas  was  established  as  a  free 
state.  Mr.  Coates  settled  in  Kansas  City.  Missouri,  where  he  was  among 
the  foremost  m  laying  the  foundations  tor  the  commercial  impiirtance 
of  tliat   pheufjmenall}'   progressive   cit\-. 

The  Scotch-Irish  Presln-terians  came  about  1685  out  of  their  nati\"e 
country,  whence  thcv  were  dri\-en  by  cruel  religious  persecution.  I"or 
refusal  to  engage  in  prelatic  worship  and  for  their  attendance  upon  con- 
venticles, these  poor  peo])le  were  despi)iled  of  their  ]iroperty.  thrown  into 
])rison.  banished,  and  ])ractically  sold  as  sla\es.  About  one  hundred 
men  and  women  were  imprisoneil  in  Dunottar  Castle,  where  they  were 
treated  with  great  severity.  >iinted  for  fo<i(l  and  water,  and  cramped 
for  want  of  room.  Manv  were  tortured  for  attempting  to  escape.  Late 
in  the  summer  these  pour  creatures  were  marchefl  to  the  sea-coast,  a 
distance  of  about  sixtv-three  miles.  man\'  w  ith  their  hands  tied  behind 
their  backs.  They  weiT  under  sentence  of  banishment  to  .\merica, 
and  a  numl)er  of  them  were  committed  to  the  care  of  Ceorge  Scott, 
laird  of  Pitlocbie.  who  had  chartered  a  \essel  to  convey  him  to  A'ew 
Jersev,  in  order  to  escape  the  persecution  to  which  he  had  been  sub- 
jected for  the  sake  of  his  religion.  The  voyagers  suffered  dreadfullv" 
from  the  \irulent  fever,  and.  to  add  to  the  misery  of  their  condition, 
the  master  of  the  \essel.  a  uK.st  inhuman  creature,  visited  upon  them 
all  .sorts  of  cruelty,  even  to  tb.rowing  down  upon  them  large  pieces  of 
timber  when  thev  were  engaged  in  worshi]i  between  decks.  Three- 
score pef)ple.  among  them  the  l;iird  and  his  wife,  died  during  the  x'oyage. 
It  is  pathetic  to  read  that  the  vessel  which  bore  these  immigrants  from 
their  heather-land  sank  soon  after  reaching  the  harbor  to  which  it 
had  con\eved  them.  And  with  this  goes  tlie  storv.  better  authenticated 
than  is  usual  in  a  traditional  narrati\e,  that  this  same  vessel  had  lain 


316      COMPEXDli'M  O/'  ///.SVO/vM'  JAY;  GENEALOGY 

a  siinUen  Inilk  in  lliu  liarbnr  wIumk-c  tlicsc  |)Ci>])le  saikvl.  and  was  raised 
til  aff  ril  tlieiii  passage.  Tlu'  wonder  is  tlial  such  a  cral'l  siir\i\ed  llie 
three  months'  tempestuous  voyage.  Tliis  Scotcli-lrish  jicuplf  spread 
out  into  the  valley  of  the  Alleghenics  frnm  Lake  T'jmc  to  Alahama. 
Their  men  fnrmcil  the  Imlk  of  Wasliington's  army,  and  their  descendants 
faced  each  other  under  (irant  and  Lee,  at  Shildli  ami  (Icttyshurg.  each 
generation,  in  its  day.  unsurpassalile  in  courage,  unxieldingly  dcx'oted 
to  the  right  as  God  gave  it  them  to  see  it. 

The  Ba]itists  appear  in  rennsyhania  about  the  same  time  as  do 
the  l^reshvterians.  They  were  mainly  English,  .and  the  ])e(ii)le  nf  the 
two  denomination.s  were  very  similar  in  character  if  U'lt  in  tempera- 
ment. The  Baptists  were  deeply  conscientious.  INToved  1)\-  an  earnest 
missionarv  spirit,  their  early  ministers,  usually  nf  limited  education,  in 
some  instances  really  illiterate.  ])enetrated  to  the  remotest  settlements, 
preaching  and  organizing  churches,  'i'he  jihrase  illiterate,  connected 
with  the  former  i)hrase.  is  not  to  he  construed  as  meaning  ignorance  i>f 
the  scriptures.  With  scarcely  an  exception,  the  preachers  were  entirely 
familiar  with  the  sacred  \olume.  and  were  able  to  cite  numberless 
pa.ssages  witli  concordance-like  accuracy.  Among  them  were  many  strong 
controversialists,  and.  as  ])ii])ulatiiin  increased,  and  other  denomina- 
tions became  stronger,  debates  of  a  week's  continuance  were  often 
carried  on  between  them  and  ministers  of  other  faiths,  on  questions  of 
faith  and  practice.  The  l>a])tists  were  unvielding  on  the  subject  of 
baptism  by  immersion,  and  their  con\'erts  hesitated  at  no  discomfort 
to  recei\c  the  holy  ordinance.  On  frc(|\ient  occasions  a  congregation 
would  assemble  in  midwinter  on  the  banks  of  a  frozen-over  stream, 
wliere  scores  of  candidates,  men,  women  and  children,  received  baptism 
by  being  immersed  where  heavy  ice  barl  lieen  cut  away,  then  drying 
their  clothing  l)y  a  roadside  fire,  or  walking   in  ilicir   frozen  garments 


OP  THE  STATE  OE  PENNSYLVANIA.  317 

to  a  farm-house  a  Iialf-niile  distant.  Tlie  first  Baptist  clnircli  organised 
in  I'ennsylvania  was  in  iC)84.  at  Cold  Spring.  1))-  the  I\e\-.  Tlionias 
JJ)ongan.  of  Rh.ode  Ishiiid.  and  a  church  of  the  same  demimination  was 
formed  at  Philadelphia  in    i6(;5. 

Among'  the  early  I'rcitestant  Episcijpal  church  (formerlv  the  Church 
of  England),  three  are  of  peculiar  interest.  The  first  in  Philadelphia 
was  a  wooden  Siructure  huilt  in  1710.  which  gave  wav  to  a  brick  edifice 
in  iJ-'J.  In  1744  a  chime  of  eight  hells  were  brought  from  luigland. 
Tlie}'  were  removed  for  safet)-  during  the  Revolutionary  war.  and 
were  afterwards  restored  to  tlieir  pr(j]>er  place.  St.  Da\id"s  church  at 
Radnor,  in  Xewtuwn  tnwnship,  Delaware  coi.nit\-.  had  an  organization  in 
1700,  if  not  earlier,  but  the  present  (iuaint  and  dignified  edifice  was 
not  erected  until  1715.  The  poet,  Longfellow,  in  i88r,  most  happily 
expressed  the  feeling  of  \eneralion  a  sight  nf  the  \enerable  structure 
was  calculated  to  rouse  in  a  meditati\e  mind.  "I  was  stop])ing,"  lie 
said  (in  relating  the  story  of  his  poem,  "Old  St.  Uavid"s  at  Radnor"), 
"at  R(jsemont,  and  one  day  dro\e  (jver  to  Rachior.  Old  St.  David's 
church,  with  its  charming  and  jjicturesque  surroundings,  attracted  mv 
attention.  Its  diminutixe  size,  peculiar  architecture,  the  little  rectcjrv 
in  the  gri)\e,  the  (|uaint  churchxard  where  Mat!  .\nthiin\-  \\'a\-ne  is 
buried,  the  great  tree  which  stands  at  the  gateway,  and  the  pile  of  gra^,' 
stone  which  makes  the  old  chr.rch,  and  is  almost  hidden  b\'  the  climbing 
i\y,  all  combine  to  make  it  a  gem  for  a  fancv  jiicture." 

St.  I'aul'sclnu'ch  (  Prntestant  l-LpisceiiJal ) ,  at  Chester,  built  in  170^, 
has  been  replaced  with  a  beautiful  modern  edifice.  Piut.  for  historical 
and  sentimental  p>urposes,  it  is  )'et  Old  St.  PauTs.  The  wardens  care- 
fulh'  jMX'serve  twii  gifts  of  great  antii|uity — a  chalice  and  saher  of 
hammered  and  \ery  pure  silver,  and  which  are  yet  used  for  communion 
])urpuses,  the  gilt  of  Ouenn  .\nne;  and  a  chalice  and  bell,  the  gift  of  Sir 


."^IS  COMPENDIUM  or  Hf STORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

Jeffery  Jeffries,  Set  intci  llie  interior  wall  <it"  the  church  is  the  imiral 
tablet  erected  to  the  memory  of  James  .Saiuleland.  tiie  elder,  with 
date  of  death  nf  himself  and  wife,  and  the  emblems  of  m(.)rtality — the 
tolling  hell,  tiic  ])assint;  hell,  die  skull  and  crossd)ones.  the  huur-glass. 
an  upright  eotiin.  and  other  funereal  devices.  In  the  churchyard  is  a 
monument  to  the  memory  of  John  .Morton,  with  the  following  anvjng 
other   inscriptions: 

"John  Morton  being  censured  by  his  friends  for  his  Ixildness  in 
gi\ing  his  casting  \ote  to  the  Declaration  of  Iudei)endence,  his  ])ro- 
phetic  spirit  dictated  from  his  death  bed  the  following  message  to  them; 
■Tell  them  thev  shall  li\e  to  see  the  hour  when  they  shall  ackiiowle<lge 
it  to  ha\e  been  the  most  glorious  service  1  e\er  rendered  to  my 
country."  " 

Catholics  came  in  renns\l\ania  probabh'  about  i  joS.  b"or  manv 
years  the  growth  ot  the  deunmination  was  but  slow.  it  is  curious  to 
note  that  these  were  the  ouK  religionists  whose  coming  was  di.scouraged. 
The  crown  instructions  to  the  colonial  governors  in  1 73S.  in  1 7O3  and 
in   1766.  Contained  the    following; 

"Whereas  the  said  Province  and  counties  were  lia])i)ily  ;it  first  set- 
lied  and  afterward  subsisted  without  an\-  considerable  nuxture  of  Pa- 
pists, it  is  with  concern  we  now  hear  th;it  of  late  times  l'a])ists  have 
resorted  thither.  Now  as  their  Political  rriucii)les  (which  thev  c\er 
inculcated  as  Religious  l'rinci])les )  tend  to  the  breach  of  ])ublic  I'aith. 
are  destructive  to  moralitx  and  tolallx'  subvert  every  civil  and  Peligious 
Right  of  a  Free  Pe()i)le.  We  recommend  it  to  vou  to  ])rtvent  as  much 
as  in  you  lies  tlie  coming  in  or  settling  of  l'a])ists  within  your  govern- 
ment, and  that  you  \lo  not  e.xtend  any  Privileges  to  them  nor  admit  any 
of  them  into  any  ot^ce.  post  or  l-".m])loyment  whatsi_iever  within  yoiu' 
(iovernment." 


Of  THE  STATE  OE  PENNSYLVANIA.  SIP 

Such  cruel  proscri])tion  was  entirely  repugnant  to  I'cnn,  who  made 
no  attempt  to  su]jpress  the  inlertlictetl  class,  and  for  this  inaction  he 
was  hrought  untler  sus})iciun.  in  some  quarters,  as  heiny  a  Jesuit  in  dis- 
guise. It  was  not  long,  however,  before  the  Revolution  opened,  and 
the  Irish  Catholics  fought  n(.bly  ftir  the  establishment  of  an  independent 
government,  while  in  the  succeeding  days  of  ci\'il  develoi)ment  they 
amply  vindicated  their  right  to  recognition  as  lionorable  and  useful 
citizens. 

To  the  Lehigh  \alley  came  an  industrious,  frugal  and  sincerely 
religious  people,  those  of  the  (ierman  Reformed  church.  Residents  of 
the  Palatinate,  the  (ierman  pro\ince  seized  by  brance.  the  people  of 
this  faith,  refusing  to  accede  to  the  terms  of  the  edict  revoking  that  of 
Nantes  by  returning  to  the  Catholic  church,  e.\]5atriated  themselves, 
leaving  Ijehind  them  nearly  llieir  all.  but  bringing  then  bibles.  Ininn 
books  and  catechisms.  I'enn  had  been  apprised  of  their  coming,  and 
he  wrote  to  James  Logan,  charging  him  "to  treat  them  with  tenderness 
and  care,"  and  the  kind  recept'on  which  the  Quakers  gave  them,  in  tlie 
words  of  one  of  their  annalists,  "made  I'enns^hania  seem  a  paradise 
to  the  German  mind."  These  people,  with  their  descendants,  proved 
most  useful  and  exemplary  citizens,  who.  each  in  their  (kn-.  have  borne 
a  full  share  in  all  pertaining  ti  the  development  of  the  agricultural  .and 
commercial    interests   of   the   commonwealth. 

The  Alora\ians  came  to  I'ennsyhania  in  1740.  and  established 
themselves  at  Bethlehem,  in  Xorthampton  county,  where  thev  main- 
tained their  theological  school  and  publishing  house  from  which  is 
])roduced  the  literature  of  the  sect,  (ieneral  sciiools  are  maintained 
at  Lititz  and  Xazareth,  Pennsylvania.  The  .Mt>ra\-ians  claim  leoiti- 
mate  succession  to  the  I'liitus  Ernlnnii.  and  an  unbroken  succession 
of  bishi.ii)s   from  the  apostles  tbrcjugh  an   Austrian   branch  of  the  W'al- 


32(1      COMPENDIUM  OF  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

(lenses.  Tlie  early  history  uf  the  clnircli  in  America  is  full  of  lieroic 
incidents  of  missionary  work  among  liie  Indians,  .\part  from  William 
i^enn.  no  name  figures  more  conspicuouslx-  in  the  early  settlement  of  the 
(|uestions  relating  to  the  Indians  than  that  of  the  distinguished 
^toravian  missionary,  Uavid  Zeisherger.  who  spent  sixty-two  years 
among  the  aborigines,  establishing  towns  and  villages  of  his  converts. 
The  settlements  made  by  the  ^loravians  were  at  first  exclusively  con> 
munal  towns,  similar  to  those  founded  hy  the  I'liitus  l-ratniiii  in  (Itr- 
many  and  (ireat  Britain,  hut  ni  the  I'nited  .Stales  the  last  \estige  of 
exclusivism  disa])peared  in  1S36.  The  peoj)le  are  held  anidiig  the  most 
exemplary  and  deei)l\'  religious  coniniunities   in   the  country. 

Luthcranism  in  Pennsylvania  had  its  beginning  with  the  Swedes 
who  came  in  i<'\^8.  They  were  few  in  number,  and  fi>r  the  nmst  ]>art 
settled  in  Delaware.  Some  of  their  ministers  were  anmng  the  first 
missionaries  to  the  hulians,  l-..-i\  ing  in  this  work  preced.ed  Julin  I'.liot 
by  several  years.  .Xbout  1680  a  flood  nf  l.uthcr.'iu  immigration  set  in. 
but  it  is  not  until  alxnu  1 74-'  that  we  have  any  recnrd  of  the  fonndiiig 
of  churches.  Ir.  that  \ear  came  TIeinricb  Melchinr  Mulilenberg.  liDiKired 
as  founder  of  the  T.utheran  ("liurcli  in  America.  wlii>  entered  upon 
missionary  work'  in  the  i)ro\ir.ce,  and  was  active  therein  in  1776.  lie 
served  as  pastor  of  congregations  at  Xcw  Province.  Piii!adel])hia  and 
Xew  Manover.  He  was  an  ardent  patriot,  and  devoted  himself  to 
strengthening  the  arm  of  the  infant  government.  He  and  his  son, 
John  I'eter  Muhlenberg,  were  largely  instrumental  in  unifying  their 
l)eople  in  the  same  cause,  and  many  of  them  served  in  tlie  patriot  army. 
John  Peter  Muhlenberg  was  pastor  of  a  Lutheran  church  in  Wood- 
stock. Virginia,  when  he  was  aiiiiointed  to  a  colonelcy  b\'  W^ashington. 
His  regiment  included  members  of  his  congregation,  lie  ])ro\ed  a  gal- 
l;mt   soldier,  bore  a   splendid   part   in   the  battles  of   (Icrniantown   and 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  S21 

Brandxwiiie.  ruse  to  tlie  rank  of  maj(.ir-general.  ami  afterward  sat  iii 
congress. 

Metli(>disni  appeared  in  New  York  alx)Ut  1766,  and  was  intro- 
ducetl  l.)\-  immigrants  fn.>m  Ireland.  The  INIethudist  church  is  to-day 
more  properly  national  in  its  character  as  an  American  church  tlian 
any  .other  in  the  countr_\'.  and  the  fact  suggests  an  interesting  specula- 
tion: Had  the  I'lstahlislicd  Church  (if  England  utilized  the  Methodism 
of  Wesley  (who  never  ceased  to  lie  a  churchman),  and  displayed  a 
conciliatory  attitude  tnward  the  Preshxterians  of  Scotland,  is  it  not 
probable  that  there  would  ha\e  heen  an  Established  Church  in  America, 
witji  Trinity  of  New  "^^ork  standing  in  the  new  land  for  what  Canter- 
bury does  in  the  mother   country? 

In  1769  the  Rev.  Joseph  I'ilmore  came  from  England  as  an  itiner- 
ant missionary,  and  preached  in  I'hiladcliihia  ;uk1  Chester  county.  In 
1 77 1  h'rancis  Asbiuy.  the  most  famous  name  in  American  Methodism, 
came  to  the  country,  and  lalxired  in  I'ennsylvania  and  nther  of  the 
provinces.  In  1773  Thomas  Uankin,  sent  out  li\'  Wesley,  held  the  first 
conference  in  Philadelphia,  and  there  were  then  ten  itinerant  preachers 
and  i.i(>o  members.  In  their  primitixe  churches  Methodism  was 
exhibited  in  all  its  pristine  vigor.  The  oratory  of  the  preachers 
was  ferventlv  e\hortat(ir\-.  1  .ittle  stress  was  laitl  upon  ddctrine.  hut 
ever\-  faculty  was  called  into  ]ilay  to  arrest  tlie  attention  of  the  sinner 
and  turn  him  aside  from  the  ])aths  of  iniquity.  The  itinerant  Meth- 
odist preacher  was  foremost  among  the  pioneers  who  passed  over  the 
mountains  and  led  in  the  settlement  of  the  south  and  west.  The  people 
whom  he  gathered  about  him  were  of  the  best  of  their  day. 

With  these  earl\'  peoi)les.  of  wliatever  faith,  religion  was  a  (if 
not  the)  domi'.iating  force.  They  interpreted  the  Bible  and  its  promises 
literally,  completeh'  accejiting  it  as  the  s^k'  I'x'ok  of  the  Law,  as  the  guide 


3a2      COMI-'ESUIUM  O.I-  HISTORY  AND  GliMs.ll.OGV 

for  Ijotli  tliis  life  and  the  life  wiiich  is  In  come.  'i"liey  luul  no  wmri- 
nient  over  donhi,  no  trouble  witii  the  perplexities  of  the  higher  criti- 
cism. Translators  errors,  if  they  cnuKl  have  concei\eil  them,  they 
wmild  have  deemed  an  impossibility.  The  I'ible  saitl  so.  and  so  it 
tiierefore  was.  .\n  incident  rclateil  in  coiniection  witli  tlie  Re\'.  John 
Tennent.  founder  of  the  '"Log  College,"  ever  famous  ir.  the  religious 
and  educational  annals  of  Pennsylvania,  is  curiously  indicative  of  the 
tenacitv  with  which  the  sturdy  Scotch-Irish  Presbyterians  adbere<l  t'l 
the  liter.'d  meaning  of  the  sacred  word.  Mr.  Tennent  was  present  .'it 
the  fnunding  nf  a  church  (in  New  Jersey,  but  the  Icicdity  does  not 
detract  from  the  value  nf  the  illustration"),  ami  the  coiner-stone  was 
to  l)e  set  upi>n  a  low  i)iece  of  ground.  Whereupon  a  (lodly  woman, 
Janet  Rhea,  exclaimed  :  "Wha  c\er  heard  o"  ganging  doaii  to  the  boose 
o'  the  Lord,  an'  no  o"  ganging  anj^  to  the  hoose  o"  the  Pord  ?'"  .\nd  she 
])icked  up  the  stone,  and  climbed  laboriously  with  it  to  the  summit  of 
the  bill,  where  the  building  was  erected. 

."^uch  im])licit  faith,  such  tuni  reliance,  such  complete  subser\ience 
of  iheir  daily  lives  and  inmost  thought  to  the  Sacred  Word,  made  these 
l)eople.  even  in  their  own  da\ .  stand  out  in  bold  relief  as  honest,  God- 
tearing  men  and  wnmen — people  whose  work  coidd  be  imjilicitly  relied 
U))on.  people  who  would  ha\e  willinglv  wrongeil  no  ni.an. 

The  i)rimitive  church  building  was  of  the  utmost  plainness,  for  the 
people  themselves  were  ])lain.  There  were  no  nnisical  instruments,  and 
the  psalm  or  hymn  was  "given  out"  by  the  minister,  two  lines  at  a 
time.  The  singing  was  slow,  but  intensely  vigorous,  and  the  tunes 
were  those  brought  from  beyond  the  sea,  from  England.  Scotland.  Wales 
or  Germany,  as  the  character  of  the  assemblage  might  be.  The  sermon 
was  of  great  length,  and  abounded  in  cjuotations  from  the  scriptures 
(o  fortif)'  each  proposition  as  it  was  advanced.     Tn  some  congregations, 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PEXX SYLVAN! A.  32S 

perhaps  always  in  those  of  Presbyterians,  if  no  \ninister  were  present, 
an  elder  or  deacon  would  read  a  discourse  from  a  volunie  of  sermons 
by  some  noted  divine  of  an  earlier  day,  e\en  so  ancient  a  one  as  the 
martyred  Latimer.  There  was  frequently  a  Sunday  afternoon  service, 
but  very  seldom  was  there  <jne  at  night,  and  not  then  until  the  days 
*>f  sconces  and  tall(jw  dips.  Tliere  are  many  yet  living  who  ha\e  heard 
from  the  pulpit  in  the  morning  the  announcement  nf  services  in  tlic 
evening,  at  "early   candle-lighting." 

But  the  j)rimiti\e  house  of  worshi])  has  ]:)assed  away,  and  with  it 
the  okl-time  preacher,  who  is  without  a  successor  of  his  own  kind. 
Each  sect  now  rears  such  ornate  temple  as  its  means  will  permit,  and 
frequently  anticipates  the  future  hy  incurring  a  great  debt  in  its  build- 
ing. In  the  conduct  of  worshi])  only  the  staid  Quakers  maintain  a 
semblance  of  the  original  sinijjlicity.  and  some  of  their  congregations 
even  ha\e  their  regular  jircHching  anil  their  Sunila\-  school.  Some 
■Presbyterians,  who  so  abhorred  anything  at  all  approaching  an  appear- 
ance of  Catholicism,  repeat  the  Creed,  chant  the  (iloria.  read  the 
P.salms  antiphonalh-  with  the  minister,  and  listen  to  tlorid  nnisic  l)v  a 
salaried  choir  and  grand  organ.  In  only  a  few  congregations  of  Cov- 
enanters, and  these  principallv  in  Penns^•lvania.  well  back  in  the  re- 
mote hill  regions,  are  the  ol<l  traditions  preserved.  The  followers  of 
Wesley  \ie  with  their  Presbyterian  brethren  in  making  their  service 
elaborate,  even  to  the  introduction  of  vested  choirs,  and  the  old-time 
rev'ival   and  powerful   exhortation   remain  only  in   story. 

Having  considered  the  original  and  early  following  ]3opulation  of 
Pennsylvania  in  their  character  as  religionists,  it  remains  to  mention 
an  element  which  was  in  pari  of  them  and  in  part  outside  of  tliem.  This 
was  the  redemptioner.     The  term  was  the  designation  of  a  class  which 


324      COMI'EXDH'M  Ul-  UISIURV  ASD  GEXE.U.OGV 

came  principally  frmn  Uic  Liritish  isles  ami  llic  I'alaiinalc.  ami  the  iiiiiii- 
ner  of  their  coming  ga\e  tlicni  their  name.  1  hey  were  willuiul  means 
to  pay  for  their  ship  passage,  ami  the\'  inilcntnred  themseKes  in  athance 
to  some  American  land  ])roprietor  who  needed  lahorers.  or  to  a  ship- 
ping master  who  would  disjxise  of  them  after  their  tleharkation.  Out 
(if  tile  latter  method  grew  one  of  the  scandals  of  the  times.  Trading 
in  redemptioners  became  a  business,  carrieil  on  by  a  class  of  men  who 
s])ecuhited  in  them  as  though  they  were  cattle.  A  ship  ow  ner  found  it 
profitable  to  pick  u\)  a  shipload  of  indigent  creatures  whom  he  would 
sell  in  an  .\uierican  i>orl  to  a  "soul-dri\'er."  as  they  came  to  be  known, 
who  drove  them  on  feiot  through  the  country,  seeking  purchasers  who 
would  bu_\  their  services  for  a  term  of  years.  The  business  finally 
became  precarious  on  account  of  many  of  the  redemptioners  running 
away  while  thus  journeying.  ;'.nd  was  abandoned  alwut   1785. 

These  redemptioners  were  of  all  sorts  and  contlitions  of  men.  and 
women  as  well.  Tiiere  were  those  scapegrace  men  and  dissolute  women 
who  were  vagrants  and'  outcasts  at  iiome.  and  who  cared  not  whither 
they  drifted.  There  were  those  of  the  same  class  who  were  earnestly 
intent  ui)on  reformation.  1  here  were  the  unfortunate,  wrecked 
through  error  of  judgment  o'"  stress  of  circumstances,  who  sought 
opjxirtunity  for  beginning  life  anew,  no  mattei"  under  what  disad- 
vantages. Of  these  \arious  classes,  the  greater  number  foinid  the 
level  of  their  former  associates  and  surroundings.  Theic  were  thieves 
and  evildoers  who  were  such  to  the  end.  There  were  patient  plodders 
who  lalwriously  discharged  the  task  of  each  succeeding  day,  hoi)elessly 
and  doggedly,  and  so  lived  and  so  died.  There  were  those,  too,  whose 
lives  were  lived  in  defiance  of  all  those  laws  of  heredity  of  which  so 
much  is  now  heard :  those  of  good  family  who  became  outlaws  on  land 
.nid   sea  I   ami   others,    women    as    well   as   men.   of   ignoble   origin,    and 


ur  Tiir.  sT.irii  oh'  I'fiwsyj.rjxLi.  325 

whose  own  lixes  were  N'icions.  wlm  rose  out  of  their  lirutahzed  selves 
and  hecame  exemplary  citizens  ami  heads  of  families  whose  descend- 
ants now  hold  their  memories  in  lumnr.  The  greater  nnmher  were  peo- 
ple of  good  character  and  mihle  aspirations,  Init — poor. 

To  a  large  extent,  all  these  peoples  have  hlended.  There  v>'as 
another  class  which  has  ]ireser\-ed  its  identity,  and  which,  to  so  speak. 
is  nati\e  to  the  soil — the  Pennsyh-ania  Dutch.  These  are  the  descend- 
ants of  certain  ( ierman  religinr.s  sects  whri  settled  earlv  in  the  eighteenth 
century,  chiefly  hetween  the  Susquehanna  aufl  Schuylkill  ri\'ers.  They 
made  settlements  of  their  own.  and  now,  even  where  thev  are  a  ])art 
of  a  diversified  population,  they  jiractically  dwell  apart  and  to  them- 
selves. Manv  of  them  have  no  con\ersational  knowledge  of  English. 
Their  ancestors  were  from  tlie  Palatinate,  Bavaria,  German  Switzer- 
land and  Alsace,  and  their  various  dialects,  together  with  the  incor]X)ra- 
tion  of  some  English  Avords,  ha\-e  crystalized  into  a  new  language, 
related  in  some  degree  to  all  those  from  which  it  has  heen  deri\-ed,  with 
the  German  forms  predominating.  These  people  are  industrious,  strictly 
honest  and  eminently  successful,  their  farius  heing  kept  in  the  highest 
possihle  state  of  cultixation,  and  their  huildings  heing  models  of  neatness 
and  utility. 

Whether  Welsh,  English,  Scotch  or  German,  the  early  settlers 
hrought  with  them  a  love  for  the  manners  and  customs  of  their  native 
land,  and  in  their  daily  lives  and  in  their  homes  endeavored  to  follow 
what  thev  had  heen  there  accustomed  to.  In  their  domestic  life  the 
utmost  simplicitv  prevailed,  yet  a  high  degree  of  comfort  was  attained, 
and  man\-  comparisons  ha\e  heen  drawn  hetween  their  mode  of  living 
■and  that  which  now  pre\-ai1s,  lo  the  disparagement  of  the  latter  as  less 
satisfying  ;;nd  e\cn  as  less  moral.     Increased  wealth  has  hcgotten  arti- 


.■'.i>f>      COMPEMDIUM  or  HISTORY  AXP  Cf.XE.M.OGY 

lici.il  wants,  and  it  may  Ik."  tliat.  in  ininislcrini;  to  tliese,  the  grace  of  con- 
tentment lias  hcen  lost. 

'I'iic  wealtli  of  the  people  lay  in  their  lam!  anil  dumcstic  animals — 
ni>t  in  the  beauty  of  their  homes,  nr  the  matinitiience  <'\  ilieir  furnit'irt'. 
Man\'  of  the  original  colonists  dwelt  for  some  lime  in  ca\es  dii<^  into 
the  si(le  of  a  hill.  The  lirst  houses  were  of  lojjs,  and  many  of  them 
had  shutters  instead  of  windows,  glass  being  wanting.  The  fireplaces 
were  of  immense  size,  made  lo  take  in  great  logs.  iirick  and  stone 
houses  came  later,  and  were  usually  not  more  than  one  stor\'  and  a  hrdf. 
Locks  to  dwellings  were  unkinwn  until  after  cixilization  had  consider- 
abh'  ad\anced  and  disreput.ablc  persons  had  begun  to  eome  in.  The 
sitting  room  and  the  kitchen,  the  latter  liciiig  also  the  dining  room,  were 
the  important  features  of  the  home.  Carpets  were  unknown,  and  a 
sanded  floor  wa.s  deemed  the  |ierfection  of  cleanliness  and  comforl. 
Bedrooms  were  small,  and  slceiiing  bunks  were  coiumon  when  the 
famib'  was  large,  l-'nrniture  was  of  the  iiKJSt  ]irimiti\e  kind,  and  most 
of  it  w.as  made  by  the  householder  or  a  comenient  woodworker.  .Some 
families.  howe\er.  brought  with  them  household  articles  which  diey 
ileemed  cs])ecially  \aluablc  or  beautiful,  and  these,  with  a  few  pieces 
of  crockery,  silver  and  |)e\\ter  ware,  were  given  a  place  "f  houiir 
among  the  lares  rt  l^riwlrs  of  the  new  home,  b'or  lighting  there  was 
first  the  pine-kiK^t.  then  the  tallow  dip.  and  afterward  the  nuiulded  candle, 
home  made.  The  few  Ixioks  which  constituted  the  famil\  librarv  were 
jirincipally  of  a  religious  character — the  Bible.  Bunyans  "I^ilgrim's 
Progre.ss."  Baxter's  "Saints"  Everlasting  Rest."  Dodridge's  "Rise  and 
Progress  of  Religion  in  the  .Soul,"  "The  Last  Day  of  the  Week."  in 
J'resbyterian  households  the  corking  for  the  Sabbath  was  done  on  Satur- 
day, and  that  night  the  family  engaged  in  religirius  services  in  prepara- 
tion for  the  duties  of  the  holv  dav. 


OI'TII/i  ST.irii  or  I'ENNSyiJ'ANLl.  327 

The  pi"iniiti\-c  farmer  had  no  nther  wdrhl  than  his  home,  and  in 
tliis  lie  was  a  hiiiK-  His  Iniildiiii^s  were  sul)stantial,  and  his  farm  was 
well  kept  up.  Crops  were  industriously  cultivated,  and  the  [jroflucts 
of  field,  orcliard  and  pen  were  carefully  husl^anded.  and  cellars  ?ik1 
smoke-liouses  were  well  stocked  with  the  choicest  game,  domestic  meats, 
vegetables  and  fruits.  The  (jwner  took  great  pride  in  his  possessions, 
and  nothing  so  delighted  him  as  to  gather  liis  neighbors  al)out  him  at 
his  bountifully  laden  table  ar.d  in  front  of  his  cheery  fireplace  with 
its  huge  pile  of  blazing  logs.  Nor  was  his  !ios]Mtalit\-  restricted  to 
those  wliom  lie  hailed  as  friends,  and  \vbo  rejoiced  in  jiaying  him  in 
kind  in  their  own  homes.  The  wayfaring  man — who  would  be  termed 
a  "tram])"'  to-day — was  ever  well  entertained  and  even  welcomed.  If 
only  needy,  he  was  fedand  hidged  for  sake  of  that  dear  Lord  "who 
loves  and  ])ities  all,"'  and  who  said  "inasmuch  as  ye  have  done  it  unto 
one  of  the  least  of  these  my  brethren,  ye  have  done  it  unto  nic."  If  the 
stranger  were  a  man  of  intelligence,  he  was  gladlv  hailed  as  a  mes- 
senger from  the  outer  world,  and  the  news  which  he  brought  in  that 
newspaperless  day.  and  tiie  views  which  he  expressed,  were  listened  to 
with  interest  and  respect.  The  most  ])articular  care  was  gi\-en  to  the 
housing  of  domestic  animals,  and  peo])le  who  were  not  so  heedful  in 
this  respect  were  wont  to  say  that  some  looked  after  their  cattle  and 
hogs  more  carefull\-  than  they  did  for  their  wives  and  children. 

I*"or  very  many  years  church  life  and  social  life  were  so  intimately 
related  -that  the  history  of  one  is  contained  within  that  of  the  other. 
With  all  sects  except  the  Quakers,  the  minister  was  regarded  as  the 
leading  man  in  the  community,  and  as  the  embodiment  of  all  intelli- 
g.ence,  culture  and  manners,  ^'ct  he  became,  in  a  few  instances,  a 
sti)ml?lingblock  to  his  people  in  their  moral  and  religious  life,  anil  it  is 
to    be    iidmittcd  .that    their    own    o\cr-zeaIous    solicitude    and    affection. 


3-28      COMPEXDIiM  OF  HISTORY  JXP  CnXEALOGY 

fur  liini  was  rcsponsilile  in  larqc  clejjrce  fur  his  unilning.  \iltiiirah!c' 
as  were  the  (|ualities  of  the  carl)-  people,  nianv.  ])erhai)s  most  <if  tliem, 
were  accustoniecl  to  the  use  of  strong-  Hf|nors,  and  tlie  l)est  of  tlie  Iimise- 
liokl  stock  was  reserved  for  com|)any.  anions^  wlioni  the  minister  was 
the  most  lioiiored  gfiiest.  as  he  was  tlie  nmst  i're(|ueiit.  A  few  pastoral 
calls  in  a  day  and  each  ilay  wmilfl  snon  i)nt  the  jxinr  clcry;yman  at  a 
disadvantage  hy  fastening"  npon  liim  a  ]nrnioicius  hahit.  In  the  earlv 
part  of  the  eighteenth  centnry  the  custnm  ni  drinkint;  iiad  lieccinu-  dis- 
tressingly ])re\alent.  Xn  Imsiness  or  Sdcial  e\ent  C'lnld  he  ohsersed 
withont  the  use  of  li(|Uor,  whether  it  was  a  puhlic  sale,  a  harn  or  house 
raising,  a  wedding,  the  hirth  of  a  hahc.  nr  a  funeral.  These  abuses 
l)ecame  .so  common  that  in  l-el>ruar\.  \JJ^.  the  Chester  I'Viends'  .Meet- 
ing took  the  following  action: 

''.\t  our  Ouartcrly  Meeting  it  was  desirefl  \e  friends  take  care-  at 
Ilurr.alls  nut  to  make  great  provision  as  to  |)rii\ifle  strong  l.i(|uors  &• 
hand  it  alK)ut  ;  hut  let  l''\cr\-  one  take  \t  is  free  tn  take  it  as  ihe\  ha\e 
ocation  and  not  more  than  will  do  them  (lood.'" 

This  is  the  first  ascertainr.hlc  action  taken  tn  restrain  the  immod- 
erate use  of  liquor,  and  it  does  not  appear  that  the  (ieneral  .-\sseniblv 
of  the  I'resbyterian  clunrli  toi)k  mgnizance  (if  the  matter  until  1730. 
a  (|uarter  of  a  century  later. 

As  settlements  extended,  families  visited  each  other  at  intervals, 
often  traveling  considerable  distances,  arriving  in  the  afternoon  and  re- 
tnaining  until  late  in  the  evening.  If  the  weather  permitted,  the  men 
folk  sat  on  the  long  l>enches  on  the  stiicip  nr  in  the  yard,  where  they 
conversed  concerning  their  successes  and  failures  in  their  calling,  Piid 
exchanged  views  as  to  future  crops  and  prices.  Little  interest  was  felt 
in  jjovernmental  questions,  and.  indeed,  of  such  matters,  in  the  earlier 
clays,  the  common  people  w  ere  prufoundly  ignorant.    The  seat  of  author- 


OF  THE  STATE  OT  PEXXSVLJ\4XLL  :V2ft 

ity  was  t(X)  far  reiiKnutl  and  intDrination  was  ton  nieaoerly  (lisjiensed 
for  it  to  be  otiierw  ise.  Were  it  w  inter  season,  or  the  weatiier  inclement, 
tlie  men  gatliered  in  front  of  the  fireplace  in  the  house.  In  either  case 
the  wofiien  kept  to  tliemseKes.  sewing  and  knitting,  idleness  at  snch 
times  l:|eing  considered  disgraceful. 

Weddings  and  funerals  were  the  most  important  events  in  the 
social  life  of  the  conimuiiit\-.  To  the  wedding  were  hidden  as  many 
guests  as  the  famil}-  could  afford  to  entertain,  often  more,  for  an  an- 
nalist writing  in  \~^^',  notes  of  the  colonists:  "Their  marriages  are  very 
chargeable.  mau\-  times  wife's  fortunes  l)eing  expended  at  the  celebra- 
tion of  the  nuptials."  The  (.\ening  was  occupied  with  games,  and 
when  the  bri<le  and  grriom  were  shown  singly  to  their  room.  ])ranks 
were  played  which  would  lie  considered  indelicate  at  th.e  present  day. 
The  customs  of  the  Quakers  were  in  marked  contrast,  and  their  simple 
ceremotiies  were  conducted  w  ith  the  utmost  decorum. 

Tn  the  e\cnt  of  a  funeral,  the  ])eople  of  the  entire  nei,ghborhood 
not  only  felt  pri\ile,ged  to  attend.  Vnit  they  considered  that  their  pres- 
ence was  demanded  under  a  serious  sense  of  duty,  while  the  mournJn,g 
family  held  that  proper  respect  was  not  paid  to  their  dead  should  any 
nei,ghl>nr  fail  to  attend  except  on  account  of  illness.  The  occasion  im- 
l)osed  great  lai>or  and  expense  ui>"iu  the  mourning  household.  Custom 
•  lemanded  the  most  la\ish  hos]iitalit\-  that  could  be  afiforded,  and  it 
was  a  point  of  pride  to  admit  of  no  unfavorable  comparison  with 
neighbors  upon  such  an  occasion,  .\rdent  spirits  were  dispensed  witli 
a  liberality  that  led  to  many  excesses.  For  this  reason  many  mini.sters 
took  t>tfong  ground  against  .Sunday  being  taken  for  funerals,  and  the 
prevatltng:  custom  gradually  came  into  disfa\'or  and  ultimately  was 
abojishjpd. 

In  marked  contrast  with  the  earhest  provincial  conditions  were  tlie 


310      COMI'liX/yrM  01-   HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

excesses  beKiiiiiiiiji  '"  '''^"  '''iter  i-nlniiinl  il;(\s  and  (.■xlcmling  hevniiil  tlic 
close  cif  tlic  Ro\i>liitiiitiarv  war.  These  were  traceahk-  in  large  degree 
to  tlic  tavern.  Taxerns  were  establislied  tn  meet  tlie  wants  of  travelers, 
to  provide  them  with  food  and  hxlging.  and.  while  ardent  spirits  were 
dispensed  on  call,  the  ta\ern  was  never  intended  to  he  ;i  mere  tipjjling 
place.  Alwavs  on  an  iniportont  line  of  travel,  it  was  in  many  cases  a 
terminal  or  relay  point,  and  its  customers  were  therefore  numerous. 
It  sheltered  from  time  to  time  tlie  higliest  dignitaries  and  most  eminent 
men  in  the  land — governors,  judges,  lawyers  and  clergymen.  These 
were  the  newsbearers  and  oracles  of  the  day.  and  their  iiresence  attracted 
the  principal  men  of  the  neighborhood,  wlio  gatherefl  to  listen  to  them 
and  to  learn  of  events  present  and  imjiending.  The  sole  resort  for  men 
of  affairs,  to  say  nothing  of  the  "lewd  fellows  of  the  baser  sort."  it  is 
not  to  Ix*  wondered  at  that  the  tavern  became  the  scene  i>f  gaming  and 
dnmkenness.  P.ut  we  find  nothing  in  the  annals  of  I'ennsyhania  to 
correspond  with  the  records  of  a  Xew  Jersey  grand  jury  in  the  case 
of  some  young  men  who.  while  engaged  in  a  debauch,  held  m<ick  burial 
and  baptismal  services  o\er  a  number  of  dogs.  Bishop  Asbury  made 
a  journey  through  Pennsyhan'a  just  after  the  Revolutionary  war,.  ;\\v\ 
he  notes  in  his  journal  that  !ie  witnessed  considerable  misconduct,  arid 
the  annals  of  the  time  contain  frequent  references  to  highwaymen  and- 
hor.se  thieves.  Tt  was  a  crucial  period  for  society  and  foi-  civil  insti- 
tutions. The  irresponsible  bands  which  had  ravaged  tlic  country  duping 
the  war,  plundering  jiatriot  and  loyalist  alike,  now .  w  ithi.nit  excusii  for 
niaintaining  the  semblance  of  ar.  organization,  had  dispersed,  and  where 
the)'  went  they  spent  profligate  lives,  indulging  in  all  jnanner  of.e.x-. 
cesses  and  committing  all  sorts  of  depredations.  .A  notorious  malefactor^ 
<>f  this. period  was  .James  Fitzpatrick,  who  figures  as  "Sandy  Flash," 


OP  THE  STATE  Of  PENNSYLVANIA.  ••'•'>\ 

in  Bayard  Taylor's  "Story  of  Kennctt,"  an<l  who  was  brought  to  tlie 
gallows  for  liis  misdeeds.  In  some  instances  soldiers  out  of  the  dis- 
Ijanded  continental  army  set  an  example  of  idleness  and  dissipation, 
bidding  defiance  to  all  moral  restraints,  and  respecting  the  law  but  little'. 
l""or  m^ny  such  there  was  some  excuse.  They  were  InU  mere  youths 
when  ttjev  set  imt  in  a  war  w  liich  engaged  them  for  seven  long  years 
of  untojd  privation  ami  dangers.  They  had  gone  to  the  life  of  the 
camp  and  march  before  character  was  formed,  and  without  knowledge 
of  the  temptations  and  vicious  influences  which  were  to  beset  tliem.  They 
returned  full  grown  men.  to  enter  into  a  world  which  was  new  to  them, 
one  wherein  there  was  no  home  they  could  call  their  own.  nor  occupation 
for  which  they  seemed  to  be  fitted.  A  sailor  shijiw  recked  upon  a  foreign 
strand  was  scarcely  more  helpless.  But  such  were  the  excq^tions.  and 
far  the  greater  number  turned  to  peaceful  pursuits. 

Shortly  after  the  coming  of  Bishop  Asbury,  began  that  great  re- 
vival of  religion  which  was  productive  of  so  much  good.  The  churches 
resumed  their  functions  and  regained  their  influence,  and  social  vices 
were  frowned  upon.  A  few  years  later,  led  by  the  I'riends,  societies 
were  formed  for  the  promotion  of  temperance,  and  these  began  a  work ' 
which  was  not  onlv  of  immediate  benefit,  but  projected  a  laudable  senti- 
ment into  the  future. 

F<^llowing  after  the  Revchuirinary   war  came  a  gradual    improve- 
ment  in  all   things  material   as   well   as  moral.      Homes   became  more 
homelike'     If  the  building  remained  unchanged  outwardly,  the'changes-' 
were  tHahv  within.     A  carpet  covered  tlie  floor  of  the  best  rooin,  it  of 
ufine  otlier;  people  of  nieans  purchased  an  imported  article,  while  the- 
poorer -classes  made  a  wfiiiderlidly  durable  substitute  out  of  woveti  rags'.: 
The  iaiiiilv  no  longer  dined  in  the  kitchen,  but  in  another  room,  which- 


^32      COMPEXDirM  01-  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

was  also  tlic  sittint;'  rnnm.  .\  l><,-ticr  i|n.ilit\  nf  runiiliirc  caim-  mtn 
use.  Clotliing  iDr  men  was  ot  I'l-lter  (|uality.  and  was  l'rc(|iifiUly  (if  ini- 
])ortecl  goods.  T'nr  cnuntrv  travel  tbc  liorse-cart  came  to  supplant  tlie 
saddle  horse.  A  multiplication  of  comforts,  if  not  luxuries,  excited  a 
keen  mental  stimulation.  Socm  oamc  the  weekly  news])ai)cr  with  its 
messages  fmni  the  outer  world,  and  this  created  a  <lesire  fur  yet  more 
knowledge,  and  the  magazine  and  hnnk  followed.  To  the  informal 
social  gathering  were  added  the  dehating  society  and  the  singing  school. 
The  two  last  named  were  admirahle  in  their  way  as  educational  agencies, 
and  those  who  are  vet  with  us,  who  were  |);utici])ants  in  them  in  their 
vouthtul  da\s,  are  accustnmed  t<>  recall  them  with  ])leasr.re,  and  to  the 
disparagement  <>f  luuch  that  is  peculiar  to  these  ])resent  "fair,  well 
spoken  days."  I-Or  many  years  the  iinl\-  musical  instrument  in  the 
farm  or  village  hoiuc  was  the  \iolin  nr  tlute.  and  .i  fair  I'.erformer  u])on 
either  was  a  gladlv  hailed  acquisition  in  any  comjianv,  and  frequetitly 
in  the  choir  of  such  a  ciuu\-h  as  was  not  sternlv  set  against  the  use  of 
"the  de\"irs  instruments"  in  di\ine  worship.  .Mxmt  1850  the  scra])hine 
or  melodeon  became  familiar,  hut  ten  years  later  a  ]iiar.(>  wiis  yet  a 
great  curif>sity  in  many  a  good  sized  town. 

There  is  now  a  well  storerl  library  in  the  \illage  where  a  book 
was  uncommon  a  half  century  ago,  \\'here  were  then  but  a  few  isolated 
instruments  of  music  is  now  an  orchestra  capable  of  performing  the 
music  of  the  great  masters.  The  humble  cottage  has  gi\en.  place  to  the 
elegant  mansion  with  its  luxurious  furnishings,  and  the  stately  temple 
stands  where  did  the  modest  plain-walled  country  chinch.  But  here 
and  there  is  an  <")ld-time  dwelling  of  the  long-ago.  witii  its  trees  :\\v\ 
flowering  shrubs  planted  by  loved  hands  which  ours  can.no  longer, 
touch^.or  an  old  church  so  far  from  the. busy  throng  that  it  has  not  been 


■OF  THE  STATE  O'F  PENNSYLVANIA.  '^3 

fleeme.I  worthy  ot  (instruction   to  make  way   fur  one  more  modern,  and 
about  It  the  ancient  tombstones  marking  tlie  last  resting  places  of 

"Tlie  men  wiiose  unrecorded  deeds 
Have  stamped  the  nation's  destinv." 


«S4     COyfPENDIV^f  OF  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 


rrO\'ERNOKS  Ol-  THE  COLONIES  OX  THE  DELAWARE  AND 
OF  THE  PROVINCE  AND  COMMONWEALTH 

OF   ^>KNXS^■L\•AXL\. 

Under  thk  Colony. 
directors  and  governors  of  the  nktherla  xds  anp  thk  dl'tch 

COLONIES   ON    Tin:   DET.AWARK. 

Cornelius  Jacobsen.  director    1G24-1625 

William  Van  Hulst,  director    1625-1626 

Peter  Miniiit.  governor   1636-1633 

F)avid  Pieterzen  De  Vries,  governor 1632-1638 

W'outer  \'nn  Twiller.  governor    1^33-^638 

Sir  William  Kiett.  governor 1638-1647 

I'ctcr   Stuy\cs;mt.   governor    1647-1664 

GOVERNORS  OF  THE  SWEDES  ON   THE  1>ELA\VARE. 

I'eter  Minuit    1638-1641 

IV-ler   Hollender    1641-1643 

John    Printz    1643-1653 

John    Pappegoya    1653-1654 

Julin    Claude    Rysingh    1654-1655 

UNDER    THE    DITCH    DOMINION. 

Peter    Stuyvesant    1655-1664 

Andreas    Hudde.    commissary    '^'55-i^>57 

JmIih  l^iiil  Jnc(|tK-t.  director    •'^>55-'^'57 


or  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  335 


THIi    COLONY    OF    TllK    CITY. 


Jacob  Alrichs 1657-1659 

■  Alex^ander  D'Hinoyossa ■ 1659-1663 

THE   COLONY   Ol"   THE    COMPANY. 

Georaii  \'an  Dyck 1657-1658 

William  Beekman   1658-1663 

THE  UNITED   COLONY. 

Alexander    IJ'J  linoyos.sa    1663- 1664 

DOMINION   OE  THE    Dl'KE  OK   M)KK. 

Colonel    Ridianl   Nicholls    1664-1667 

Robert  Carr.  deputy  governor    1664- 1667 

Rol)ert    Needliam.   Com.   on   the  Delaware 1664-1668 

..Colonel  Francis   Lovelace    1667- 1673 

Captain  John  Carr.  Cum.  (in  the  Delaware   ■.  .  .  1668-1673 

'  DOMINION     OE     THE    DUTCH.  , 

Anthony  Colve   1673-1674 

Peter  Alrich.^;.  (lei)ut\'  o'overnor  west  of  the  Delaware 1673-1674 

DOMINION    OE   THE   ENGLISH. 

Sir   Edmund    Andross    1674-1681 

PROVINCIAL  GOVERNMENT   UNDER    THE   PROPRIETARY. 

William  Peiin.  proprietor  ani.1  governor   1681-1693 

\\'illiam   Markham.   deputy    1681-1682 

William    Penn 1682-1684 

The    Ciiuncil — Thomas    l.lnyd.    ])resident    1684-161^^1 


i^Sfi      COMPENDIUM  OF  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 


I'ixe  Ci.ii)imissioiicrs.  apptiiiUcrl  li_\    F't-iiu    

Captain   John   Blackwell.   ilcpiit}     

The  Cpimcil — Tlionuis    [.lovd.    president     

Tlionias  l.l(.)\d.  dcputN    I'cir  tht    Pru\iiKf   :iiid    W  illiani    Mark 

ham.  dcpul\  lor  the  Lower  CV>unties 

(ioverned  In    tlie  Crow  n    

Iknjaniin    I"'letclier,   '•overnor  of    Xew    York    

William    Markham.   deputy    

William    renti.   proprietor    

William  Markliam,   ile])uty    

William    Penii,    proprietor    

Andrew   Hamilton,   lientenant-governor    

The  Council — Ldward   Shippen.    Pres 

John    Fivans,  lieutenant-o;overnor    

Charles  Gookin,  lieutenant-go\  crnor    

Sir   William    Keith,    lieutenaiu  .t;()\ernor    

John   I'cnn.    Richard    I'eun   and    I  honias    I'enn.   pro|)rietor.s .  . 

-Sir    William    Keith,    lieuleiianl-go\ern(.ir    

Patrick  Gordon,   lieutenant-governor    

'Ihe  Council — James  Logan.  Pres 

fJeorge  Thomas.  lieutenani-i'o\i.rncjr    


John  I'enn  and  Thomas  i'enn.  proprietors 
George  Thomas.  lieutenant-go\  ernor  . .  . 
'I"he  Ct)uncil — Anthony  Palmer.  I^res.  .  .  . 
James  Hamilton,  lieuten.int-i^nv  ernor  .  .  . 
Robert  Hunter  Morris,  deputy  governor 
W'illiajii   Dennv,  lieutenant-go\  ernor    .  .  .  . 


James    Hamilton,    lieutenant-governor 
jiihn    I'enn.   lieutenant  "^ii\ ernor    .... 


686-1688 
688-1690 
<.>90- 1 69 1 

691-169,^ 
6^3-1694 

693-1695 
695-1718 
695-1699 
699-1701 
701-1703 
703-1704 
704-1709 
709-1717 
717-1718 
718-1746 
718-1726 
726-1736 

738-1746 
746-1776 
746-1747 
746-1748 
748-1754 
754-1756 
756-1759 
759- 1763 
763-' 77 » 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  337 

The  Council — James  Hamilton,   Pres ^77^ 

Riclianl    I'eiin.   lieutcnant-governcjr    I77i"i773 

John   Penn,  lieutenant-governor    ^77y^77^ 

DURING    THE    REVOLUTION. 

Benjamin  Franklin,  chairman  Com.   of  Safety    1776-1777 

PRESIDENTS    OE    SUPREME    EXECUTIVE    COUNCIL. 

Thomas  Wharton,  Jr ^777-^77^ 

George  Bryan,  acting  Pres • 1778 

Joseph  Reed 1778-1781 

William    Moore    1781-1782 

John    Dickinson    1782-1785 

Benjamin  Franklin   1785-1788 

Thomas   Mifflin    1788-1790 

GOVERNORS    OF    THE    COMMONWEALTH    OF    PEXNSYLVANI.A. 

Thomas  Mifflin   1790-1799 

Thomas  McKean    1 799-1808 

Simon    Snyder    1808-1817 

William    Findlay    1817-1820 

Joseph  Hiester     1820-1823 

John  Andrew   Sluilze    1823-1829 

George  Wolf 1829-1835 

Joseph   Ritner    1835-1839 

David  R.  Porter 1839-1845 

Francis  R.  Sliunk   1845-1848 

William  F.  Johnston    1848-1852 

WilHam  Bigler   1852-1855 

James    Pollock    1855-185S 

2: 


338      COMPENDIUM  OF  HISTORV  .IND  GENEALOGY 

William  iMsher  Packer 1858-1861 

Andrew  G.  Curtin   1861-1867 

Joliii   W.    deary    1867- 1873 

Jolin    1'.    I  iartranft    1^^73-1879 

Henry  M.  Hoyt   1879-1883 

Robert  E.  Pattison 1883-1887 

James  A.   Beaver    1887-1891 

Robert   E.   Pattison    1891-1895 

Daniel  H.  Hastings   1895-1899 

William  A.  Stone  1899-1903 

Samuel   W.    Pennypacker    1903- 


V-f^ud^ffV^ 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  341 

JAMES  HEMPHILL. 

James  Hempliill.  burn  in  the  town  of  Mechanicsburg,  Cumberland 
county,  Pennsylvania,  July  22,  1827,  was  the  son  of  John  Hemphill 
and  Anne  Longsdorff.  His  father  was  descended  from  the  early  set- 
tlers, who  came  from  the  north  of  Ireland,  known  as  Scotch-Irish;  his 
mother  from  that  thrifty  and  alile  stock  known  as  Pennsylvania  Dutch. 
Both  father  and  mother  came  from  Revolutionary  ancestors. 

He  inherited  from  these  strdug  people  many  of  their  sturdy  quali- 
ties, and,  being  endowed  with  a  fine  physique  and  clear  mind,  coupled 
with  industry,  application  and  economy,  he  soon  made  himself  felt  as 
a  power.  He  spent  his  early  life  upon  a  farm,  but  when  about  eighteen 
years  of  age  thought  he  would  learn  blacksmithing.  After  finishing 
and  having  acquired  a  general  knowledge  of  mechanics,  for  which  he 
always  had  a  natural  aptitude,  he  accepted  a  position  as  assistant  en- 
gineer of  the  Pittsburg  Water  Works  under  Joseph  French,  who  was 
one  of  the  best  hydraulic  engineers  of  his  time;  he  filled  this  position 
for  about  eight  years  and  at  the  same  time  studied  mechanical  engineer- 
ing, with  such  success  that  later  in  life  he  became  an  expert,  and  was 
regarded  as  an  authority  throughout  the  United  States.  While  still 
at  the  water  works  in  the  late  fifties,  he  spent  his  evenings  in  devising 
ways  and  means  for  casting  baggage  checks,  which  he  made  and  sold  to 
the  railroads:  this  gave  him  his  financial  start.  In  the  fall  of  1859  he 
went  into  the  engine-building  business  at  the  corner  of  Twelfth  and 
Pike  streets,  the  firm  being  known  as  Mackintosh,  Hemphill  &  Com- 
pany. About  this  time  he  was  a  member  of  select  council  and  served 
on  the  finance  committee  of  the  city  of  Pittsburg.  He  was  always  an 
advanced  thinker,  and  invented,  constructed  and  designed  many  little 
things,  as  well  as  the  great  machines  w  hich  helped  to  bring  to  Pittsburg 


342      COMPENDIUM  OF  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

its  reputation  of  being  the  great  steel  center  of  the  world.  The  name 
of  Mackintosh,  Hemphill  &  Company  is  so  identified  witli  llic  success 
of  the  Steel  Age  that  it  is  not  necessary  to  go  inti)  detail  in  tiiis  sketch. 
In  1878  the  firm  rcnmsed  to  Old  Fort  I'itt  fnundry  site  and  cnl;irt;e(l 
their  plant;  after  it  liad  made  itself  felt  and  was  acknowledged  at  lioinc 
and  abroad  as  leading  in  its  line,  Mr.  1  iciniilnll  directed  some  of  his 
energy  and  experience  to  outside  interests,  viz.:  Carrie  i'urnace  Com- 
pany, Star  Tin  Plate  Company,  National  I'.ank  of  Western  Pennsyl- 
vania, of  whicii  he  was  the  llrst  ])residenl.  and  nlJier  industrial  enter- 
prises, in  all  of  which  he  retained  an  acti\e  interest  until  his  death, 
which  occurred  August  7,  1900. 

His  wife  was  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Horace  l-'rink.  of  Rome,  New 
York.  She  died  in  1899.  Mr.  Ilcm])hill  w;issur\i\ed  by  live  children, 
Newton  A.  Hemphill,  William  .\.  Hemphill,  lluiace  1".  Hemphill,  Mrs. 
William  A.  Hoeveler  and  Mrs.  (jeorge  \\'.  Baum.  He  was  a  man  of 
strong  principles  and  excellent  judgment,  and  was  sought  after  as  an 
arliitrator  in  many  large  and  important  contro\ersics.  He  was  simiile 
in  his  tastes,  quiet  in  his  amusements,  fond  of  his  home  life.  and.  pos- 
sessed of  warm  sympathies,  had  a  keen  sense  of  justice,  and  was  a 
staunch  friend. 


AXDRKW  WHITE  McCOLLOUGH. 

The  name  of  .\ndiew  White  McCollough  is  so  inseparably  inter- 
woven with  the  history  of  the  development  of  the  natural  resources  of 
the  state  that  the  annals  of  Pennsylvania  would  be  incomplete  without 
extended  mention  of  his  life  work.  He  stands  almost  without  a  peer 
in  the  extent  and  accuracy  of  his  knowledge  of  geology,  and  few  indeed 
are  the  men  who  have  put  their  learning  to  such  broad  and  practical  test. 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  343 

Nature  was  1:)nuntiful  in  her  gifts  to  the  Keystone  state,  hut  slie  lias 
ahvays  placed  upon  man  the  duty  cjf  transforming  the'  raw  ninterial 
into  a  marketahle  commodity,  and  it  is  the  men  of  marked  enterprise, 
keen  discernment  and  unfaltering  purpose  who,  having  recognized  the 
possibilities  that  Nature  has  provided,  utilize  these  in  the  acquirement 
of  a  competence  and  for  the  benefit  of  the  commercial  world.  Mr. 
McCollough  has  done  nuich  for  the  development  of  the  oil  and  gas  in- 
dustries of  the  stfitc,  and,  while  his  brilliant  success  commands  admira- 
tion, his  business  policy  has  e\'cr  awakened  the  keenest  respect.  He  is 
a  man  whose  business  career  stands  untarnished,  whose  integrity  is 
proverbial. 

In  the  latter  part  of  the  eighteenth  century  the  McCollough  family 
was  founded  in  Pennsylvania,  but  much  farther  back  than  this  can  the 
ancestry  of  the  family  be  traced,  for  the  McColloughs  accduiiianied 
William  the  C(inc|ueror  and  made  their  way  from  Scotland  into  Ire- 
land. In  the  latter  country  they  remained,  becoming  residents  of  coun- 
ties Down  and  Antrim.  James  McCollough,  the  great-grandfather  of 
Andrew  W.  McCollough,  s])ent  his  entire  life  at  Moneyrea,  in  county 
Down,  near  Belfast,  Ireland,  Init  his  son,  Matthew  McCollough,  crossed 
the  Atlantic  to  the  new  re]nil)lic  of  i\merica,  taking  up  his  abode  in 
Newville,  Cumberland  county,  Pennsylvania,  in  1798.  He  was  there 
married  to  a  Miss  Hunter,  and  in  1804  he  removed  with  his  family 
to  Prospect,  Butler  cnunty,  Pennsylvania,  where  he  remained  until 
his  life  pilgrimage  w;us  enilcd. 

Matthew  McCollough,  the  father  of  .\ndrew  White,  was  born  in 
1813,  where  now  stands  the  village  of  Prospect,  and  when  he  had 
arrived  at  years  of  maturity  he  wedded  Miss  Jane  White,  who  died  in 
1844.     He  became  an  agriculturist  of  Worth  township,  Butler  county, 


■m      COMPENDIUM  OF  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

and  u])oii  tlic  old  home  place  resided  unlil  called  t"  lii-^  final  rest.  Sep- 
tember 22,    1899. 

In  Butler  county.  Pennsylvania,  in  1840.  Andrew  White  McCol- 
Idugh  was  Ixirn,  and  as  he  was  hut  tour  years  of  age  al  the  time  of  his 
mother's  death  he  went  to  !i\e  with  his  maternal  grandparents,  Andrew 
and  Angeline  White,  siJcnding  the  years  of  his  minority  in  their  home. 
He  acquired  a  good  eduaction  in  his  youth,  hut  his  reading  and  research 
in  later  years  have  made  him  a  scholar  of  broad  scientific  attainments 
and  an  authority  in  the  line  to  which  he  has  given  his  special  attention. 
Having  attended  the  common  ;ind  normal  schools  near  his  home  and  also 
spent  some  time  as  a  student  in  the  Conoquenessing  Academy  at  Zelie- 
nople,  Pennsylvania,  he  engaged  in  teaching,  following  the  profession 
in  Conoquenessing,  Jackson  and  Franklin  townships,  in  Butler  county. 
Thus  he  entered  niKin  tlic  business  world  with  its  cares,  responsibili- 
ties and  opportunities,  and,  though  destined  to  meet  difticultics  and  ob- 
stacles, the  force  of  his  nature  and  the  strength  of  his  character  have 
enabled  him  to  conquer  in  the  end  When  the  pecuniary  return  of  his 
labor  as  a  teacher  was  sufficient  to  enable  him  to  engage  in  business 
requiring  ready  capital,  he  established  a  store  in  Prospect,  which  he 
conducted  successfully  for  a  decade,  and  at  the  end  of  that  time,  in  1871, 
he  began  operating  in  oil  at  Parker  and  Bear  creek,  extending  his  labors 
in  1872-3  to  Millerstown  and  Greece  City,  Pennsylvania.  At  times  he 
was  very  successful,  at  others  not,  but  he  gained  broad  and  practical 
experience,  and  eventually  became  connected  with  the  oil  business  in 
all  its  departments  and  realized  therefrom  handsome  returns  from  his 
labors  and  investments,  but  a  turn  in  fortune's  wh6el  brought  upon  him 
heavy  losses,  and  the  earnings  of  many  years  were  engulfed.  This 
disaster,  however,  seemed  but  to  serve  as  an  impetus  for  renewed 
effort  and  closer  application,  and  though  his  financial  outlook  was  such 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  345 

as  would  liave  utterly  discouraged  many  a  man  of  less  resolute  spirit, 
he  bravely  undertook  the  task  of  meeting  all  the  obligations  which 
rested  upon  him.  The  result  is  a  matter  well  known  to  his  friends 
and  those  with  whom  he  has  been  brought  in  contact  in  a  luisiness 
way.  He  stands  to-ilay  with  imtarnished  name,  having  paid  off  every 
dollar,  and  the  consciousness  of  duly  well  performed  is  his  as  well  as 
the  respect  and  confidence  of  those  with  whom  he  has  had  business 
relations. 

Mr.  McCollough  became  interested  in  the  exploration  and  develop- 
ment of  the  gas  fields  of  Pennsylvania,  and  in  speaking  of  this  portion 
of  his  life  work  a  contemporary  biographer  has  said:  "After  careful 
study  and  e.xploitation,  he  commenced  operations  based  upon  the  anti- 
clinal theory — the  theory  that  uufler  inexorable  law.  gas  pressure  is 
always  toward  the  highest  poir.t.  and  is  only  to  be  found  in  high  pres- 
sure and  large  volume  in  the  subterranean  reservoirs  along  the  crown  of 
these  anticlinal  arches,  which  are  the  retiring  rockwaves  of  the  Alle- 
ghany mountains.  His  first  operations  were  in  the  Sarver  field,  in  Win- 
field  township,  Butler  county,  Pennsylvania,  in  i88g.  In  this  field,  for 
the  Pittsburg  Plate  Glass  Company,  he  located  the  largest  wells  ever 
drilled  within  the  bounds  of  this  county.  This  gas  area  is  on  the  fifth 
axis,  of  Brady's  bend  anticlinal,  at  a  jmint  where  the  strata  are  lifted  to 
the  highest  elevation  to  be  found  anywhere  along  the  trend  of  that 
folding.  These  wells  sup])lied  the  fuel  for  the  extensive  plate  glass 
factories  at  Ford  City  and  Tarcntum,  Pennsylvania.  The  capacity 
of  the  wells  was  from  ten  to  fifteen  million  cubic  feet  per  day." 

Mr.  McCollough  has  contuiued  his  labors  with  c\'er  increasing  suc- 
cess, his  broadening  knowledge  of  geological  formation  making  his 
labors  most  effective  in  the  determination  of  the  location  of  gas  wells. 
In  1891  he  opened  a  field  for  the  Pittsburg  Plate  Glass  Company  at 


340      COMPENDIUM  OP  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

Nortli  Washington,  Westmoreland  county,  Pennsylvania,  located  on  a 
spur  of  tlie  western  slope  of  the  fourth  axis,  or  \\'ayncs);urij-Murrays- 
ville  anticlinal.  The  s;as  from  this  field  was  ])iped  to  the  ]ilate  g^lass  fac- 
tory at  Creighton  and  by  some  lines  to  Pittsburg.  In  1892  Mr.  Mc- 
Collough  opened  the  field  for  the  same  company  on  the  Pinliook  a.xis,  in 
Armstrong  county,  Pcnnsyhania.  known  as  the  Crooked  Creek  field. 
In  this  field  the  rock  pressure  exceeded  one  tliousand  ixmnds  to  the 
square  inch  and  the  volume  of  this  well  was  also  great,  in  1S93  he 
located  the  Shellhammer  field  for  the  Carnegie  National  Gas  Company 
on  the  Apollo  uplift,  and  in  this  field  very  large  wells  were  struck,  one 
of  which,  the  \'an  Tine,  No.  i.  deli\ered  twenty  million  cubic  feet  at 
the  discharge  end  of  the  pipe  line  at  the  Homestead  plant,  thirty  miles 
from  the  mouth  of  the  well.  The  Carnegie  Natural  Gas  Company  also 
drilled  several  wells  on  leases  that  he  had  taken  on  the  Roaring  Run 
anticlinal,  w-hich  proved  to  be  among  the  largest  producers  in  that 
county,  while  the  largest  ])roducing  well  in  western  P.utlcr  county  was 
located  and  drilled  by  Mr.  McCollough  at  Prosi)ect,  Pcni.sylvania,  hav- 
ing a  capacity  of  from  six  to  eight  million  cubic  feet  every  twenty-four 
hours. 

The  work  which  Mr.  McCollough  has  done  since  becoming  inter- 
ested in  the  develoiimcnt  oi  the  gas  resources  of  the  state  has  been 
enormous  in  extent  and  imjiortant  in  character,  and  has  been  the  basis 
of  many  successful  manufactiu'ing  enter|)rises.  In  I'utler,  Westmore- 
land and  Armstrong  counties  !:e  has  located  and  drilled  more  than  one 
hundred  producing  wells,  embracing  six  of  the  large.'^t  gas  fields  in  Penn- 
sylvania. His  broad  knowlerlge  resulting  from  scientific  investigation 
and  practical  experience,  has  made  him  a  recognized  authority  on  the 
geological  structure  of  the  gas  and  (}il  fields  of  Pennsylvania,  and  he 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  347 

possesses  the  largest  and   most   \-alual)Ie  collection   of  standard   works 
on  geology  to  be  found  in  western  Pennsylvania. 

On  the  i/th  of  October,  1867.  Mr.  McCollough  was  united  in 
marriage  to  Miss  Mary  Bredin,  daughter  of  Edward  M.  and  Adelia 
(Purviance)  Bredin,  of  Butler,  Pennsylvania.  They  now  have  three 
children,  Marion,  Kelt  and  Harry  Ford.  The  family  attends  the  ser- 
vices of  the  Presbyterian  church,  to  which  Mr.  McCollough  belongs,  and 
he  is  also  an  exemplary  Mason,  whose  membership  with  the  craft  dates 
from  his  early  manhood.  He  votes  witli  the  Republican  party  and  has 
firm  faith  in  the  triumph  of  its  principles,  because  he  believes  they  con- 
tain the  best  elements  of  good  government,  but  the  extent  of  his  busi- 
ness has  left  him  no  time  nor  desire  for  political  preferment.  T^e  has 
been  a  co-operant  factor  in  many  movements  and  measures  for  the 
general  good  along  educational  and  moral  lines,  his  best  lators  in  behalf 
of  the  pu])lic  being  performed  as  a  private  citizen.  There  is  something 
akin  to  poetic  justice  in  the  career  of  Mr.  McCollough,  his  success  and 
prominence  coming  to  him  as  the  direct  reward  of  enterprise,  of  busi- 
ness methods  that  are  unassniiablc,  of  untiring  energy  combined  with 
unfaltering  honesty.  It  is  the  trium])h  of  labor  and  honesty  over  ad- 
verse circumstances,  ajid  his  life  history  furnishes  an  example  well 
worthy  of  emulation. 

JAMES  BLEAKLEY. 

One  of  the  most  straightforward,  energetic  and  successful  business 
men  who  ever  ]i\cd  in  I'ranklin  was  James  Bleakley.  Few  men  have 
been  more  prominent  or  widely  kmnvn  in  tliis  enterprising  city  than  was 
he.  In  business  circles  he  was  ;in  inipurtant  factor,  and  his  popularity 
was  well  deserved,  fnr  in  him  were  emliraced  the  characteristics  of  an 


348      COMPENDIUM  OF  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

unl>eiuliiig  integrity,  unahating  energ)'  and  imlustrv  tliat  never  flagged. 
He  was  public-spirited  and  tliDnuiglily  interested  in  wliatever  tends  to 
promote  the  nidral.  intellectual  and  material  welfare  of  Franklin,  and 
for  many  years  lie  was  niinihered  among  its  most  valued  and  honoretl 
citizens. 

A  native  of  the  Keystone  state.  Mr.  I'leakley  was  horn  near  I'nion- 
ville,  on  the  i,^th  of  September,  1820.  and  was  a  son  of  John  i^leakley, 
a  native  of  the  township  nf  Murpliey,  county  of  Tyrone,  Ireland,  wlicre 
he  was  born  October  20,  1788.  lie  located  in  Venango  county,  Penn- 
sylvania, in  the  summer  of  1833,  and  here  resided  until  the  time  of  his 
death,  which  occurred  on  the  i  ilh  of  September,  1869. 

In  1836  James  Bleakley  was  apprenticed  to  the  printing  business, 
and  after  completing  a  three  years'  term  of  service  he  went  to  Butler, 
Pennsylvania,  where  he  was  employed  for  three  years.  Early  in  life 
he  was  called  upon  to  give  assistance  to  his  father,  who  labored  under 
pecuniary  embarrassments,  and  as  he  was  an  energetic  and  metliodical 
worker  the  son  was  able  at  an  early  age  to  render  material  aid,  but  bis 
educational  privileges  were  thus  necessarily  limited.  The  time  which 
he  spent  in  the  schoolroom  did  not  exceed  eighteen  months,  and  during 
his  last  term  he  was  frequently  late  in  returning  home,  for  which  his 
father  demanded  an  explanation.  Incjuiry  developed  the  fact  that  the 
teacher  was  often  unable  to  solve  the  jiroblems  of  his  advanced  class 
in  arithmetic  and  that  James  I'leakley  had  remained  after  school  to 
assist  him  in  preparing  the  lesson  for  the  following  day.  Returning 
to  this  city  in  the  year  1842,  he  established  the  Democratic  Arch  in  com- 
pany with  John  W.  Shugert.  and  continued  its  publication  for  about  two 
and  a  half  years.  The  files  of  this  paper  from  July,  1842,  until  October, 
1843,  still  in  the  possession  of  the  family,  are  the  earliest  continuous 
files  extant  of  any  newspapers  in  Venango  county.     In  the  spring  of 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  349 

1844  lie  embarked  in  mercantile  pursuits,  and  although  at  that  time 
trade  was  limited  his  expenses  were  light,  and  with  the  assistance  of 
his  wife  in  preparing  articles  for  sale  he  was  soon  able  to  accumulate  a 
little  money,  which  he  invested  in  real  estate  in  Franklin  and  through- 
out the  county.  In  1849  'ic  erected  the  building  formerly  occupied  by 
the  International  Bank,  now  by  Franklin  Trust  Company,  adjoining 
which  building  he  carried  on  his  mercantile  business  for  twenty  years. 
In  185 1  and  for  several  years  thereafter  he  was  associated  with  A.  P. 
Whittaker  in  the  imblication  of  the  Venango  Spectator,  and  in  the 
journalistic  circles  throughout  the  county  he  gained  an  enviable  posi- 
tion. In  1864  Mr.  Bleakley  was  instrumental  in  organizing  the  First 
National  Bank  of  Franklin,  of  which  lie  was  cashier  from  that  date  until 
1867,  and  in  the  following  year  he  opened  the  International  Bank,  the 
business  thus  estaliHshed  hm^g  conducted  by  his  sons  for  a  number  of 
years  and  with  success,  but  at  the  present  time  the  Franklin  Trust  Com- 
pany occupies  the  room  formerly  occupied  by  the  International  Bank.  In 
addition  to  the  various  interests  already  mentioned  he  was  also  promi- 
nently connected  with  other  enterprises,  among  which  was  a  tannery, 
foundry,  oil  refinery  and  a  tinning  establishment,  and  in  real  estate  and 
other  transactions.  From  the  year  1859  until  his  death  he  was  engaged 
in  the  various  branches  of  the  oil  business,  being  one  of  the  purchasers 
of  the  Galloway  tract  and  out-lot  Xo.  8,  famous  for  their  production 
of  Franklin  lubricating  oil.  The  block  which  was  erected  by  him  on 
Liberty  street,  Franklin,  is  one  of  the  most  substantial  in  the  city. 

The  marriage  of  Mr.  Bleakley  was  celebrated  in  this  city,  where 
Miss  Elizabeth  Dubbs  became  his  wife.  She  is  the  eldest  daughter  of 
Jacob  Dubbs,  who  came  to  iM-anklin  in  1824,  and  was  engaged  as  a 
wheelwright  until  1830,  in  which  year  he  embarked  in  mercantile 
pursuits,  and  so  continued  until  the  time  of  his  death,  in  1845.     Seven 


350      COMPf-NDlVM  ()/■   IIISTOR]'  AND  GENEALOGY 

children  were  I)om  to  the  union  of  James  and  Elizabeth  Bleakley,  as 
follows:  Elizalictli.  whn  hecanie  tlic  wife  of  '1".  W.  Brij^hrnn.  was 
Ixirn  Jannary  i6,  1845:  Clara,  wlio  married  Alexander  McDowell,  a 
banker  of  Sharon,  PennsyKania.  was  horn  .\])ril  6,  1847;  \\  dliam 
James  was  born  Jnly  6.  1849,  <i'"'  I'Kirried  Miss  Mary  S.  Lamh.  dau_!,;h- 
tcr  of  John  Lamb,  of  Allegheny  township.  X'cnango  county;  ICOie,  horn 
Novemljcr  26.  1851.  married  Dr.  F..  W.  Moore,  of  I'rankiin;  Orriii 
Dubbs,  horn  M;iy  13.  1834,  married  Miss  Hattie  Richardson,  of  h'rank- 
lin :  TTarry  was  horn  January  8,  1859:  and  l-'dmund.  Ixirn  October  _^o, 
i8rin,  married  Miss  Bertha  Legnard,  fif  Waukegan,  Illinois. 

.Although  ]\Ir.  Bleakley  was  a  man  of  positive  char;icter  he  made 
few  enemies,  and  his  many  noble  char.'ictcristics  won  and  relaineil  him 
many  friends.  In  poHtical  matters  he  was  allied  with  the  Democracy 
until  the  election  of  lUichruian  in  1836,  fmni  which  date  forth  he  atlil- 
iated  with  the  Re])nblican  party,  and  he  was  the  choice  of  his  fellow 
townsmen  f(M"  manv  ])ositions  of  honor  and  trust,  having  ser\'ed  as 
the  burgess  of  I'ranklin  for  several  terms,  was  a  member  of  the  council 
(if  l^ith  the  Ixirougb  ;ind  city,  and  from  1831  inv  twci  terms  was  the  elli- 
cicnt  county  trcasiu'er.  Ever  zealous  in  the  improvement  of  his  locality, 
he  was  active  in  advocating  public  attention  to  care  f<ir  the  parks  and  in 
promoting  the  various  measures  designed  for  the  ad\ancement  of  the 
city.  In  his  pleasant  home  in  I'Vatiklin  he  closed  his  eyes  in  death  on 
the  vl  of  October,  188 v  ;nid  thus  ended  the  career  of  one  of  the  truest 
and  liest  citizens  the  comnuiuitv  had  ever  known. 


JOHN  B.  IWAL'll. 

When  the  annals  of  the  .'\merican  republic  coirie  to  be  fully  written, 
the  achievements  of  the  great  captains  of  industry  who  ha\e  organized 


"■'i?  Leu't3  J-nhii^Mn^  Co 


^^c  c^/iy 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  353 

and  conducted  tlie  niiglity  manufacturing  establishments  whicli  liave 
been  the  most  ]ji"unounced  dc\cIopment  of  tiie  last  century,  will  come 
in  for  a  large  share  of  attention.  The  men  who  hy  their  skill  and  ability 
have  paved  the  way  for  the  great  material  wealth  of  the  nation  and 
the  pre-eminence  of  American  industrial  activity  will  come  to  he  reck- 
oned as  the  peers  of  the  statesmen  and  warrioi's  and  scholars  of  the 
times  in  the  records  of  the  American  people. 

The  name  of  Roach  is  so  essentially  connected  with  sliiiihuilding  in 
the  United  States  that  no  history  of  this  important  industry  could 
well  he  written  without  recounting  the  work  of  the  father  and  son 
who  have  had  so  nuich  to  do  with  the  inception  and  construction  of  the 
American  navy  and  merchant  marine.  Indeed,  for  more  than  a  third 
of  a  century,  the  record  of  ship  construction  on  this  side  of  the  Atlantic 
has  been  largely  the  history  of  the  Roach  firm. 

The  story  of  the  life  of  the  elder  Roach,  reading  like  a  chajjter  from 
liction,  is  widely  known.  The  history  of  the  Irish  lad,  who  came  here 
seeking  for  \\ork,  and,  little  by  little,  accumulated  experience,  wealth 
and  reputation  until,  at  the  time  he  was  stricken  down,  the  \-ictim  of 
a  persecution  inspired  by  political  malice,  he  was  the  leading  shipbuilder 
and  one  of  the  largest  employers  of  labor  on  this  continent,  has  been 
told  by  nearly  every  writer  upon  the  men  of  achievement  of  the  nine- 
teenth century,  and  has  furnished  a  favorite  topic  for  those  who  would 
point  out  the  marvellous  possibilities  of  our  land.  John  Roach's  fame 
as  a  great  organizer  and  executi\e,  as  a  thinker  and  writer  upon  subjects 
relating  to  his  business,  and  the  economics  of  trade  and  transportation, 
with  especial  relation  to  shipping  and  the  maintenance  of  navies,  is  se- 
cure. History  also  gives  him  credit  for  the  manly  qualities  of  mind  and 
heart  which  made  him  a  faitliful  friend  and  an  exemplary  employer 
as  well  as  a  citizen  of  the  highest  value.     John  B.  Roach,  the  son,  has 


3.54      COMPENDIUM  Ol-  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

followed  ill  liis  father's  footsteps,  and  llie  inmor  w  jiich  sunvjiinds  the 
family  name  lias  been  augmented  and  maintained  in  llic  elTorts  of  tlie 
son  will),  trained  in  his  father's  policies,  has  worthily  carried  on  his 
work. 

John  Baker  Roach  was  Ivini  in  tlic  city  of  New  York  on  December 
7,  1839.  lie  was  second  in  a  family  of  seven  sons  and  two  dans^hters. 
His  fatlier,  Imrn  in  1813,  on  Christmas  day,  had  cume  In  tiic  United 
States  from  his  home,  in  Mitcliellstnwn,  comity  Cnrk,  Ireland,  in  1831, 
and  while  a  wurkman,  at  the  Allaire  Works,  Howell.  New  Jersey,  had 
married  Emeline  Johnson,  the  dantjhter  of  a  worthy  family  in  Mon- 
mouth county.  The  Roche  family  was  a  i)rominent  one  in  Ireland — 
for  the  name  is,  correctly.  Koclic. — and  the  elder  Rnach  was  the  son  of 
a  merchant,  his  people  being  well-to-do   for  the  time  and  locality. 

John  B.  Roach's  Ix^yhood  was  spent  in  and  about  New  York.  His 
father,  already,  in  succession,  an  employing  founder,  an  engine-builder 
and  a  contractor  for  large  engineering  projects,  gave  him  the  advan- 
tages of  'education  which  were  at  the  time  readily  accessible,  and  after 
a  course  at  a  good  academic  institution  in  Greene  county.  New  York, 
the  young  man  went  into  the  oftice  of  a  merchant  to  get  business  ex- 
perience. His  health  failing,  he  was  obliged,  about  the  time  he  became 
of  age,  to  leave  the  city,  and  several  of  the  best  years  of  his  life  were 
spent  on  a  farm  in  Dutchess  county.  New  York.  He  was  married,  in 
1861,  to  Mary  Caroline  Wallace,  the  daughter  of  David  and  Gertrude 
Wallace,  of  Staatsburg,  New  York,  and  then  was  begun  a  happy  asso- 
ciation which  has  done  much,  undoubtedly,  to  round  out  symmetrically 
John  B.  Roach's  useful  life. 

The  business  of  the  firm  of  John  Roach  &  Son,  which  had  absorbed 
several  old-established  foundry  and  machine  concerns  in  New  York, 
had  grown  in  1868  to  such  an  extent  that  the  Morgan  Iron  Works,  at 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  355 

tlie  foot  of  East  Ninth  street,  in  New  York  city,  had  been  added.  Tliis 
was  one  of  the  largest  and  most  complete  plants  of  the  kind  in  the  Inisi- 
ness  at  the  time,  and  its  accpiisition  placed  the  Roach  firm  in  the  front 
ranks  of  engineering  contractors.  John  B.  Roach,  always  his  father's 
confidential  associate,  had  kejit  in  close  touch  with  the  affairs  of  the 
firm,  and  when,  in  1871,  the  shipyard  at  Chester.  Pennsylvania,  was 
purchased,  and  the  preparations  were  under  way  to  establish  the  business 
which  has  made  the  Roach  name  most  famous,  it  was  decided  that  the 
younger  Mr.  Roach  should  assume  the  active  direction  of  matters  at 
the  works.  So,  in  the  fall  of  187 1,  John  B.  Roach  moved  his  family 
to  Chester,  and  there,  in  the  old  city  im  the  Delaware,  which  he  has 
seen  grow  by  leaps  and  bounds  from  a  sleepy  river  town  to  one  of  the 
most  noted  industrial  centers  in  the  country,  he  has  done  his  life's  work. 

The  Reaney,  Son  &  Archbold  Shipyard,  at  Chester,  which  had 
been  purchased  by  the  firm  ol  John  Roach  &  Son,  was  reorganized 
into  the  Delaware  River  Iron  Shipbuilding  and  Engine  Works,  with 
John  Roach  as  president  and  John  B.  Roach  as  secretary  of  tlie  cor- 
poration and  the  personal  representative  of  his  father,  the  owner,  uix)n 
the  ground.  John  Roach  rarely  came  to  Chester  more  frequently  than 
once  a  week,  so  that  the  active  direction  of  matters  at  the  shipbuilding 
plant  at  once  devolved  upon  the  son. 

The  Chester  yard  was  already  a  fairly  well  equipped  shipyard, 
having  been  founded  in  i860  as  a  building  and  repair  yard,  and  a  num- 
ber of  vessels  had  been  constructed  there,  including  several  monitors 
and  other  ships  for  the  go\-ernment.  The  yard  has  a  river  frontage  of 
about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  on  the  widest  and  deepest  portion  of  the  Dela- 
ware river  channel,  and  is  one  of  the  finest  natural  sites  tor  a  shipyard 
that  is  to  be  found  in  the  world.  Immediately  upon  the  purchase  of  the 
property,  the  Roach  firm  set  out  to  build  iron  steamships  upon  a  scale 


35t;      COMPENDIUM  01-  IIISTOKY  AND  GENEALOGY 

thereto  fore  uiilieard  of  in  tlie  I'nitcd  States.  New  steamship  Hues  were 
established  and  tlie  old  ones  encouraged  t(j  add  to  their  lleets  the  ne,w 
iron  ships  which  the  old  shipmasters,  wedded  to  tiieir  Inilky  wooden 
hulls,  were  wont  to  sneeringly  speak  of  as  "tin  boats."  One  after  an- 
other almost  ail  of  the  steamship  companies  operating  under  the  Amer- 
ican flag  placed  orders  for  Roach  ships,  and  in  three  years  the  force  of 
workmen  had  increased  to  nearly  two  thousand,  while  in  the  New  York 
works  and  the  afliliatcd  industries  engaged  in  supplying  materials  for 
the  operations  of  the  shipyard,  as  many  more  were  engaged. 

Here  for  a  third  of  a  century,  the  great  foundries,  forges  and 
shops  ha\e  turned  out  iron  rind  steel  steamships  which  ha\e  included 
among  their  number  many  of  the  most  noted  vessels  wliicli  have  flown 
the  American  flag.  At  the  lime  the  business  was  started  under  the  Roach 
name,  the  number  of  American-lniilt  iron  vessels  could  almost  be  counted 
upon  the  fingers  of  the  hands,  so  that  in  building  up  its  business  the 
Roach  yard  had  to  blaze  the  way  in  an  almost  unknown  direction.  Dur- 
ing the  past  thirty-two  years,  however,  no  fewer  than  one  hundred  and 
four  first-class  steamships  for  merchant  service,  ten  vessels  for  the 
United  States  navy  and  forty-seven  other  craft,  including  steamboats, 
ferry-boats,  yachts,  and  other  vessels  for  various  purposes,  have  been 
contracted  for  and  completed  by  the  Roach  Company.  The  aggregate 
value  of  this  work  is  in  the  neighborhood  of  lift_\-  millions  of  dollars, 
and  about  half  of  this  immense  sum  has  been  distributed  in  wages  in 
Chester  as  a  result  of  the  shipyard  operations.  The  great  works  have 
educated  one  of  the  finest  bodies  of  mechanics  t(j  be  found  in  any  indus- 
try in  the  world,  and  Chester's  ship-artisans  are  to  be  found  in  every 
shipyard  on  this  continent,  in  leading  positions  of  trust  and  skill.  Dur- 
ing all  these  years,  too,  although  agitators  have  often  endeavored  to 
spread  dissatisfaction  among  the  workingmcn,  the  plant  has  never  been 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  357 

closed  by  a  strike,  it  having  been  Mr.  R(jach"s  jxjlicy  to  deal  with  his 
operatives  directly  and  to  listen  in  person  to  every  legitimate  complaint. 
John  B.  Roach  has  been  personally  familiar  with  the  details  of  the 
construction  of  e\ery  vessel  which  has  been  laid  down  in  tlie  yard,  and 
few  men  in  any  business  have  the  grasp  of  a  complicated  industry  that 
he  has  of  the  shipyard,  with  its  score  of  trades  so  different  in  their 
natures.  The  benders  and  punchers  and  fitters-up  and  riveters  and 
chippers  and  caulkers  who  erect  the  steel  body  of  the  ship:  the  lx)iler- 
makers,  blacksmiths,  molders.  machinists,  engineers,  coppersmiths,  sheet- 
iron  workers  and  pipe-fitters,  who  fashion  and  install  the  power  and 
machinery:  the  ship-carpenters  who  prepare  the  ship's  berth  and  lay 
her  decks  and  rails  and  finally  send  her  down  the  ways  into  the  element 
that  is  to  be  her  home:  the  carpenters  and  joiners  and  carvers  and  pol- 
ishers and  painters  and  decoratdrs  and  uijholsterers  who  build  the  cabins 
and  finish  them  for  palatial  occupation,  the  riggers  who  fit  out  the  ship 
with  her  equipment  ready  for  sea,  with  their  other  affiliated  trades,  all 
of  which  are  carried  on  in  this  big  establishment,  recognize  Mr.  Roach 
as  a  critical  judge  of  their  handiwork  and  respect  his  knowledge  of  all 
their  intricate  (.luties.  And  one  of  the  best  e\'idences  that  he  knows 
and  requires  good  workmanshi])  is  the  record  of  the  Roach  ships  and 
the  fact  that  whole  lines  of  vessels  have  been  Ijuilt  by  him,  the  owners 
returning  for  new  vessels,  as  needed,  to  the  builders  of  their  earlier 
ships.  The  tirst  ship  undertaken  by  the  l-loach  firm  was  the  City  of  San 
Antonio,  a  small  vessel,  which,  after  thirty-one  years  of  service,  is  still 
in  good  condition,  staunch  and  seaworthy.  This  vessel  was  for  the  Mal- 
lory  Line,  or  the  New  York  and  Te.xas  Steamship  Company,  and,  at 
this  writing,  the  San  Jacinto,  a  magnificent  twin-screw  steamship  of 
nearly  six  thousand  tons,  the  finest  coasting  steamer  ever  constructed, 

is  being  completed  for  the  same  line. 
23 


358      COMPENDIUM  01-  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

During  its  more  than  three  decades  of  work,  tlie  Ivnach  shipyard 
has.  in  liewing  out  the  way  for  the  ])rogress  of  American  shi])huilding. 
I)uilt  the  first  large  iron  steamship  ever  turned  out  in  the  United  States, 
which  was  the  Pacific  Mail  steamship  City  of  Peking,  launched  March 
i8,  1S74.  and  wiiicii  was,  at  the  time  of  iier  completion  tlie  largest  ship 
in  the  wcirld,  witii  the  sole  exception  of  the  misfit  (jreat  Eastern.     The 
City  of  Peking  now,   after   twenty-eight  years   of  continuous   service, 
during  which  time  she  has  made  scores  of  round-trips  across  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  is  still  a  leading  ship  of  her  line  and  her  machinery  is  as  good 
as  the  day  it  was  installed.     The  Roach  yard  built  the  first  comiiound 
engines  ever  built  in  this  country,   the  first   iron  sailing  .ship  and  the 
first  steel  vessels,  the  splendid  Chicago,   Boston,  Atlanta  and   Dolphin, 
the  beginning  of  our  new  navy.     The  largest  steamboat,  the  splendid 
Priscilla,  of  the  Fall   River  Line,   is  also  a  Roach  product,  while  the 
noble  ships  of  the  Mallory  Line,  the  Xew  York  and  Cuba   Mail,  the 
Panama   Line,   the  Pacific    Mail,   the   .Xmerican-IIawaiian,    the    Maine 
Steamship  Company,  the  Savannah  Line,  the  Old  Dominion  Line,  the 
Pacific  Coast  Steamship  Company  and  numerous  other  corporations  have 
been  built  in  the  Chester  yard.     The  work  is  being  vigorously  pushed 
forward  now,  and  it  looks  as  though  John   B.   Roach  might  complete 
an  even  greater  number  and  tonnage  of  ships  during  his  presidency  of 
the  company,  than  were  built  during  the  time  that  his  father  was  in 
supreme  command.     Upon  the  death  of  John  Roach,  in  1887,  John  B. 
Roach  was  elected  president  of  the  Delaware  River  Iron  Shipbuilding 
and  Engine  Works,  and  he  has  since  had  complete  charge  of  the  entire 
business. 

Although  his  work  in  connection  with  the  shipyard  occupies  him 
very  completely,  John  B.  Roach  finds  time  to  cultivate  the  social  side  of 
life.     He  is,  however,  very  domestic  in  his  tastes,  and  the  family  home. 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  35'J 

at  Eighth  and  Kerlin  streets,  in  Chester,  seldom  misses  him  after  night- 
fall. Mr.  Roach  is  a  member  of  the  Union  League,  of  Philadelphia,  the 
Engineers'  Club,  of  New  York,  and  the  Penn  Club,  of  Chester,  but  his 
principal  pleasure  and  relaxation  is  in  his  home.  He  is  also  a  member 
of  the  New  York  chamber  of  commerce,  and  is  a  director  in  the  Sea- 
board Steel  Casting  Company,  the  Chester  National  Bank  and  the  Cam- 
bridge Trust  Company,  besides  being  identified  with  various  other  cor- 
porations in  different  lines  of  business. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Roach  have  had  eleven  children,  five  of  whom  grew 
to  maturity.  The  eldest,  Sarah  E.,  became  the  wife  of  Charles  E.  Schuy- 
ler, of  New  York,  but  died  in  1893,  leaving  no  surviving  child;  the 
second,  Emeline  Wallace,  married,  in  1892,  William  C.  Sproul,  of 
Chester,  now  president  of  the  senate  of  Pennsylvania,  and  has  two 
children,  Dorothy  Wallace  Sproul  and  John  Roach  Sproul ;  the  third, 
Mary  Garretta,  married,  in  1893,  Dr.  Frederick  Farwell  Long,  of  Ches- 
ter, and  has  two  children,  Sarah  Schuyler  Long  and  Frederick  Farwell 
Long,  Jr. ;  *he  fourth,  John,  married,  in  1899,  Hortense  Moller,  of 
Hoboken,  New  Jersey,  and  resides  in  New  York ;  and  the  fifth,  William 
McPherson,  is  unmarried  and  resides  at  home. 


CLARENCE  BURLEIGH. 

Clarence  Burleigh,  who  for  several  years  administered  without  fear 
or  favor  that  most  important  office  of  district  attorney  of  Allegheny 
county,  Pennsyhania,  and  is  now  one  of  the  leading  lawyers  of  the 
city  of  Pittsburg,  was  born  in  Boston,  Massachusetts,  December  20, 
1853,  'i"<^l  ^^'"^s  the  oldest  son  of  Thomas  D.  Burleigh,  who  was  a  native 
of  New  Hampshire  and  who  came  to  Pittsburg  in  1862. 


3r,0      COMPENDIUM  OF  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

Clarence  Biirleifjh  received  only  a  common  scliool  education  to 
start  him  in  lilc,  hut  the  principal  point  ihf  hic)i;i;i|)hcr  wtuild  make  of 
Ills  early  life  was  the  fact  nf  his  restless  amhition  and  passion  for  the 
law.  He  was  still  a  l)o\'  when  he  hejjan  working  as  a  paltcrn-maker  on 
the  South  Side,  and  howc\er  tired  he  may  ha\e  heen  from  his  day's 
work  his  evenings  and  other  S])are  time  were  s])cnt  in  study,  lie  thus 
early  learned  hahils  of  thrill  and  the  jicculiar  ^'ankce  knowledge  of 
"how  many  cents  it  takes  to  make  a  dollar."  an<l  when  he  had  .iccumu- 
lated  a  considerable  sum  of  the  latter  he  malriculitcd  at  Washington  and 
Jeflferson  College,     lie  hnisheil  the  full  course  with  distinction. 

He  was  now-  ready  to  enter  u])on  the  jjreparation  for  his  chosen 
profession,  and,  beginning  his  reading  in  the  oflicc  of  Ihaice  W.  Negle- 
yand  in  1S75,  he  was  admitted  to  the  har  in  1S77.  That  period  of  a 
lawyer's  life  when  clients  are  few  and  expenses  heavy,  he  successfully 
passed  over,  and  before  the  inscription  on  his  i)rofessional  shingle  had 
become  dimmed  I)y  the  passage  of  many  \ears  he  was  well  estalilished 
and  certain  of  future  success.  In  1S78  he  formed  ;i  partnership  with 
John  R.  Harbison,  which  lasted  till  iSi^i.  He  earl\-  showed  himself 
to  possess  one  of  the  most  important  qualities  of  the  lawyer — persist- 
ence— and  he  was  also  remarked  as  being  a  good  speaker,  and  able  to 
handle  a  difticult  case  logically  and  convincingly.  He  was  elected  to 
the  city  council  from  the  thirtieth  ward,  and  gave  good  service  for  one 
term. 

In  1895  Mr.  Burleigh  was  appointed  district  attorney  to  succeed 
the  late  Richard  R.  Johnson,  and  the  record  he  made  in  that  office  was 
sufficient  to  secure  his  re-election.  Not  for  many  years  had  there  been 
a  man  in  office  so  vigilant  and  relentless  in  following  up  and  bringing 
to  punishment  criminals  of  all  classes.  A  conviction  for  murder  in  the 
first  degree  had  been  a  rarity,  but  in  one  year  thirteen  men  were  tried 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  .  3«1 

and  condemned  for  this  offense  under  his  regime.  It  has  been  said  of 
Mr.  Burleigh  that  so  great  is  liis  idea  of  what  constitutes  his  dutv  that 
lie  would  con\-ict  liis  dearest  friend  if  lie  believed  him  guilty.  At  the 
time  of  the  Homestead  riots  he  prosecuted  each  and  every  one  indicted 
for  complication  in  them,  notwithstanding  that  such  a  course  meant  his 
political  death,  and  he  was  not  to  be  turned  aside  by  the  entreaties  of 
his  friends.  Later  on  lie  displayed  the  same  zeal  in  prosecuting  the 
manufacturers,  and  thus  the  previous  stigma  of  unpopularity  xyas  neu- 
tralized, for  it  became  known  that  all  evil-doers  were  alike  before  him. 
He  declined  to  run  for  another  term  as  district  attorney,  and  later 
also  discouraged  the  movement  of  his  friends  to  place  him  in  a  vacant 
judgeship.  In  October,  1895,  be  was  appointed  city  attorney  to  suc- 
ceed the  late  Major  \\\  C.  Moreland,  and  in  June,  igoi,  was  appointed 
city  solicitor  by  A.  M.  Brown,  the  city's  executive — the  title  of  the  chief 
officer  being  changed  b}'  the  new  charter  from  mayor  to  recorder.  Au- 
gust 29,  1901,  Recorder  Brown,  who  was  among  the  supporters  of  the 
infaiuous  "Ripper  Bill,"  and  had  been  appointed  to  his  office  through 
that  measure,  remn\-ed  Air.  Burleigh  from  his  office.  During  the 
stormy  time  from  the  passage  of  the  bill  until  the  city  government  was 
restored  to  a  peaceful  condition  by  the  removal  of  Brown  and  the  a[)- 
pointment  of  J.  O.  Brown  as  recorder.  Mt.  Burleigh,  with  ex-city  chair- 
man William  Flinn  and  J.  O.  Brown,  directed  the  Republican  organiza- 
tion, anil  when  peace  was  tleclared  Mr.  Burleigh  was  reappointed  solic- 
itor. He  resigned,  however,  January  15,  1902,  on  account  of  his  ap- 
pointment as  general  attorney  for  the  Pittsburg  Railways  Company,  the 
traction  department  of  the  I'hiladelphia  Company.  At  the  same  time  he 
formed  a  partnership  with  J.  C.  Cray,  who  had  been  one  of  the  assist- 
ant city  solicitors  for  a  number  of  years,  and  they  are  now  devoting 
themselves  to  a  general  legal  practice. 


3(12       COMPENDIUM  OP  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

Mr.  Burleigli  is  a  director  in  tiie  City  National  Bank,  and  is  also 
a  director  in  the  City  Trust  Company.  He  has  been  a  member  of  the 
Masonic  order  for  twenty  years  and  has  taken  nearly  all  the  high  degrees, 
and  belongs  to  the  Duquesne  Club  and  the  .\mcricu>  and  Tariff  clnbs 
of  Pittsburg.  He  was  married  .\\n\\  ii.  1878,  to  Miss  Ida  M.  Weir, 
a  daughter  of  William  G.  Weir,  and  they  have  one  son. 


LEANDER  RANEY. 

Leander  Raney,  now  one  of  the  retired  citizens  and  business  men 
of  Newcastle,  Lawrence  countv,  Pennsylvania,  has  had  a  career  of  great 
usefulness  and  profit  in  this  his  native  county,  where  he  has  lived  and 
enjoyed  the  respect  of  neighbors  and  friends  for  over  sixty-five  years. 
His  principal  business  ventures  have  l>ecn  in  flour  milling  and  in  the 
iron  manufacture,  and  his  success  in  lx>th  enterprises  is  the  result  of 
his  ceaseless  diligence  and  astute  business  management.  Besides  hav- 
ing won  prosperity  in  material  afifairs,  he  has  done  his  part  as  a  ])ublic- 
spirited  citizen  and  has  also  been  devoted  to  those  nearest  and  dearest 
to  him.  In  other  words,  while  he  has  been  aggressive  and  enterprising, 
he  has  never  gouged  others  in  order  to  gain  wealtli,  and  in  iiis  later 
years  enjoys  honor  and  peace  of  conscience  as  well  as  the  comforts  that 
come  from  a  life  of  worthy  endeavor. 

Mr.  Raney  was  born  in  Edinburg,  Lawrence  county.  Pennsyl- 
vania, March  11,  1837,  a  son  of  James  and  Sarah  Raney,  the  former  of 
whom  operated  for  many  years  flouring  mills  at  Edinburg  and  Mahon- 
ingtown,  and  died  December  2-j,  1888,  at  Newcastle,  Pennsylvania,  and 
the  latter  of  whom  died  in  1873,  at  Newcastle. 

Mr.    Raney   was   educated    in   the   commoii    scIktoIs    at    Edinburg, 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  363 

Mahoningtown  and  Newcastle.  He  learned  the  milling  bnsiness  of  his 
father,  and  before  coming  of  age  became  owner  of  his  father's  mill  at 
Mahoningtown.  In  1862  he  disposed  of  the  mill  at  Mahoningtown,  and 
then  bonght  the  large  fionring  mill  of  Josq>h  Kissick  at  Newcastle.  He 
conducted  this  with  much  success  for  many  years,  and  the  mill  became 
one  of  the  best  known  in  western  Pennsylvania.  At  the  same  time  he 
gained  some  interests  in  the  iron  business  in  Newcastle,  and  was  en- 
gaged in  iron  manufacture  until  1900,  in  which  year  the  United  States 
Steel  Corporation  swept  into  its  net  all  the  iron  interests  of  western 
Pennsylvania,  and  Mr.  Raney  then  retired  fnun  active  business. 

Mr.  Raney  is  a  Republican  in  politics,  and  for  several  years  was 
a  member  of  the  city  council  at  Newcastle.  He  affiliates  with  the  Ma- 
sonic order,  and  is  popular  in  liotli  social  and  business  relations.  Oc- 
tober 30,  1S72,  he  was  married  to  Miss  Hannah  I.  Mahon,  of  Steuben- 
ville,  Ohio.  Two  children  were  born  of  this  union,  a  son  in  1H73,  and 
a  daughter  in  1875,  and  they  are  both  living  and  married. 


CHRISTOPHER  ZUG. 

Christopher  Zug,  one  of  the  pioneer  iron  manufacturers  of  west- 
ern Pennsylvania,  and  at  the  time  of  bis  death  one  of  the  oldest  resi- 
dents of  Pittsburg,  was  a  descendant  of  people  who  emigrated  from 
Switzerland  to  America  alxDUt  1727.  His  grandfather.  Christian  Zug, 
settled  in  Pennsylvania  near  the  site  of  Lititz,  upon  land  which  was 
granted  him  by  the  Penns,  and  which  is  still  held  by  the  Zug  family. 
Here  Jacob  Zug  was  bom  in  1767.  and  in  1793  he  married,  his  wife's 
first  name  being  Margaret,  and  she  was  l>orn  ten  years  later  than  her 
husband.     After  their  marriage  they  located  upon  a  farm  in  Cumber- 


304      COMPENDIUM  OP  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

land  county.  W'lien  they  \vere  over  sixty  years  of  age  tlicy  were  bap- 
tized in  tlic  church  of  German  brethren  known  as  Dunkards.  and  they 
hved  in  accordance  with  tliat  simple  faith  until  they  died,  jacoh  at  tlie 
age  of  ninety-eight,  and  Margaret  when  ninety  years  old.  Rnth  were 
noted  for  their  piety,  and  always  enjoyed  the  respect  and  esteem  of  their 
community. 

As  his  parents  were  in  comfortable  circumstances.  Christopher  Zug, 
who  was  born  July  19.  1807.  in  Allen  township,  near  Carlisle,  Cum- 
berland county.  Pennsylvania,  received  good  educational  advantages,  be- 
ginning in  a  schoolhouse  which  stood  on  his  fatlier's  farm  in  South 
Middleton.  His  mercantile  career  began  as  a  dry-goods  merchant  at 
Carlisle,  but  he  sold  out  after  two  years,  and  in  1835  started  for  Pitts- 
burg, traveling  by  the  canal  route  from  Harrisburg.  He  obtained  a 
position  with  S.  Fahnestock  &  Company,  wholesale  hardware  merchants, 
as  bookkeeper,  but  after  he  had  been  there  two  years  the  I'nni  failed, 
and  Mr.  Zug  went  to  work  for  Hoge  &  Hartmans,  iron  mannfaclurers, 
and  here  he  obtained  his  first  ideas  of  the  line  of  business  to  which  he 
devoted  most  of  his  sul)sec|uent  years.  He  was  next  employed  by  James 
Anderson,  who  sold  out  in  1846  to  Grafif.  Lindsay  &  Company,  and 
later  he  l)ecame  a  meml)er  of  the  firm,  there  being  about  three  hundred 
men  in  the  mills  at  that  time  ;uirl  the  business  consisting  chiefly  of  the 
manufacture  of  iron  and  nails.  In  1854  Henry  Graff  withdrew  from  the 
company,  which  then  became  known  as  Zug.  Lindsay  &  Company:  in 
1856  John  Lindsay  died,  leaving  the  business  to  Mr.  Zug  and  Jacob 
Painter,  under  the  name  of  Zug  &  Painter.  Tn  1S65  Charles  H.  Zug, 
a  son,  was  taken  in  as  a  partner,  and  the  concern  was  afterwards  known 
as  Zug  &  Company.  The  mills  are  situated  at  Thirteenth  and  Etna 
streets;  since  Mr.  Zug  took  charge  in  1856,  several  new  buildings  have 
been  added,  and  al^mt  sc\-en  hundred  and  fifty  men  arc  now  employed. 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  366 

Mr.  Zug  was  interested  in  tlie  Pittsburg  Bank  tor  Savings,  and  was 
one  of  its  first  directors.  He  was  widely  known  for  his  pliilanthropic 
work,  and  did  mnch  for  the  liospitals  in  the  neighborhood ;  he  was 
senior  member  of  the  boards  of  the  Dixmont  and  West  Penn  institutions, 
and  was  one  of  the  first  directors  of  tlie  Passavant  and  Mercy  hospitals. 

On  May  17,  183 1.  ]\Ir.  Zug  was  married  to  Miss  Eliza  Bair,  a 
daughter  of  Henrv  Cair,  of  Hanover,  York  county:  she  was  born  April 
12,  1812.  The  children  of  this  union  were  Charles  H.  Zug;  Mrs.  James 
H.  Parker,  of  Chicago;  Emma,  who  died  at  the  age  of  twelve;  Mrs. 
Thomas  C.  Clarkson.  of  Pittsburg;  Mrs.  Edward  Burdett,  of  New  York; 
and  Mary,  deceased,  who  was  the  wife  of  Harvey  Childs,  of  Pittsburg. 

About  eight  years  ago  a  cataract  formed  on  the  right  eye  of  Mr. 
Zug,  which,  although  successfully  removed,  afifected  the  organ,  and  a 
little  later  the  sight  went  out.  Four  years  later  the  other  eye  was  sim- 
ilarly l)linded,  and  for  almost  the  last  four  years  of  his  life  he  suffered 
from  total  blindness.  But  he  visited  his  office  almost  daily  until  two 
weeks  before  his  death,  and  continued  to  take  the  same  keen  interest 
in  its  affairs,  and  his  mind  comprehended  the  passing  events  in  social, 
civil  and  business  life  as  quickly  as  in  his  earlier  years.  The  end  came 
peacefully  on  January  13,  1902,  and  with  him  passed  out  of  the  world 
one  of  the  monumental  characters  of  the  state  of  Pennsylvania.  He  was 
a  great  lover  of  music,  especially  of  vocal  music.  W'hen  Moody  and 
Sankey  were  in  Pittsburg  he  often  attended  the  meetings  to  hear  the 
large  chorus.  Often,  when  hearing  of  the  death  of  some  young  per- 
son, I\Ir.  Zug  would  remark  that  he  wondered  why  the  young  should 
die,  while  he,  wlni  was  past  his  days  of  usefulness,  should  stay.  How- 
ever, he  was  never  melancholy. 


366       COMPENDIUM  OF  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

JOHN  CHRISTIAN   BULLITT. 

This  name  recalls  Kentucky,  where  it  includes  a  large  and  brilliant 
family,  many  representatives  of  wliich  have  risen  to  eminence  at  the 
bar,  in  politics,  in  business  and  in  every  other  department  of  human 
endeavor.  When  the  cliiidrcn  of  this  favored  family  wandered  off 
into  other  states,  we  find  the  s;.mc  talents  and  briiiiruit  sncial  ([uaiilies 
bringing  them  success  in  the  new  localities  just  as  tlicy  did  in  their 
Kentucky  iiome.  Those  intimately  connected  willi  this  wide  connection 
declare  tiiey  never  knew  one  of  the  members  to  Ije  amenal)le  to  the 
charge  of  l>eing  dull  or  commonplace.  The  particular  scion  of  this 
interesting  family  whose  career  furnishes  the  subject-matter  of  tliese 
memoirs  found  the  scene  of  his  activities  at  Philadelphia. 

John  Christian  I'uilitt  was  born  in  Jefferson  county,  Kentucky, 
I'cbruary  lo,  1824,  at  Oxnioor, — tlic  homestead  of  tlie  Bullitts.  There 
Alexander  Scott  Rullilt,  tlic  grandfather  of  John  C.  Bullitt,  died  in 
iSiCt.  He  was  the  ])residcnt  of  the  cmu'cntion  of  Kentucky  wliich 
framed  the  constitution  of  that  state  of  1799.  He  had  married  the 
daughter  of  Colonel  William  Christian,  and  her  mother  was  a  sister 
of  Patrick  Henrj-.  Her  father  was  a  lineal  descendant  of  Iliam  Dhnnc, 
the  \Villi;mi  Christian  of  Scott's  "Peverill  of  the  Peak."  The  father  of 
Alexander  Scott  Bullitt  was  Culhbert  Bullitt,  of  Prince  William  county, 
Virginia, — one  of  the  judges  of  the  supreme  court  of  that  state.  The 
uncle  of  Alexander  Scott  Bullitt,  Captain  Thomas  Bullitt,  distinguished 
for  his  services  in  the  Frenc'i  and  Revolutionary  wars,  laid  out  the 
city  of  Louisville  in  1773.  Benjamin  Bullitt,  the  first  Bullitt  of  this 
family  in  this  country, — the  great-grandfather  of  .Alexander  Scott  Bul- 
litt,— was  a  French  Huguenot,  who  earlv  in  life  left  the  Province  of 


W-^-^^-t-.!,-       ^  /J/^ 


OF.  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  369 

Langiiedoc  to  escape  the  persecution  consequent  upon  tlie  revocation 
of  the  Edict  of  Nantes. 

WilHam  C.  Bulhtt,  tlie  father  of  John  C.  BulHtt,  was  born  and 
died  at  Oxmoor.  He  was  a  member  of  the  constitutional  convention  of 
Kentucky  of  1850.  Wilham  C.  Bulhtt  married  Mildred  Ann  Fry,  the 
daughter  of  Joshua  Fry,  a  son  of  Colonel  Joshua  Fry,  the  colonel  and 
commander-in-chief  of  the  Virginia  forces  raised  in  colonial  days  to  re- 
sist the  French  aggressions  in  the  Ohio  valley.  Washington  was  his 
lieutenant-colonel.  Colonel  Fry  died  in  1754  in  the  service  and  was 
buried  near  Fort  Cumberland. 

John  C.  Bullitt  was  sent  to  Center  College  at  Danville,  where,  at 
the  age  of  eighteen  years,  he  carried  off  the  class  honors.  Entering 
Lexington  University,  he  took  a  three  years'  course  in  law  under  the 
able  preceptors  then  controlling  that  institution,  and  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  at  Louisville  soon  after  becoming  of  age.  In  September  of  the 
same  year  he  removed  to  Clarksville,  Tennessee,  where  he  entered  ac- 
tively upon  the  practice  of  his  profession.  Not  long  afterward  he  re- 
turned to  Louisville,  and  in  1849  finally  abandoned  his  native  state 
for  a  permanent  residence  in  Philadelphia.  He  soon  made  his  mark 
at  Philadelphia,  and  in  a  year  or  two  was  in  the  front  rank  of  the  able 
lawyers  of  that  city.  In  those  days  it  was  almost  impossible  for  an 
ambitious  young  lawyer  to  avoid  participation  in  politics,  and  so  we 
find  Mr.  Bullitt  taking  an  active  part  therein.  John  Price  Wetherill, 
at  that  time  a  leader  of  the  Whigs  in  Penn.sylvania,  finding  that  the 
new  arrival  from  Kentucky  was  in  sympathy  with  hi.=;  ])olitical  prin- 
ciples, was  anxious  to  secure  the  aid  of  such  a  champion  in  advocacy 
of  his  cause.  He  therefore  prevailed  upon  Mr.  Bullitt  to  become  one 
of  a  committee  appointed  to  procure  speakers  for  a  political  demonstra- 
tion, and  it  was  at  this  meeting  that  the  young  Kentuckian  first  showed 


370      COMPENDIUM  OF  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

in  Philadelphia  his  abilit\~as  a  public  speaker.  Like  most  of  llie  anient 
Kentuckians  of  that  period,  he  was  a  follower  of  Clay. 

Rut  John  C.  Bullitt's  chief  glory  was  obtained  not  in  politics,  but 
along  the  line  of  his  profession,  for  which  he  had  a  natural  aptitude 
and  in  which  he  achieved  both  success  and  renown.  lie  was  connected 
with  sonic  very  important  cases,  notable  among  them  being  his  man- 
agement of  the  affairs  of  the  banking  house  of  Jay  C(X)ke  &  Company 
after  its  disastrous  failure,  which  brought  on  the  panic  of  1873.  This 
case  and  his  control  of  the  legal  afYairs  of  the  Philadelphia  and  Reading 
Railroad  Company  brought  him  iM'uminently  into  public  notice,  lie  was 
leading  counsel  for  General  I'itz-John  Porter  before  the  celebrated  court 
martial  which  tried  lh:it  veteran  soldier  on  serious  charges,  and  the  se- 
curing of  bis  acquittal  was  one  of  Mr.  Bullitt's  most  noted  triumphs. 
As  a  lawyer  he  was  energetic,  painstaking,  careful  in  the  ])i'eprn"ation 
of  his  papers,  indefatigable  in  obtaining  and  skilful  in  tiic  use  of  neces- 
sary evidence,  but  with  it  all  highly  conscientious  in  Ins  views  as  to 
the  obligations  due  from  one  in  his  ixisition  to  the  general  public. 

The  civic  activities  of  ]\lr.  lUtllitt  wore  such  as  to  reflect  much 
credit  u]ion  himself,  besides  bringing  benefits  to  his  a<Io])ted  city  and 
state.  Tie  served  with  distinction  as  a  member  of  the  constitutional 
convention  of  I^nnsylvania  of  1873.  and  was  autlior  of  the  amendment 
which  provides  that  owners  shall  be  compensated  for  damages  to  prop- 
erty as  well  as  for  property  taken  in  the  construction  of  jiublic  works. 
The  well  known  Bullitt  Building  was  erected  by  him,  and  he  was  among 
the  organizers  of  the  l-'ourth  .Street  National  Bank,  in  the  management 
of  which  he  tfiok  an  active  part  as  a  director,  lie  was  an  effective 
advocate  for  the  establishment  of  liic  I'hi]adc'l])hia  I'onrse,  the  move- 
ment for  the  construction  of  a  boulevard  from  the  City  Hall  to  Fair- 
mount  Park  also  had  his  support,  and  he  was  a  leader  in  the  organiza- 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  371 

tion  of  tlie  P'niladelpliia  Country  Club.  Perhaps,  however,  Mr.  Bullitt 
would  himself  rest  his  chief  claim  to  rememljrauce  on  the  fact  that  he 
was  the  framer  of  the  new  charter  for  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  known 
as  the  Bullitt  Bill,  which  became  a  law  April  i,  1887.  On  his  last  ap- 
pearance in  public  life,  January  25,  1902,  in  Witherspoon  Hall,  he  made 
a  speech  defending  the  charter  against  assertions  that  it  hafl  not  fulfilled 
the  expectations  of  the  people.  Exactly  seven  months  after  this  earnest 
address  was  delivered  the  \-oicc  of  the  elocjuent  speaker,  the  great  lawyer 
and  patriotic  citizen,  was  hushed  in  death. 

His  last  visit  to  his  ofifice  was  in  company  with  his  brother,  Thomas 
\V.  Bullitt,  of  Louisville,  Kentucky,  and  shortly  afterward  he  returned 
to  his  country  home  at  Paoli,  near  Philadelphia,  feeling  so  ill  that  it  was 
necessary  to  summon  a  physician.  His  condition  steadily  grew  worse, 
until  ten  (/clock  in  the  morning  of  August  25,  1902,  when  the  eminent 
publicist  and  distinguished  jurist  breathed  his  last  in  the  presence  of 
his  sorrowing  family. 

Mr.  Bullitt  married  Miss  Therese  Langhorne,  who  died  in  1881, 
and  their  seven  surviving  children  are:  Therese  L.,  widow  of  Dr. 
Coles,  of  the  United  States  navy:  William  C.  Bullitt,  a  member  of 
the  firm  of  Castner,  Curran  &  Bullitt,  shippers  of  coal ;  Logan  McKnight 
Bullitt,  formerly  vice-president  of  the  Northern  Pacific  Coal  Company; 
Mrs.  A.  Haller  Gross;  Mrs.  Walter  Rogers  Purness;  Kev.  James  F. 
Bullitt;  and  Dr.  John  C.  Bullitt,  Jr. 

HENRY  M.  BRACKENRIDGE. 

To  Henry  M.  Brackenridge  has  come  the  attainment  of  a  distin- 
guished position  in  connection  with  the  great  material  industries  of  the 
commonwealth,  and  his  is  truly  ^  successful  life.     He  was  born  on  the 


372       CO^fPENDIUM  OF  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

old  Brackenriilge  homestead  near  Tarcntum.  mi  llic  ijtli  nf  July,  1856, 
and  is  a  son  of  Benjamin  M.  ;itul  Pliiiliijiiie  S.  Urackenridgc.  tlie  fi)niier 
being  a  native  of  the  Keystone  state. 

Henry  INT.,  the  only  survixor  of  his  ])arcnts'  three  children,  received 
his  educational  training  under  a  governess  until  his  twelfth  year,  after 
which  he  entercfl  the  Western  I'nixersity  in  Pennsylvania,  there  re- 
maining for  two  years.  His  studies  were  finally  completed  in  Europe, 
where  he  attended  the  Polytechnic  Institute  of  Dresden.  Returning  to 
Pittsburg,  he  resumed  study  in  the  chemical  laboratory  of  the  Western 
University,  with  a  view  to  becoming  proficient  as  an  analytical  chemist, 
which  profession  he  had  designed  to  follow,  but  subsequent  circum- 
stances changed  his  plans.  It  became  necessary  for  him  to  give  attention 
to  the  management  of  the  extensive  Brackenridge  estate,  thus  diverting 
the  plans  laid  out  in  early  life,  and  in  the  successful  management  of  this 
vast  estate  he  acquired  extensive  experience,  which  subsequently  made 
his  busy  life  somewhat  eventful  in  bringing  to  a  successful  termination 
the  great  business  enterprises  of  which  he  was  a  prime  factor  in  pro- 
jecting. 

Mr.  Brackenridge  became  actively  engaged  in  the  manufacturing 
business  and  as  the  organizer  of  several  extensive  manufacturing  enter- 
prises in  Tarentum  and  elsewhere.  He  is  president  of  the  Tarentum 
Glass  Company,  vice  president  of  the  Allegheny  Plate  Glass  Company 
at  Kite's  Station,  Pennsylvania,  treasurer  of  the  Allegheny  Steel  &  Iron 
Company  at  Tarentum  and  Pittsburg,  treasurer  of  the  James  H.  Baker 
Manufacturing  Company,  vice  president  of  the  Equitable  Trust  Com- 
pany of  Pittsburg,  a  director  of  the  Merchants  &  Manufacturers'  Bank, 
of  Pittsburg,  of  the  National  Bank  of  Tarentum,  of  the  First  National 
Bank  of  Natrona,  and  is  largely  interested  in  various  other  enterprises 
in  Pittsburg  and  vicinity.     The  Republican  party  receives  his  support 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  FENNSYLVANIA.  373 

and  co-operation,  anfl  althnuj^Ii  not  an  aspirant  for  official  lionors  he 
has  taken  an  active  interest  in  pohtical  matters.  During  the  past  twenty 
years  lie  has  been  a  memher  of  the  Masonic  fraternity,  and  he  is  also  a 
meml>er  of  the  Dnquesne  Clnl)  of  Pittsburg  and  the  chamber  of  com- 
merce. 

On  the  7th  of  October,  i8<S8,  Mr.  Brackenridge  was  united  in 
marriage  to  Miss  Madge  Ivich.nrds,  a  daughter  of  \V.  H.  Richards,  of 
Philadelphia,  and  two  cliildren  ba\'e  graced  this  union,  Helen  and 
Cornelia. 


ROBERT  PITCAIRN. 

Robert  Pitcairn,  one  of  the  foremost  citizens  of  Pittsburg  and  a 
zealous  promoter  of  the  city's  interests,  and  general  agent  of  the  Penn- 
sylvania Railroad  Company  here,  is  the  son  of  Scottish  parents,  John 
and  Agnes  Pitcairn,  and  he  was  himself  born  in  Johnstone,  near  Pais- 
ley, Scotland,  May  6,  1836.  In  1846,  when  he  was  ten  years  old,  he  ac- 
companied his  parents  on  their  permanent  removal  to  America,  they 
having  visited  the  United  States  previously. 

Robert  had  received  some  education  in  the  schools  of  his  native 
land  but  did  not  long  remain  the  care-free  schoolboy  after  coming  to 
this  country.  Through  his  youthful  companion,  Andrew  Carnegie, 
who  remained  his  life-long  friend,  he  obtained,  when  he  had  been  in 
this  country  but  two  years,  a  position  as  messenger  in  the  Pittsburg 
office  of  the  Atlantic  and  Ohio  Telegraph  Company.  There  was  no  in- 
dolence about  this  messenger,  and  besides  his  regular  duties  he  was 
persistent  in  learning  the  art  of  telegraphy  and  in  studying  in  the  even- 
ings to  make  up  deficiencies  in  his  general  education.  He  was  soon 
made  an  operator,  was  then  rapidly  promoted  to  be  assistant  operator 


374       COMPENDIUM  01-  lllSTORy  AXD  GENEALOGY 

and  repairnum  at  Stcul)cnvillc.  Oliiu,  (iperatur  at  ll:c  Tilt'^hiirj;-  offices, 
and  tlien  in  1853  as  opcratur  and  assistant  ticket  assent  at  Mountain 
House,  Duncanviile.  Tennsylvruiia.  thus  enteiinj;-  tlie  employ  of  tlie  Penn- 
sylvania Railroad.  It  was  not  lonja^  before  he  was  ])ronioted  from  this 
ratiicr  unimportant  ])i>st:  wlien  the  line  was  coni])leted  over  tiie  Alle- 
gheny Mountains  in  February.  1854.  he  was  transferred  to  tlie  office  of 
the  general  superintendent  at  .\ltoona. 

The  man  of  determination  and  energy  usually  carried  out  his 
plans,  and  it  is  interesting  to  know  that  about  this  time  Mr.  Pitcairn 
formed  the  purpose  at  some  future  date  to  return  to  Pittsburg  as  super- 
intendent of  the  Pittsburg  division,  and  it  was  not  many  years  before 
his  ambition  was  realized,  as  we  shall  see.  He  was  made  train  dis- 
patcher and  general  superintendent's  clerk,  and  rapidly  ac(|uainted  him- 
self with  the  details  of  the  railroad  business.  Tn  1859  he  was  sent  to 
Fort  Wayne  tf)  complete  the  organization  of  the  Port  Wayne  road,  .and 
in  the  following  year  returned  to  Altoona.  and  was  soon  afterward  ap- 
pointed superintendent  of  the  middle  di\ision,  from  Conemaugh  to  Mif- 
flin. Just  at  this  time  the  Ci\il  wrir  broke  out  and  increased  the  bur- 
dens of  railroad  -operators  enormously.  The  Pennsylvania  system  was 
then  reorganized  and  the  superintendent's  disisions  reduced  from  four 
to  three,  and  he  was  appointed  superintendent  of  transportation,  and  at 
the  same  time  was  assistant  to  the  general  superintendent.  In  addition 
to  these  duties,  he  was  placed  in  charge  of  the  Pittsburg  division  during 
the  temporary  absence  of  the  superintendent  for  si.x  months  in  the  year 
1862,  and  also  in  1863.  During  the  war  he  was  burdened  with  a  great 
amount  of  work  in  the  transixjrtation  of  troops  and  supplies,  and  it  was 
largely  owing  to  his  excellent  judgment  in  times  of  danger  that  trains 
were  able  to  keep  their  schedules  and  the  business  of  the  company  and 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  375 

the  government  to  be  transacted  punctually.  He  also  had  charge  for 
a  time  of  the  Cumberland  Valley  line  from  Harrisburg  to  Hagerstown. 

In  April,  1865,  Air.  Pitcairn  was  made  superintendent  of  the  Pitts- 
burg di\-ision  of  the  great  Pennsylvania  system,  with  home  and  ofifice  in 
this  city,  which  had  been  his  first  American  home.  In  1875  the  position 
of  general  agent  at  Pittsburg  was  added  to  his  other  duties,  and  he 
has  continued,  with  marked  success,  to  hold  these  offices  down  to  the 
present  time.  With  the  exception  of  two  years  he  has  been  continuously 
in  the  employ  of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  since  1853,  and  he  has 
just  pride  in  reviewing  this  half  century  of  service,  so  important  to  the 
company,  and  so  fruitful  of  honor  to  himself. 

Mr.  Pitcairn  has  been  identified  with  most  of  the  public,  business 
and  social  interests  of  Pittsburg  during  his  long  residence  there,  and 
he  did  much  to  secure  the  handsome  new  depot  which  will  always  re- 
main one  of  the  ornaments  of  the  city.  He  is  interested  in  many  of 
the  most  solid  and  relialile  l)usiness  corporations  in  western  Pennsylvania, 
and  at  one  time  was  a  promoter  of  the  petroleum  enterprises  of  the 
state,  although  ne\'er  as  a  speculator.  Mr.  Pitcairn  is  a  Republican, 
and,  as  far  as  is  consistent  with  his  busy  life,  takes  an  active  part  in 
politics,  having  served  as  secretary  of  the  first  convention  of  that  ])arty 
ever  held  in  Blair  county.  He  is  a  Knight  Templar  Mason,  and  a  past 
grand  commander  of  the  order :  is  a  director  of  the  Carnegie  library  and 
of  a  number  of  benevolent  institutions  about  Pittsburg.  He  married 
Miss  Elizabeth  E.  Rigg,  a  daughter  of  John  Rigg.  of  Altoona.  They 
have  had  four  children,  Mrs.  Omar  S.  Decker,  Airs.  Charles  S.  Taylor, 
Miss  Susan  Blanche  Pitcairn  and  Robe*  Pitcairn,  Jr. 


376      COMPENDIUM  OF  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

JAMES  MADISON   BAILEY. 

Tlie  career  of  James  Madison  Bailey,  whose  death  occurred  May  6, 
1903,  presents  an  example  of  the  complexity  of  interests  of  the  modern 
business  man.  After  he  had  finished  a  good  educational  training  he 
started  to  carry  out  the  program  of  life  which  he  had  already  mapped 
out  for  himself.  One  of  his  earliest  ventures  was  a  trip  to  California 
in  the  exciting  Eldorado  day?,  and  he  had  his  share  of  experiences 
in  tliat  country.  He  I)egan  to  engage  in  business  wlien  still  a  youth ; 
was  a  coal  dealer;  a  clerk  in  a  commission  house:  built  and  operated 
the  Pittsburg  &  Castle  Shannon  Railroad,  whicli  was  a  profitable  invest- 
ment under  his  management:  purchased  tlie  old  Sligo  rolling  mill,  wliicli 
has  Ijeen  in  operation  since  1824:  and  was  interested  in  many  forms 
of  financial  and  business  activity. 

Mr.  Bailey  is  the  son  of  Francis  and  .Mary  A.  (Beltzhoover)  Bailey. 
Francis  was  a  member  of  a  family  wiiicli  held  a  hundred-year  lease  on 
an  estate  on  the  Baun  Waters  near  Colcrainc.  Ireland,  and  iiis  mot'icr 
belonged  to  the  old  Livingston  family  of  Scotland.  He  came  to  Phila- 
delphia in  18 1 4  and  to  Pittsburg  about  six  years  later.  He  was  a  mer- 
chant most  of  his  life.  He  was  prominent  in  Freemasonry,  was  the 
first  commander  of  the  Knight  Templar  Commandery  of  Pittsburg, 
and  was  instrumental  in  reviving  Masonry  here.  He  was  an  alderman 
under  government  appointment.  He  died  in  1849.  at  the  age  of  sixty- 
two  years,  with  an  honorable  career  behind  him. 

Of  the  six  children  of  Francis  Bailey,  James  Madison  was  the  last 
one  surviving.  He  was  born  in  Pittsburg,  August  23,  1833,  and  ac- 
quired his  early  education  at  the  Western  University  of  Pittsburg,  which 
he  attended  six  years.  He  was  seventeen  years  old  when  he  began  deal- 
ing in  coal,  which  he  continued  for  some  years,  and  he  was  then  a  clerk 


(^i<^cj  J/,  /^au^, 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  379 

in  a  commission  firm  for  four  years,  and  had  steady  advancement  in 
different  enterprises  tin-oughout  his  career.  At  the  time  cf  his  death  he 
was  a  director  in  tlie  Pittsburg  &  Lake  Erie  Railroad,  in  tlie  Ashland 
Coal  &  Iron  Railroad  Company,  the  Norton  Iron  Works  at  Ashland, 
Kentucky,  and  the  Pittsburg  Clay  Pot  Works,  was  president  of  Monon- 
gahela  Inclined  Radroad,  and  was  identified  with  other  enterprises  in 
Pittsburg.  He  was  president  and  a  director  of  the  Fourth  National 
Bank  of  Pittsburg,  owning  nnich  uf  the  stock  of  that  institution.  He 
was  an  incorporator  and  director  of  the  Fort  Pitt  National  Bank.  As 
a  financier  his  judgment  was  respected  Ijy  the  stanchest  business  men 
of  the  city,  and  he  also  had  a  reputation  for  conservative  management 
and  tact  in  the  manufacturing  field,  to  which  he  devoted  so  many  years 
of  his  life.  He  had  a  thorough  knowledge  of  details,  not  only  in  his 
own  business,  but  in  many  others — a  rare  and  valuable  gift.  Mr.  Bailey 
experienced  many  of  the  ups  aiul  downs  of  the  world,  and  among  the 
pleasant  youthful  recollections  he  enjoyed  few  more  than  the  time  when 
lie  "roughed  it"  for  eighteen  months  among  the  mines  of  California 
after  his  overland  trip  of  1852. 

Mr.  Bailey  was  a  member  of  the  Masons  and  the  Independent 
Order  of  Odd  Fellows.  He  never  took  any  part  in  politics,  but  was  a 
firm  supporter  of  the  principles  of  the  Democratic  party.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  select  council  for  four  years, — a  position  entirely  un- 
sought by  him, — and  was  also  a  school  director.  He  was  married  in 
1867  to  Miss  Martha  E.  Dalzell,  a  daughter  of  James  Dalzell.  Mrs. 
Bailey  died  in  1883,  leaving  three  children,  all  now  living. 

THOMAS  STEEL  BIGELOW. 
Thomas  Steel  Bigelow,  a  corporate  lawyer  and  prominent  citizen 
*  of  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania,  is  a  native  of  his  home  city,  and  was  Ixirn 


380      COMPENDIUM  OF  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

on  Fourth  avenue,  whicli  at  that  time  was  one  of  tlic  princiijal  residence 
thoroughfares  of  tlie  city.  He  comes  of  good  ancestrv  on  lK)th  sides 
of  the  liouse.  His  fatlicr.  Edward  Manning  Bigelow.  (hed  when  'rimmas 
was  only  eight  years  old.  Init  the  son  was  furnished  witli  all  the  advan- 
tages of  education,  which  he  utilized  to  the  highest  degree.  He  was 
studious  and  amhitions  from  early  hoyhood,  and  took  rather  to  Ijooks 
than  to  the  pranks  that  are  usual  with  hoys  of  his  age.  He  ohtained 
his  earlier  education  in  the  second  ward  school,  where  so  many  Ixiys 
were  educated  to  future  usefulness  in  their  city  and  to  high  positions 
of  trust  and  honor.  He  ne.xt  entered  Dr.  Williams"  .\cademy  on  Dia- 
mond street,  where  he  finished  his  literary  training. 

Mr.  Bigelow  had  alreadx'  formed  a  liking  for  the  law,  and  had  read 
with  avidity  all  hooks  that  came  in  his  way,  and  when  he  was  ready 
to  begin  his  preparation  for  the  i)rofession  he  entered  the  office  of 
George  Shiras,  who  has  since  come  to  fame  by  being  elevated  to  the 
supreme  bench  of  the  United  States.  Securing  admission  to  the  bar.  he 
began  practice,  and.  by  hard  ap])lication  and  pcrsc\'crance  through  all 
the  ui)s  and  downs  nf  that  early  i)eriod  of  his  career,  he  came  gradually 
into  his  share  of  the  legal  business  of  the  city,  and,  before  long,  "Tom" 
Bigelow,  as  he  was  called,  was  mentioned  as  one  of  the  leading  lawyers 
and  a  careful  and  scrupulous  practitioner. 

In  politics  Mr.  Bigelow  has  rather  unselfishly  aided  the  aspira- 
tions of  others  than  sought  office  him.self.  But  he  accepted  at  the  hands 
of  his  friends  the  office  of  city  attorney,  which  he  held  with  credit 
and  dignity  for  nine  years.  Throughout  this  period  he  had  the  reputa- 
tion of  being  one  of  the  most  tactful,  as  well  as  able,  men  that  ever 
were  incumbent  of  the  position.  The  office  gained  him  honor,  and  his 
conduct  while  in  it  increased  his  great  popularity  with  the  people. 

He  resigned  the  city  attorneyship  to  devote  his  attention  to  the 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  381 

street  railway  business.  It  may  be  said  tliat  lie  has  done  more  to  de- 
velop rapid  transit  systems  in  western  Pennsylvania  than  any  other 
man.  He  was  a  clo.se  friend  of  the  late  William  J.  Burns,  and  he  pre- 
pared the  assembly  bill  mider  which  tb.e  West  End  traction  line  was 
chartered,  going  to  Harrisburg  for  the  purpose.  The  Pittsburg  Trac- 
tion owes  its  inception  to  him.  He  first  conceived  the  idea  of  convert- 
ing the  old  Pittsburg  and  Oakland  horse-car  line  into  an  up-to-date 
cable  road.  It  was  a  knotty  problem  to  solve,  but  he  had  the  temper 
and  genius  to  do  it,  and  he  has  the  satisfaction  of  knowing  that  this 
was  the  forerunner  of  most  of  the  rapid  transit  lines  in  this  part  of  the 
country.  When  the  company  was  finally  organized  Mr.  Bigelow  was 
elected  vice  president  and  was  one  of  the  principal  stockholders. 

Mr.  Bigelow's  Republican  tendencies  have  brought  him  out,  within 
the  last  few  years,  somewhat  into  the  arena  of  politics.  He  was  one  of 
the  principal  supporters  of  Matthew  Stanley  Quay  for  re-election.  And 
it  was  partly  through  his  activity  at  Harrisburg  that  the  famous  "Rip- 
per Bill"  for  the  chartering  of  second  class  cities  was  passed.  Mr. 
Bigelow  has  never  married,  but  resides  with  his  sister  on  North  High- 
land avenue.  West  End.  He  is  a  member  of  the  East  Liberty  Presby- 
terian church,  and  one  of  the  financial  pillars,  having  contributed  liber- 
ally to  the  building  of  the  present  handsome  church  edifice. 

JOHN  PHILLIPS. 

John  Phillips,  coal  operator,  iron  manufacturer  and  prominent  busi- 
ness man  of  Sharon,  Penns\-l\'aiiia,  was  born  in  LInion  county,  that 
state,  October  i,  1829.  He  is  a  son  of  Samuel  Phillips,  who  was  a 
native  of  Northampton  county,  Pennsylvania,  where  he  was  born  April 


382      COMPENDIUM  OF  UISTORV  .IND  GENEALOGY 

I,  1805,  and  married  Susanna  Winey.  of  Union  cdunty,  tlic  same 
state.  In  1836  the  family  removed  from  Union  county  to  tlie  farm  in 
Hickory  township,  Mercer  county,  wliercon  Samuel  resided  until  his 
death,  September  1,  1888,  and  where  his  wife  died  July  2.  1884,  aged 
seventy-five  years  and  seven  months. 

John  Phillips  grew  to  manhood  on  the  old  homestead  and  entered 
the  employ  of  General  Pierce,  with  whoni  he  remained  three  years,  prin- 
cipally engaged  in  attending  to  the  coal-shijjping  interests  of  that  gen- 
tleman.     He  then   spent   a   couple  of   years   in    farming,   and   in    1854 
formed  a  partnership  with  General  Pierce,  under  the  firm  style  of  J. 
Phillips   &   Company,    for   the   jiurpose   of   mining   and    shipping   coal. 
In  1853  he  opened  the  coal  l)eds  on  his  father's  farm  and  managed  the 
mining  and  shipping  interests  of  the  firm  until  1861-2,  when  he  sold  out 
to  his  partner,  and  in  1863  he  leased  coal  lands  on  the  farms  of  the  late 
John  Eberhart  and  Samuel  Fry  and  developed  the  same.     The  firm  of 
Phillips,  McMaster  &  Company,   later  J.   Phillips  tS:  Company,  mined 
coal  on  these  farms  and  vicinity  until  1887.  when  they  retired  from  the 
business.    From  1864  to  1883  Mr.  Phillips  was  interested  in  the  Sharps- 
ville  Railroad,  and  was  one  of  the  organizers  of  the  Sjiearman   Iron 
Company,  at  Sharpsville,  and  has  since  been  connected  with  that  insti- 
tution.    Mr.  Phillips  has  been  a  stockholder,  vice  president  and  director 
in  the  Sharon  National  P.ank  from  its  organization  in   1875  until   1902, 
when  it  was  sold  to  the  newly  organized  Sharon  Savings  &  Trust  Com- 
pany, of  which  uistitution  Mr.   Phillips  is  a  large  stockholder,  one  of 
its  honored  vice  presidents  and  a  director,  as  well  as  being  one  of  the  pro- 
moters and  directors  of  the  hospital,  and  jjresident  of  Oakwood  Ceme- 
tery Association.     He  is  always  ready  to  give  of  his  means  and  use  his 
influence  for  the  advancement  and  good  of  the  town  and  community 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  383 

and  lielp  his  fellowmen,  doing  many  nol)le  acts  and  deeds  of  charity 
in  a  quiet  way. 

On  May  13,  1858,  he  was  married  to  Miss  Emma,  daughter  of 
John  and  Susanna  (Berlin)  Eherhart,  early  settlers  of  Hickory  town- 
ship. Mercer  county.  Mrs.  T'hilli])s  was  a  native  of  that  county,  and 
became  the  mother  of  three  children,  namely:  Florence  E.,  who  mar- 
ried W.  G.  Henderson,  of  Sharon:  Sadie  M.,  who  married  John  C. 
Owsley;  and  Charles  F.,  of  Sharon,  who  married  Mary  McClure.  The 
mother  of  these  children  died  October  20,  1885,  aged  forty-nine  years 
and  three  months.  Although  a  life-long  member  of  the  Lutheran  church, 
she  united  with  the  Methodist  Episcopal  church  a  short  time  before  her 
death,  to  which  body  her  husband  belongs.  Mr.  Phillips  is  a  Democrat 
in  politics,  and  belongs  to  the  Masonic  fraternity. 

ENOCH  FILER. 

Enoch  Filer,  coal  dealer  and  operator,  was  born  in  England,  Jan- 
uary 15,  1833.  He  is  a  son  of  Thomas  and  Ann  (Barber)  Filer,  who 
lived  and  died  in  England.  Enoch  Filer  came  from  England  to  Mer- 
cer county,  Pennsylvania,  in  March.  1852,  and  began  working  at  the 
coal  business,  which  he  had  followed  in  his  native  land.  In  1859  he 
sank  the  first  large  shaft  on  the  farm  of  John  Hofius,  Hickory  town- 
ship, this  being  the  introduction  of  that  class  of  mining  in  Mercer  county, 
and  the  first  in  which  machinery  was  used  for  hoisting  the  coal.  He 
subsequently  sank  a  shaft  for  Kimherly.  Forker  &  Company,  and  also 
one  for  Pierce,  Scott  &  Allen.  He  afterward  spent  a  couple  of  years 
in  the  oil  region,  where  he  was  engaged  in  the  coal  business  for  him- 
self. In  1866  he  returned  to  Mercer  county,  purchased  an  interest  in 
the  original  shaft  on  the  Hofius  farm,  and  soon  afterward  went  into 


384      COMPENDIUM  OF  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

[Kirtnership  with  Samuel  Kimberly.  under  the  style  of  Kimljerly  &  Filer. 
Soon  afterward  he  was  connected  in  the  coal  business  with  James  West- 
erman,  whose  estate  is  still  a  part  of  the  company.  Mr.  Mlcr  is  to-day 
the  oldest  and  most  prominent  coal  operator  in  Mercer  county,  and  has 
been  very  successful  in  business. 

His  various  properties  may  be  detailed  as  follows :  Ormsby  Works 
No.  T.  bv  Enoch  Filer,  for  J.  W.  Ormsby  &  Tierce,  on  the  farm  of 
John  Hofius  in  1859.  continued  until  187 1,  the  first  shaft  in  which  ma- 
chinery was  used  for  hoisting  coal;  Keel  Ridge  No.  i,  shaft  sunk  by 
Enoch  Filer  for  Kimberly  &  Forker  on  the  Titus  farm,  four  miles  from 
Sharpsville  in  1863,  the  former  owners  of  which  were  Samuel  Kimlievly 
and  Henry  Forker.  ownership  changed  to  Kimberly  Forker  &  Company, 
but  property  was  abandoned  in  December,  1874;  Mount  Pleasant  Shaft, 
sunk  on  land  of  Enoch  Filer  by  Kimberly  &  Filer  in  1869.  with  average 
daily  capacity  of  three  hundred  tons :  Snyder  Bank,  on  Snyder  farm, 
opened  by  Kimberly,  Filer  &  Company,  in  1S73;  Congressional  Bank, 
sunk  on  the  Love  farm  b)'  Spearman,  Ulj),  Kimberly  &  Filer  in  1874, 
reached  by  the  Sharpsville  railroad  branch  to  Bethel. 

On  May  21,  1853.  Mr.  Filer  was  married  to  Elizalieth  Lawton.  a 
native  of  England,  by  whom  he  has  had  six  children,  namely:  John  1""., 
Enoch  L..  Frank  P..  Henry  J..  Walter  G.  and  Clara.  Politically  Mr. 
Filer  is  a  Democrat.  Fraternally  he  is  a  Mason,  and  the  entire  family 
belong  to  the  Episcopal  church.  He  is  one  of  the  enterprising,  progres- 
sive business  men  of  the  .Shenango  valley. 

JOHN  DAUB. 

For  many  years  the  most  influential  citizen  of  Pittsburg,  Pennsyl- 
vania, was  the  stanch  German-American  John  Daub.     His  prominence 


'^y/^^^fy     ^  a/^^  ^ 


9^7Z^ 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  387 

in  circles  of  trade  and  ^uisiness  was  not  his  sole  title  to  distinction,  for 
he  was  true  to  all  the  trusts  reposed  in  the  kee])ing  of  American  citizen- 
shi]).  was  beloved  b)-  all  his  associates  for  his  strict  integrity,  and  best  of 
all  was  honored  for  his  noble  manhood  and  kindness  of  heart  displayed 
Ijefore  his  family  and  friends.  And  in  this  last  respect  we  see  one  of 
the  sweetest  and  happiest  points  of  his  career,  for  in  the  charming 
bonhomie  and  the  inspiring  and  helpful  trust  between  him  and  his  de- 
voted wife  lies  the  mainspring  of  his  success,  and  in  the  following  brief 
biography  this  dual  relationship  must  be  constantly  held  in  mind,  for 
their  ways  were  one  till  death  separated  them. 

John  Daub  was  the  son  of  John  and  Sophia  (Feltbusch)  Daub,  the 
former  a  shoemaker  in  the  sense  in  which  that  term  is  used  in  the 
German  country,  that  is.  an  artist  in  the  manufacture  of  all  articles 
of  footwear.  The  family  residence  was  in  the  town  of  Obergleen,  for- 
merly in  Hesse-Darmstadt,  and  that  was  the  birthplace  of  the  son  John 
on  the  22d  of  August,  1826.  He  attended  the  "Volkschule"  of  his 
native  village  up  to  his  twelfth  year,  and  was  then  withdrawn  in  order 
to  enter  the  schools  at  Frankfort  on  the  ]\lain.  He  completed  the 
excellent  course  at  this  school,  and  then,  as  the  tastes  of  himself  and 
the  family  ran  to  mercantile  jiursuits,  began  his  novitiate  in  a  grocery 
store  in  Frankfort,  remaining  there  until  1848.  While  here  he  formed 
the  acquaintance  of  Miss  Emilie  Rud()li)h,  who  at  the  age  of  fifteen 
had  been  sent  to  Frankfort  to  obtain  a  business  training,  in  accordance 
witfl  the  general  custom  of  preparing  girls  as  well  as  boys  for  their  life 
work.  She  was  the  daughter  of  John  and  Christina  (Stolzenbach) 
Rudolph,  and  her  father  was  a  manufacturer  and  dealer  in  broadcloths 
in  Homburg.  The  similarity  of  tastes  and  aspirations  soon  ripened 
the  acquaintance  of  these  young  people  into  affection,  and  on  March  18, 
1848,  they  began  life's  journey  together.    Immediately  after  the  wedding 


388      COMPENDIUM  OF  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

they  took  an  extensive  trip  tlirongli  (Icrmany  and  Eng-land,  and  from 
the  latter  country  eml>arl<e(l  lor  America,  rcaciiing-  New  York  harlK)r 
after  a  voyage  of  tliirty-five  (hiys,  wliicli  wnuld  have  heen  techous  to  any 
l)ut  a  young  bridal  couple. 

On  their  arri\al  in  this  land  of  promise  Air.  and  Airs.  Daub  at  once 
came  to  Pittsburg,  which  they  re:iclied  after  wh.at  was  in  llmse  days  a 
rather  hazardous  journey  over  the  mountains,  and  they  reached  their 
destination  just  in  time  ti^  witness  the  el)unitii)n  of  patriotic  enlhusi:ism 
to  which  the  American  ])opuIace  gives  vent  nn  the  glorious  hnurth  of 
July,  'i'hey  at  once  established  a  small  grocery,  and  in  the  meantime 
Air.  Daub  set  himself  to  the  task  of  learning  the  English  language  in 
the  night  schools.  Ably  seconded  by  his  good  wife,  he  managed  his 
business  .so  well  that  in  the  second  year  he  was  obliged  to  enlarge  his 
((uarters  and  hire  help,  and  at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  war  it  is  said 
that  he  had  tiic  largest  grocery  trade  in  Pittsburg.  During  that  strife 
he  supplieil  the  subsistence  committee,  the  sanitary  committee,  the 
soldiers'  home  and  the  hospitals  alxnit  the  city.  In  18S2  he  sold 
his  grocery  to  his  sons  and  retired  permanently  from  that  line 
of  activity.  These  sons  were  Emil  I),  and  Theodore  G..  and  the  other 
children  were:  Johanna  1".  was  the  wife  of  Eugene  Schmidt,  a  promi- 
nent musician  of  Pittsburg,  and  Mrs.  Schmidt  died  in  1873;  Erederick 
Charles  died  July  8,  1872,  just  as  he  had  reached  maturity;  John, 
Jr..  married  and  at  his  death  left  four  children;  Emilia  died  in  infancy; 
and  Sophia  was  the  wife  of  J.  T.  Capel.  wlm  died  the  15th  of  June, 
1898.     Altogether  there  are  ten  grandchildren. 

After  his  retirement  Air.  Daub  devoteil  himself  to  other  interests 
till  his  death.  He  was  one  of  the  original  stockholders  of  the  Third 
National  Bank  of  Pittsburg,  which  was  organized  in  Octol)er,  1863, 
and  at  the  time  of  his  death  he  was  not  only  the  oldest  director  in  point 


OF  THE  STATE  OP  PENNSYLVANIA.  389 

of  service,  but  in  all  the  meetings  of  the  board  his  seat  had  Iieen  seldom 
vacant.  He  was  also  a  director  of  the  Allemannia  Fire  Insurance  Com- 
pany from  1877;  he  was  likewise  director  of  the  old  Pittsburg  Gas 
Company  and  of  the  Pittsburg  Insurance  Company.  He  was  a  stanch 
Republican  in  politics,  was  a  member  of  the  Independent  Order  of  Odd 
Fellows  and  of  the  Masonic  fraternity,  and  belonged  to  the  German 
Lutheran  church.  Mr.  Dau!)  was  for  many  years  vice-president  of  the 
old  Pittsburg  Gas  Company,  of  which  David  Hostetter  was  president. 
He  left  a  very  fine  estate  Villa  Meinheim,  an  estate  of  five  acres  on 
Homewood  avenue,  which  is  considered  one  of  the  most  beaiftiful  in  the 
Ea.st  End  of  the  fashionable  section  of  Pittsburg. 

It  was  with  genuine  grief  that  the  citizens  of  Pittsburg  learned  of 
the  death  of  this  noble  man  on  the  nth  of  November,  1902,  and  many 
are  the  tributes  which  have  been  paid  to  his  memory  by  friends  and 
associates.  Ogden  Russell,  the  cashier  of  the  Third  National  Bank, 
voiced  the  sentiments  of  many  business  man  when  he  said  he  was  "a 
man  of  keen  insight  and  powers  of  observation,  conservative  in  judg- 
ment, unsullied  in  integrity.  His  opinions  were  of  great  value  to  all 
his  business  associates."  "He  was  very  near  to  me  and  a  valued  asso- 
ciate of  many  years,"  was  one  of  the  expressions  of  William  Stein- 
meyer,  the  president  of  the  Allemannia  Insurance  Company. 

Mrs.  Daub,  who  for  over  half  a  century  concerned  herself  with 
every  matter  of  her  husband's  welfare  and  was  in  the  best  sense  a  "help- 
mate," and  who  now  survives  revered  and  beloved  of  all  in  her  age, 
has  given  us  the  best  insight  into  her  husband's  character  and  career  in 
the  following  words :  "We  came  from  two  families  of  merchants  and 
natural  storekeepers,  and  consequently  were  very  successful  in  business. 
My  husband  was  an  exceedingly  kind-hearted  man  both  in  business  and  in 
private  life,  and  was  never  known  to  annoy  the  poor  but  honest  debtor, 


390      COMPENDIUM  OU  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

and  lie  constantly  studied  the  comfort  of  liis  wife  and  family."  Trulv, 
one  who  all  the  world  might  say  was  a  man. — a  loving  hushand,  a 
devoted  father,  a  trne  friend,  a  Inyal  citizen,  and  nne  uhn  feared  ( iod 
and  did  what   was  right. 

JUDGE  JAMES  M.  GALBREATH. 

Judge  James  M.  Galbreath.  whn  in  Nnvcmher.  1902.  was  elected 
to  the  hench  of  the  common  ])Icas  com't  of  Ikitlcr  counlv,  and  who  for 
alx)ut  twenty  years  has  been  a  member  of  the  ronntv  bar,  maintaining 
a  leading  position  in  tlic  ranks  of  the  legal  fraternity  here,  is  a  native 
of  Winfield  township,  i'.ntler  county.  Pennsylvania,  birn  Se|)tember 
27,  1852. 

His  fatiier.  Robert  (ialbreath,  was  also  born  in  the  Keystone  st.ite, 
and  during  his  business  career  carried  on  general  farming  and  stock- 
raising.  He  was  extensively  interested  in  the  latter  department  of  labor, 
and  did  much  to  iinpro\e  the  grade  of  stock  raised  in  his  portion  of  the 
state.  His  specialty  was  fine  sheej),  and  many  excellent  specimens  of 
high-grade  sheep,  cattle  and  horses  were  always  to  be  found  upon  his 
place.  A  man  of  strong  convictions,  he  never  faltered  in  supi)ort  of  his 
honest  con\'ictions.  ;md  in  ante-bellum  days  fearlessly  announced  him- 
self as  an  oi)])onent  of  the  institution  of  slavery  and  did  nnich  to  pro- 
mote an  alxjlition  sentiment.  Tde  voted  with  the  Whig  jiarty  until  the 
Repul)lican  party  was  formed  to  i)revenl  the  fm-ther  extension  of  slavery, 
when  he  joined  its  ranks  and  remained  one  of  its  stalwart  advocates 
until  his  death,  which  occurred  in  1871.  His  widow,  who  is  still  living 
at  the  age  of  seventy-six  years,  bore  the  maiden  name  of  Isabella  Mc- 
Cafferty,  and  was  of  Irish  parentage.  To  them  were  born  nine  chil- 
dren, of  whom  three  are  yet  living. 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  391 

Upon  the  Iiome  farm  Judge  Galbreath  was  reared,  and  in  tlie  com- 
mon bchools  pursued  liis  educati(jn  until  lie  attained  his  eighteenth  year, 
when  he  enjoyed  the  privilege  of  more  advanced  educational  training  in 
the  Slate  Lick  Academy,  in  Armstrong  county,  Pennsylvania.  His 
preparatory  work  was  further  supplemented  hy  a  year's  study  in  the 
Witherspoon  Institute,  of  Butler,  Pennsylvania,  and  he  then  entered  upon 
his  collegiate  work,  matriculating  in  Princeton  University,  from  which 
he  was  graduated  with  the  class  of  1880.  In  the  meantime  he  had  made 
choice  of  the  law  as  a  life  work,  and  at  the  end  of  his  college  course 
began  reading  in  the  office  and  under  the  direction  of  W.  D.  Brundon, 
a  leading  member  of  the  Butler  county  bar,  and  two  years  later,  on 
the  6th  of  March,  1882,  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  and  began  practice. 
His  success  came  soon,  because  his  equipment  was  unusually  good. 
He  had  been  prepared  by  careful  preliminary  training,  and  in  con- 
nection with  those  qualities  indispensable  to  the  lawyer — a  keen,  rapid, 
logical  mind,  plus  the  business  sense,  and  a  ready  capacity  for  hard  work, 
— he  brought  to  the  starting  point  of  his  legal  career  certain  rarer  gifts 
— eloquence  of  language  and  a  strong  personality.  An  earnest,  digni- 
fied manner,  marked  strength  of  character,  a  thorough  grasp  of  the 
law  and  the  ability  accurately  to  apply  its  principles  are  the  factors  in 
his  effectiveness  as  an  advocate. 

On  the  iSth  of  May,  1882.  shortly  following  his  admission  to  the 
bar,  the  Judge  was  united  in  marriage  to  Miss  Sallie  E.  Mitchell,  a 
daughter  of  John  Mitchell,  of  Butler,  Penn.sylvania,  and  they  now  have 
three  children,  Edith,  Irene  and  John  Galbreath,  the  family  circle  re- 
maining unbroken  by  the  hand  of  death. 

In  all  matters  pertaining  to  the  progress  and  general  welfare  of 
his  community  Judge.  Galbreath  takes  a  deep  and  co-operative  interest. 
The  cause  of  education  has  found  in  him  a  special  friend,  and  he  has 


392      COMPENDIUM  OP  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

labored  effectively  for  tlic  iminnvcnicnt  of  the  scliool  system  of  Hutler 
county.  Since  age  conferred  upon  liini  llic  rit,'lil  of  francliise  lie  has 
been  an  unfaltering  advocate  of  tlie  principles  of  the  Kcpu))lican  jiarty, 
hut  has  had  no  desire  for  office,  nor  lias  he  ever  consented  to  become  a 
candidate  for  official  ])refcrment  outside  the  strict  jiath  of  his  profession. 
In  June,  1902,  howex'er.  at  the  earnest  solicitation  of  ninin-  friends,  he 
accepted  the  nomination  for  the  position  of  judge  of  the  common  pleas 
court,  and  the  election  indicated  the  confidence  reposed  in  him  by  his 
fellow  citizens.  He  brings  to  the  l)ench  the  highest  qualifications  for  this 
responsible  office  in  the  state  goxeniment.  He  is  a  man  of  unimpeach- 
able character,  of  strong  intellectual  endowments,  p.iticnce.  urbanity  and 
industry,  and  therefore  is  well  ((ualificd  for  the  position  which  he  is 
now  filling. 

WTLLIAINT  J.   r.RENNEN. 

William  J.  Brcnnen,  one  of  the  most  lirilliaiit  Lawyers  of  Pitts- 
burg and  prominently  identified  with  trades  unicjiiism  in  western  Penn- 
sylvania, is  of  Irish  descent,  and  the  son  of  John  I'rennen  and  Teressa 
Gallagher,  daughter  of  William  Gallagher,  who  came  fnjin  county  Mayo, 
Ireland.  John  Brennen,  who  was  born  in  Pittsburg  in  1820,  was  a 
millwright  by  trade  and  was  continuously  employed  by  the  firm  of 
Jones  and  Laughlin  from  1853  to  1880.  At  the  time  of  bis  death,  in 
1881,  he  was  the  oldest  machinist  in  Pittsburg.  He  was  careful  and 
painstaking,  a  master  of  all  the  details  of  his  trade,  and  was  regarded 
as  one  of  the  best  informed  men  in  his  line  in  the  city.  He  was  inter- 
ested in  the  cause  of  public  education,  .'^crving  on  some  of  the  school 
boards  of  his  city. 

William  J.  Brennen  is  one  of  ten  children,  nine  of  whom  are  liv- 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  393 

ing  at  present.  He  was  Ixjrn  in  Pittsl)urg,  September  5,  1850,  and  his 
career  of  a  little  over  a  half  century  contains  many  lessons  for  the 
aspiring  young  American.  Until  his  eleventh  year  he  attended  the  pub- 
lic and  private  schools.  At  this  early  age  he  went  to  work  for  Jones 
and  Laughlin  as  a  "pull  u\)"  in  the  bar-mill  heating  furnace;  was  then 
an  assistant  to  the  machinists  and  in  rolling  cold-rolled  iron,  remaining 
in  this  position  through  the  Ci\il  war,  where  so  much  work  was  done 
for  the  government.  He  was  fifteen  years  old  at  the  close  of  the  war, 
and  he  then  decided  to  gratify  his  thirst  for  further  knowledge  and  be- 
came a  student  in  a  private  school  conducted  by  the  Christian  Brother- 
hood. He  was  compelled  to  enter  at  the  bottom  of  the  class,  but  in  six 
months  was  at  the  head.  He  next  apprenticed  himself  to  learn  the  ma- 
chinist's trade  in  the  rolling  mill  of  Jones  and  Laughlin,  and  continued 
there  as  a  journeyman  until  1872.  At  the  completion  of  his  apprentice- 
ship the  company  rewarded  his  skill  by  presenting  him  with  a  complete 
kit  of  tools.  He  was  employed  in  a  number  of  cities  as  an  expert,  but 
finally  returned  to  Pittsburg.  One  of  his  acts  on  his  return  is  especially 
deser\ing  of  mention.  He  realized  that  many  of  the  young  men  in  the 
mills  were  situated  as  he  had  been,  without  an  opportunity  of  gaining 
knowledge  except  by  private  study  outside  of  working  hours,  and  he 
accordingly  organized  and  taught  a  class  of  about  his  own  age.  He  was 
then  alxjut  twent\-  years  of  age.  He,  also,  was  employing  every  spare 
hour  in  reading,  and  gave  special  attention  to  mechanical  drawing. 

In  1880  Mr.  Brennen  came  to  what  proved  the  turning  point  of 
his  career.  In  that  year  he  ran  for  alderman  of  the  twenty-fourth  ward, 
but  was  counted  out  at  the  election.  He  contested  the  count,  and  the 
court  decided  in  his  favor,  and  from  1881  to  1885  he  filled  the  office 
with  credit  to  himself  and  his  party.  But  the  point  of  special  importance 
in  this  connection  is  that,  during  the  contest  before  thtf  election  judges, 


•C 


394      COMPENDIUM  OF  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

he  managed  the  affair  so  coolly,  showed  such  clcxcrncss  aiul  lluency  of 
speech,  that  his  attorney  urged  him  to  read  law.  'Die  suggestion  was  all 
he  needed,  for  all  his  inclinations  lay  in  thai  directinn.  and  he  hccamc 
a  student  with  J.  K.  T.  Duff,  of  Pittshurg.  and  was  admitted  to  tlie 
bar  in  1883.  Mr.  Duff  then  took  him  into  partnership,  under  the 
name  of  Duft'  and  Brennen,  hut  in  1888  the  senior  member  retired,  leav- 
ing his  young  partner  to  carry  on  tiie  business  alone.  Mr.  Brennen  now 
has  an  extensive  practice  in  ci\il.  criminal  and  patent  law  cases,  and  also 
represents  many  building  and  loan  associations,  as  well  as  large  cor- 
porations. He  is  a  director  of  the  T.  Campbell  Glass  Company  of  Pitts- 
burg and  of  the  Blair  Land  Company. 

Mr.  Brennen  has  always  been  a  loyal  Democrat,  and  has  attained 
considerable  local  prominence  in  politics,  although  his  residence  in  Re- 
publican districts  has  i)re\ented  him  from  sharing  the  honors  of  office 
as  often  as  his  friends  have  wished.  In  1876  he  was  chosen  delegate 
to  the  Democratic  national  convention,  and  was  the  youngest  member 
of  that  body.  In  1878  he  was  a  mem1>er  of  the  common  council  from 
the  twenty-fourth  ward,  and  was  on  the  gas  and  lighting  and  the  re- 
trenchment and  reform  committees.  While  in  council  he  had  a  resolu- 
tion adopted  authorizing  evening  sessions  of  the  council :  also  an  ordi- 
nance requiring  city  streets  to  be  cleaned  by  contract,  which  was  in 
force  for  four  years,  until  repealed  by  political  influence;  as  a  member 
of  the  gas  lighting  committee  he  exerted  himself  to  secure  the  passage 
of  a  bill  providing  gasoline  lamps  for  streets  where  gas  was  not  avail- 
able, and  this  ordinance  is  still  in  force.  In  1878  he  ran  for  the  legis- 
lature, but  in  this  case  his  political  complexion  defeated  him.  In  1882 
he  was  elected  Democratic  county  chairman,  and  was  in  that  position 
till  1895.  He  was  appointed  clerk  of  the  committee  on  labor  at  the  na- 
tional capital  in  1883,  serving  for  two  years.     He  was  an  unsuccessful 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  395 

candidate  for  the  office  of  auditor  general  of  Pennsylvania  in  1886. 
For  fifteen  years  he  was  a  member  of  tlie  state  central  committee.  Mr. 
Brennen  has  always  stood  as  the  stanch  friend  of  the  laboring-  man,  and 
at  the  time  the  Wood  tariff  bill  was  being  considered  he  was  selected 
as  the  most  competent  speaker  in  behalf  of  the  workingmen.  He  has 
Ijeen  on  the  stump  in  every  campaign  since  1876.  and  in  attendance  at 
every  Democratic  state  convention,  except  one,  since  1874. 

Mr.  Brennen's  interest  in  trades  unionism  is  shown  by  the  fact 
that  he  was  president  of  the  Machinists"  and  Blacksmiths'  Union  for 
five  years  before  it  was  absorbed  Ijy  the  Knights  of  Labor,  and  he  assisted 
in  organizing  the  latter  in  Pittsburg.  He  has  been  the  attorney  for  the 
Amalgamated  Association  of  Iron  and  Steel  Workers  for  many  years, 
also  for  the  American  Flint  Green  Bottle  Glass  Workers,  of  the  United 
Coal  Miners'  Union,  and  of  others.  He  has  been  engaged  as  counsel  in 
many  important  cases.  Fie  represented  the  defense  of  the  Homestead 
murder  and  treason  cases  at  the  time  of  the  Homestead  riot,  and  rep- 
resented Alexander  Craig  in  his  contest  against  Andrew  Stewart  for  a 
seat  in  the  fifty-second  Congress,  and  succeeded  in  unseating  Stewart. 
Mr.  Brennen  has  the  reputation  of  absolute  reliability  and  utmost  fidel- 
ity to  trusts,  and  his  habits  of  thorough  consideration  and  mature  judg- 
ment seldom  cause  him  to  err.  He  has  thus  gained  an  enviable  reputa- 
tion among  the  lawyers  of  Pittsburg,  and  nowhere  has  his  influence 
and  his  effort  been  more  effective  than  in  the  cause  of  labor  and  all  that 
is  connected  therewith.  Mr.  Brennen  has  never  married,  and  his  life  has 
been  so  full  of  useful  activity  that,  indeed,  he  has  had  little  time  for 
domestic  cares. 


25 


396      COMPENDIUM  01'  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

ELI  SUA  P.  DOUGLASS. 

I'dr  a  number  of  )'ears  I'^lislia  1 'eairs  Douglass  lias  l)ccn  a  iiicml)i.T  of 
the  legal  profession  and  has  hecn  cn,t:;^age<l  in  tlie  general  ]iractice  of 
law  in  the  city  of  Pittsl)urg.  Alk-gheuv  county,  where  he  eujuxs  tiie 
respect  of  all  who  know  him  and  have  met  him  socially  and  profession- 
ally, lie  traces  his  paternal  ancestors  to  the  Scotch-Irish.  His  great- 
grandfather. Riihert  Douglass,  located  in  Washington  county.  Penn- 
sylvania, near  Ikirgettstown.  ahout  the  close  of  the  war  of  tlie  Revolu- 
tion, where  he  resided  until  his  tleath.  which  occurred  ahout  the  time  of 
the  Whisky  Insurrection.  His  wife  was  Margaret  Orr.  of  Westmoreland 
couiitv,  who  with  seven  smrdl  children,  all  sons.  siir\i\ed  him.  and  one  of 
these  cliildren.  James  Douglas^,  was  the  grandfather  of  h'hslia  P.  Doug- 
lass. His  maternal  grandfather  was  Major  Elisha  Peairs,  an  old  resi- 
dent of  Elizabeth  township,  Alleglieny  county.  The  parents  of  Elisha 
P.  Douglass  were  Thomas  D.  and  Lydia  (Peairs)  Douglass.  Their 
five  children,  with  the  exception  of  James  D.,  who  died  in  i866.  when 
quite  young,  are  yet  living,  the  other  three  being  Mary  E.,  Sarah  J., 
the  wife  of  J.  V>.  Billick.  and  David  P..  all  of  Elizabeth  township.  .M- 
legheny  county. 

The  ancestors  were  of  the  old  Scotch-Irish  Covenanters,  and  in  this 
country  identified  themselves  religiously  with  the  Associate  Reform  and 
later  the  United  Presbyterian  ch.urch,  of  which  latter  Thomas  D.  Doug- 
lass was  a  life-long  member.  In  political  matters  he  was  an  old-time 
Democrat,  and.  although  he  had  no  particular  desire  for  office,  served 
several  terms  as  a  member  of  the  school  board  of  Elizaljeth  township 
and  was  for  many  years  township  treasurer.  He  was  a  man  of  indus- 
trious habits,  good  character  and  strict  integrity,  was  always  fond  of 
companionship  and  was  very  popular  and  hospitable.     He  was  possessed 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  399 

of  a  great  fund  of  nati\e  Inimor,  and  one  of  his  greatest  charms  lay- 
in  his  ability  to  see  tlie  humorous  side  of  hfe.  He  died  in  1896,  in  his 
seventy-fiftli  year,  aiul  is  survived  Ijy  his  widow,  who  is  now  seventy- 
three  years  of  age  and  is  hving  near  the  old  family  homestead. 

Elisha  P.  Douglass  was  born  in  Elizabeth  township,  Allegheny 
county,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  22(1  of  February,  1849,  ^^d  attended  the 
common  schools  of  his  locality  a  part  of  the  lime  each  year  until  he  at- 
tained his  majority,  with  the  exception  of  one  term  which  he  spent  in 
Elizabeth  Academy.  In  September.  1870,  he  entered  the  California 
Normal  School  of  that  ])lace.  where  he  spent  several  months  in  prepara- 
tion for  teaching.  In  the  fall  of  1871.  after  passing  a  successful  ex- 
amination, he  recei\ed  certificates  in  Allegheny,  Washington  and  West- 
moreland counties.  PennsyKania.  and  secured  what  is  now  known  as 
the  Lebanon  or  old  Fells  Church  school  in  Rostraver  township,  West- 
moreland county.  Here  he  began  his  first  work  as  a  teacher  in  October, 
1871,  receiving  a  salary  of  forty  dollars  a  month  for  a  five  months' 
term,  but  his  work  was  satisf.ictory,  and  the  district  gave  him  a  three 
months'  summer  term  at  fifty-five  dollars  a  month.  At  the  end  of 
that  term  he  declined  a  re-election,  having  decided  to  enter  college  and 
prepare  himself  for  professional  work  rather  than  follow  teaching. 
In  September,  1872.  he  became  a  student  in  the  University  of  Wooster, 
Ohio,  with  the  intention  of  remaining  there  about  two  years  and  then 
studying  medicine.  .\s  he  had  had  no  preparation  for  college  he  entered 
as  a  partial  student,  and  at  the  end  of  his  first  term  concluded  to  enter 
the  freshman  class  regularly,  carry  his  work  along  and  make  up  all 
l)ack  work,  which  he  did.  and  in  the  following  year  completed  the  studies 
in  the  sophomore  year  and  left  college,  with  the  expectation  of  never 
returning.  During  the  followmg  year  Mr.  Douglass  taught  his  home 
school  in  Elizabeth  township.  .^Mlegheny  county,  Pennsylvania,  and  dur- 


400      COMPENDIUM  OP  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

ing  this  period  decided  to  return  to  college,  complete  his  course  and 
study  for  the  profession  of  law.  This  he  did  and  graduated,  receiving 
the  Philosophical  degree  in  1877.  In  September  of  that  year  he  passed 
his  preliminary  law  examinatinn.  and  in  the  following  November  was 
registered  as  a  law  student  under  Majf)r  Robert  E.  Stewart,  of  Pitts- 
burg. In  February,  1880,  he  was  admitted  to  the  practice  of  law  in  the 
courts  of  Allegheny  county,  and  has  since  followed  the  practice  of  his 
profession  in  Pittsburg. 

Mr.  Douglass  has  always  been  a  lirm  belie\er  in  assisting  and 
becoming  identified  with  the  new  enterprises  of  his  hoinc  city.  Since 
the  1st  of  October,  1880,  he  has  resided  in  McKeesport,  and  during 
this  period  has  been  identified  largely  with  a  number  of  the  city's  best 
enterprises.  He  was  instrumental  in  incorporating  the  McKeesport 
Title  &  Trust  Company,  and  is  at  present  solicitor.  He  was  also  in- 
terested in  building  and  operating  the  first  street  railway  in  McKees- 
port, covering  a  period  of  from  eight  t(j  ten  years;  is  a  stockholder 
and  vice  president  of  the  McKeesport  Tin  Plate  Company,  a  large 
concern  which  is  now  in  ojjcration ;  and  is  also  a  stockholder  ;in<l  direc- 
tor in  the  Pacific  Steel  Company,  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  iron 
on  the  Pacific  Coast.  He  was  one  of  the  originators  of  the  Fifth 
Avenue  and  High  Street  Bridge  Company,  with  which  he  is  still  closely 
identified.  He  has  and  is  at  present  attorney  for  a  number  of  the 
corporations  alKHit  McKeesport,  and  still  follows  the  general  practice 
of  his  profession,  lie  is  a  member  of  the  Ixjard  of  trustees  of  the  Mc- 
Keesport Hospital  and  is  president  of  the  board  of  trustees  of  the  Young 
Men's  Christian  Association. 

Mr.  Douglass  was  married  on  the  24th  of  August,  1880,  to  Miss 
Elvira  P.  Weddle,  a  daughter  of  Peter  and  Elizabeth  Weddle,  of  Eliza- 
beth township,  Allegheny  county.    They  have  two  sons,  Howard  Weddle 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  401 

Douglass,  now  about  twenty-two  years  of  age  and  a  member  of  tbe 
senior  class  of  Cornell  University,  and  Earl  LeRoy  Douglass,  about 
.fifteen  years  of  age  and  attending  the  high  school  in  McKeesport.  The 
family  yet  adliere  to  tlie  United  Presbyterian  cliurch,  of  which  they 
are  members.  Formerly  Mr.  Douglass  was  a  Democrat,  but  since  1896 
has  affiliated  witli  tlie  Republican  party,  leaving  the  Democracy  on  ac- 
count of  the  free  silver  tendencies  of  that  party.  He  has  never  aspired 
to  office,  but  has  served  on  two  occasions  in  the  borough  and  city  coun- 
cils of  McKeesport,  covering  a  period  of  five  years,  and  has  always  ail- 
vocatecl  the  idea  that  it  was  a  mark  of  good  citizenship  for  a  man  to 
take  his  turn  iii  municipal  office-holding.  He  is  considered  by  those 
who  know  him  as  straightforward  in  his  business  affairs,  a  public- 
spirited  citizen  and  as  one  who  is  ever  ready  to  identify  himself  with 
and  advocate  that  which  will  advance  the  best  interests  of  the  city  and 
community  in  which  he  resides.  He  has  the  satisfaction  of  knowing 
that  he  has  acquired  liis  present  standing  by  his  own  effort,  for  when 
he  started  out  in  life  he  had  neither  money  nor  influence  behind  him, 
and  while  he  has  acquired  a  competence  he  has  never  acquired  a  dollar 
other  than  tliat  obtained  from  his  profession  or  his  investments. 

FRANK  GRAHAM  HARRIS. 

The  life  of  a  boy  bereaved  at  an  early  age  of  father  and  mother 
and  forced  to  go  into  tlie  world's  battles  unguided  by  parental  hand  and 
without  instruction  at  a  motlier's  knee,  is  far  from  an  enviable  one. 
and  he  who  can  avoid  the  pitfalls  and  surmount  the  obstacles  that  be- 
strew the  path  of  an  orphan  lad  deserves  double  commendation.  The 
inspiring  encouragement  of  a  fatlier,  the  gentle  counsel  of  a  mother 
nc\-er  aided  Frank  G.  Harris  in  his  u]nvard  struggle,  but  the  manliness, 


402      COMPENDIUM  OF  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

the  sturdy  strength  of  niiml  and  tlie  ambition  wliich  lie  inherited  fmm 
his  parents  have  Iieen  liis  guiding  stars.  Beginning  actual  contact  witli 
the  stem  realities  of  life  at  an  age  when  most  lads  are  still  at  their 
Ijooks,  he  made  his  mark  in  every  undertaking  in  which  he  engaged, 
still  keeping  before  him  that  hope  of  some  day  being  able  to  enjoy  the 
educational  advantages  which  circumstances  bad  denied  to  him.  This 
thought  ne\'er  deserted  him.  but  in  his  hours  of  lalx)r  the  aspirations  to 
higher  things  spurred  liini  on.  Finally  his  dreams  were  realized  and 
the  education  for  which  he  liad  longed  was  his.  That  be  has  used  it 
and  his  talents  to  good  advantage,  the  story  of  bis  life  will  prove. 

Frank  G.  Harris,  of  Clearfield,  was  liorn  on  the  ^tb  of  Noveml)er, 
1845.  ''t  Kartbaus.  Pennsylvania.  Flis  parents  were  John  and  Eleanor 
Graham  Harris,  the  former  of  whom  was  reared  in  Glasgow,  Scotland, 
coming  to  Pennsylvania  when  be  had  reached  the  age  of  thirty  years. 
The  mother  was  a  Pennsylvanian  by  birth,  and  the  daughter  of  Francis 
and  Jane  Graham.  The  difficulties  which  their  son  has  successfully 
surmounted  show  him  to  have  inherited  all  the  rugged  strength  of  bis 
paternal  ancestors,  and  a  determination  to  succeed  was  received  from 
his  mother's  family,  which  was  among  the  earliest  of  those  fearless  pio- 
neers who  have  transformed  a  wilderness  into  one  of  the  most  pros- 
perous countries  on  the  face  of  the  glolie. 

His  early  schooling  was  extremely  limited,  as  bis  parents  died 
when  be  was  a  small  lx)y,  and  he  was  unable  to  attend  the  public  schools 
after  he  had  reached  the  age  of  twelve  years,  while  from  that  time  until 
he  was  twenty-four  be  was  employed  in  earning  an  honest  livelihood. 
But  in  his  short  scholastic  career  he  imbibed  a  love  of  learning  which 
spurred  him  on  in  the  years  of  bis  toil,  and  which  he  was  able  to  gratify 
after  he  had  attained  man's  estate.  After  the  death  of  bis  parents  he 
made  his  home  with   Colonel  S.   C.   Patcbin.   who  bad   married   Hettv 


OF  THE  STATR  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  403 

Graham,  his  mother's  sister,  and  while  still  but  a  lad  he  began  to  work- 
on  his  uncle's  farm  and  as  a  laliorer  in  the  sawmills  in  the  summer, 
while  in  the  winter  he  went  into  the  woods  as  a  kimberman.  At  the 
age  of  fifteen  on  a  raft  of  timber,  he  made  his  first  trip  down  the  Sus- 
quehanna, and  wlien  he  was  twenty  he  was  considered  one  of  the  best 
pilots  on  the  river.  Rut  such  humble  occupations,  honorable  though  they 
were,  did  not  satisfy  his  ambitions,  for  he  realized  that  he  possessed 
talents  \\hicli  would  gain  him  a  higher  place  in  the  wr>rld  than  that  of 
a  common  laborer,  and  he  ga\c  his  spare  hours  to  study,  ^\'ith  such 
assiduity  did  he  apply  himself  to  his  Ixaoks  that  without  any  further 
schooling  he  was  able  to  enter  Dickinson  Seminary  at  W'illiamsport, 
Pennsyh-ania,  from  which  institution  he  was  graduated  in  June,  1873, 
after  wdiich  he  enrolled  as  a  student  in  Lafayette  College  at  Easton, 
this  state,  there  graduating  in  June,  1876. 

In  the  term  following  his  graduation  from  Lafayette  College  he 
was  placed  in  the  princi])alship  of  the  grammar  school  at  Clearfield, 
Pennsylvania,  in  which  place  he  has  since  resided,  but  the  occupation 
of  teaching  not  being  ]iarticularly  congenial  to  him  and  the  bar  offering 
special  attractions,  he  determined  to  embrace  the  jirofession  of  law,  and 
while  still  in  charge  of  the  school  at  Clearfield,  with  that  energ}'  which 
has  ever  been  the  keynote  of  his  success,  he  applied  himself  to  his  books, 
being  enrolled  as  a  student  of  law  with  Murray  &  Gordon.  The  rapid- 
ity with  which  he  mastered  the  intricacies  of  legal  practice  soon  proved 
the  wisdom  of  his  choice,  and  he  was  admitted  as  a  member  of  the 
Clearfield  l)ar  on  January  14,  1879,  and  to  the  jiractice  of  the  profession 
of  law  he  has  since  devoted  a  large  part  of  his  time  and  attention.  As  a 
result  lie  has  wnn  ;ni  enviable  reputation  and  made  a  credital)le  record 
as  an  attorney.  While  teaching  school  and  reading  law  he  also  found 
time  to  build  u])  a  business  as  a   real   estate  and   insurance  agent,   in 


404      COMPENDIUM  OF  HISTORV  AND  GENEALOGY 

wliicli  he  has  since  contimiC(l.  ami  now  divitlcs  liis  lime  hctwecn  this 
calling  .ind  his  growings  legal  practice. 

Politically  Mr.  Harris  has  always  been  a  Republican,  and  in  liis 
district  has  taken  an  active  part  in  tlic  work  of  tliis  organization.  In 
the  many  campaigns  of  Iioth  the  county  and  state  he  has  been  a  promi- 
nent figure,  having  been  one  of  the  strongest  speakers  in  every  contest 
in  his  county  for  twenty  years.  In  1880  and  i§8i  lie  was  chairman  of 
the  Republican  county  committee,  and  in  1883  was  a  delegate  to  the 
state  convention  which  nominated  James  A.  Beaver  for  governor.  In 
1880  he  was  elected  to  the  town  council  of  Clearfield,  in  which  oftice 
he  remained  until  T887.  being  entrusted  by  that  body  with  the  duties 
of  town  clerk.  In  November,  1896,  Mr.  Harris  was  elected  a  member 
of  the  legislature  from  Clearfield  county,  to  which  position  he  was  re- 
elected in  1898  and  again  in  1900,  and  while  a  member  of  that  body 
served  as  chairman  of  the  judiciary  general  committee  and  as  chairman 
of  the  game  and  fish  committee  of  the  house,  having  taken  an  active 
part  in  all  the  business  of  that  body  and  in  debate  won  recognition  as 
an  orator  of  considerable  ability.  He  sulisequently  resigned  this  ofifice 
to  accept  the  position  of  state  treasurer,  to  which  he  was  elected  in 
Noven>l5er,  1901,  and  of  which  he  is  now  the  present  incumbent. 

On  the  15th  of  .\i)ril,  1879,  Mr.  Harris  was  married  to  Elizabeth 
F.  Baird,  of  Clinton  county,  Pennsylvania,  and  they  ha\c  had  three 
children,  two  sons  and  one  daughter,  all  of  whom  died  during  their 
childhood. 


SAMUEL  J.  M.  McCARRELL. 

The  state  of  Pennsylvania  has  produced  a  brilliant  galaxy  of  men 
who  have  devoted  special  study  to  (|uestions  afTecting  the  development 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  405 

of  its  resources  and  tlic  steady  promotion  of  its  position  in  the  sister- 
hood of  states,  and  Daupliin  county  lias  furnislicd  an  honorable  cjuota, 
S.  J.  M.  McCarrell  lieing  accorded  marked  prominence.  Twice  ele- 
vated to  the  office  of  state  senator  and  l>earing  an  envial)le  reputation  as 
one  of  the  leading  attorneys  at  the  state  capital,  he  has  represented  the 
different  interests  throughout  the  commonwealth  wisely  and  faithfully. 
Progressive  in  mind  ruid  with  a  recognition  of  the  importance  of  the 
affairs  of  his  constituents  as  well  as  the  great  state  of  which  he  is  a 
native,  he  has  studiously  brought  to  bear  all  the  forces  of  his  strong 
intellectual  nature  to  help  further  everything  that  goes  to  make  up  a  pros- 
perous and  contented  people.  That  he  has  succeeded  to  a  marked  degree 
is  a  matter  of  local  history. 

Samuel  J.  M.  McCarrell  was  born  in  Buffalo  township,  Washington 
county,  Pennsylvania,  and  his  ancestors  were  of  Scotch-Irish  stock,  a 
people  celebrated  for  their  industry,  perseverance,  courage  and  great 
force  of  character.  His  paternal  ancestry  is  traced  back  to  Ayrshire. 
Scotland,  and  his  maternal  lineage  to  the  IMcLains  of  Duard  Castle  on 
the  island  of  Mull.  His  ancestors  found  their  way  from  Scotland  to 
the  north  of  Ireland,  and  thence  came  to  the  United  States  prior  to  the 
Revolutionary  war,  in  which  his  grandfathers,  Thomas  McCarrell  and 
William  McClelland,  took  an  active  part,  and  the  latter  aLso  .served  in 
the  war  of  1812.  His  father.  Rev.  Alexander  McCarrell,  D.  D.,  was 
pastor  of  the  Clays\ille  Presbyterian  church  for  about  thirtv-five  years, 
and  during  his  ministry  he  accomplished  much  good  by  his  zeal  in  the 
cause  of  Christianity  and  the  upholding  of  a  high  order  of  righteous- 
ness in  the  communities  in  which  he  labored.  His  son,  therefore,  was 
thoroughly  disciplined  in  the  tenets  of  this  righteous  faith,  to  which 
may  be  attributed  his  integrity  and  steadfast  devotion  to  the  principles 
of  right  and  justice. 


406      COMPENDIUM  OF  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

Mr.  McCarrell  spent  his  early  Ixiylitxid  days  on  a  farm,  attending 
the  common  schools  during  the  winter  months  and  working  on  the  farm 
(hiring  the  summer.  Later  he  clerked  in  his  imcle's  store  in  Claysville, 
meanwhile  preparing  himself  for  college  under  the  instruelinn  of  his 
father.  He  entered  Washington  College  in  i860,  graduating  four  years 
later  with  the  highest  honors  of  his  class,  and  in  the  fall  of  1864  he 
accepted  a  position  as  assi.stant  principal  (if  the  Linsley  Institute  at 
Wheeling,  West  Virginia.  While  thus  engaged  he  began  the  study  of 
law  under  the  instruction  of  Mr.  McKennan,  of  the  firm  of  Richardson 
&  McKennan.  In  the  summer  of  the  following  year,  1865,  he  went  to 
Harri.sburg,  where  he  completed  his  law  studies  under  the  preceptorship 
of  David  Fleming,  with  whom  he  later  became  a  jiartner.  contiiuiing 
as  such  until  the  deatli  of  Mr.  Fleming,  in  January,  1890.  Mr.  Mc- 
Carrell  was  admitted  to  practice  at  the  Dauphin  county  bar  in  Novem- 
ber, 1867,  and  served  as  district  attorney  of  that  county  for  two  terms, 
from  1881  to  1887,  with  great  credit  to  himself  and  much  satisfaction 
to  the  people.  He  has  also  held  the  p(~)sition  of  United  States  commis- 
sioner for  the  United  States  circuit  and  district  courts  of  the  eastern  dis- 
trict of  Pennsylvania.  Tn  the  fall  of  i8()2  he  was  elected  to  the  state 
senate,  and  at  the  next  session  was  re-elected,  being  chosen  president 
pro  tempore  of  that  Ixjdy.  His  record  as  a  senator  is  of  the  highest 
standard.  He  gave  special  attention  to  the  duties  of  the  various  com- 
mittees of  which  lie  was  a  member,  and  allowed  nothing  to  interfere  with 
his  work  as  a  representative  in  the  highest  body  of  the  Keystone  state. 
In  a  word,  the  public  career  of  Mr.  McCarrell  h;is  l)een  unusually  suc- 
cessful and  honorable,  and  as  an  attorney  he  has  taken  a  leading  part 
in  some  of  the  most  noted  litigation  in  the  supreme  and  lower  courts. 
Being  an  effective  advocate,  his  ability  at  the  bar  is  widely  acknowledged, 
and  his  eloquence  in  the  senate  and  in  other  public  assemblages  has  w'on 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  407 

him  a  prominence  that  is  not  confined  l)y  the  toundaries  of  his  native 
state.  As  a  presicHng  officer  in  the  senate  lie  officiated  with  dignity, 
courtesy  and  fairness,  making  a  record  of  wliicli  he  may  well  be  proud. 
In  fact,  it  is  a  matter  of  history  that  not  once  during  his  occupancy  of 
the  chair  was  there  any  question  of  his  decisions  and  not  a  single  appeal 
was  taken  from  his  rulings.  He  was  a  member  of  the  New  Capital 
Building  Commission,  under  the  act  of  April  14,  1897.  On  the  29th 
of  March,  1901,  he  was  appointed  by  President  McKinley  United  States 
attorney  for  the  middle  district  of  Pennsylvania,  which  appointment 
was  confirmed  by  the  senate  December  12,  1901,  for  the  term  of  four 
years. 

Mr.  McCarrell  was  married  on  the  21st  of  December,  1871,  to 
Rebecca  A.,  daughter  of  Robert  Wallace,  of  Clearfeld,  Pennsylvania. 
Two  children  were  torn  of  this  union  :  W'allace  Alexander,  who  died 
at  the  age  of  four  years,  and  Samuel  J.  M.,  Jr.,  who  died  on  the  29th 
of  January,  1901,  aged  nineteen  years.  Mr.  McCarrell  is  known  through- 
out central  Pennsylvania  as  a  generous  and  consistent  church  worker, 
and  his  benevolence  has  always  been  shown  whenever  and  wherever  it 
was  needed.  He  has  proved  a  true  friend  of  the  lalioring  classes,  work- 
ing early  and  late  for  their  advancement,  and  he  has  legions  of  admirers, 
high  and  low.  He  enjoys  a  very  large  and  lucrative  law  practice,  his 
spacious  offices  at  Harrisburg  being  the  Mecca  of  clieuts  from  all  over 
the  state.  He  saw  military  service  during  iS6.^  with  his  college  com- 
pany. 


ANDREW  J.  LAWRENCE. 

Andrew  J.  Lawrence  was  born  in  Allegheny  city,  Pennsylvania,  on 
the  1st  of  March,  1849.     ^'^  father,  John  Lawrence,  was  a  native  of 


408      COMPEXDIUM  OP  HJSTORV  AND  GENEALOGY 

Scotland  and  was  possessed  of  the  sturdy  rind  adniiial>lc  cliaracteristics 
whicli  almost  uniformly  designate  the  true  ty])e  of  the  Scotsman.  As  a 
young  man  he  emigrated  to  America  and  located  in  Allegheny  city, 
where  he  passed  the  rest  of  liis  life.  gi\-ing  his  attention  to  tlic  work  of 
his  trade  and  hecoming  one  of  the  successful  cariientcrs  and  huiiders  of 
that  city,  where  his  death  occurred  in  1864,  at  tlic  age  of  sixty-seven 
years.  His  wife,  whose  maiden  name  was  Christine  Johnstone,  was 
horn  in  Scotland,  and  in  tliat  country  tlicir  marriage  was  solemnized. 
Mrs.  Lawrence  died  in  1882.  They  became  tlic  parents  of  eight  cliildrcn. 
of  whom  six  ar^ living  at  the  present  time,  tlie  subject  of  tliis  l)iogra|)hy 
being  the  youngest.  John  Lawrence  was  a  Republican  in  ids  political 
])roclivities,  and  his  religious  faith  was  that  of  the  United  Presbyterian 
church,  of  which  his  wife  likewise  was  a  devoted  member.  They  were 
people  of  unassuming  character  and  sterling  worth,  and  were  held  in 
high  regard  by  all  who  knew  them. 

Andrew  J.  Lawrence  secured  his  preliminary  educational  iliscii)line 
in  the  public  schools  of  his  native  city,  and  the  same  has  been  effectively 
supplemented  by  personal  apjilication  and  by  the  association  with  the 
practical  affairs  of  life.  He  gave  inception  to  his  business  career  at 
the  age  of  fifteen  years,  when,  in  1864.  he  became  a  messenger  lx>y.  Two 
years  later  he  secured  employment  in  the  Sligo  Iron  Mills,  in  Pittsburg, 
owned  by  the  firm  of  Lyon,  Shorb  &  Company,  and  with  this  concern 
he  continued  for  a  period  of  nine  years,  winning  advancement  through 
his  faithful  and  efficient  service.  He  was  then  tendered  the  position 
of  general  bookkeeper  in  the  Tradesman's  National  Tlank,  in  Pittsburg, 
where  he  so  thoroughly  proved  his  value  in  executive  capacity  that  he 
was  eventually  promoted  to  the  position  of  assistant  cashier,  continuing 
in  the  employ  of  this  well  known  financial  instituticju  until  1887,  when 


OF  THE  STATE  OP  PENNSYLVANIA.  409 

he  engaged  in  tlic  stock  brokerage  business,  in  wliicli  he  has  since  con- 
tinued. 

In  politics  Mr.  Lawrence  gives  his  allegiance  to  tlie  Republican 
party,  Init  he  lias  never  had  political  ambition  in  a  personal  way  and  has 
never  been  incumbent  of  public  office.  He  is  prominently  identified 
with  the  time-honored  fraternity  of  Freemasons,  in  which  he  has  ad- 
vanced to  the  thirty-second  degree  of  the  Scottish  Rite,  and  in  whose 
affairs  he  maintains  an  abiding  interest.  His  affiliations  are  with  St. 
John's  Lodge  No.  219,  F.  &  A.  M. ;  Shiloh  Chapter  No.  257,  R.  A.  M. ; 
Pittsburg  Commandery  No.  i,  K.  T.,  all  of  Pittsburg,  while  in  the  Scot- 
tish Rite  he  is  a  member  of  Pennsylvania  Consistory,  A.  A.  S.  R.,  at 
Pittsburg.  He  is  also  identified  with  the  more  peculiarly  social  adjunct 
of  the  order,  being  a  member  of  Sylvia  Temple  of  the  Ancient  Arabic 
Order  of  the  Nobles  of  the  Mystic  Shrine.  He  is  one  of  the  trustees  of 
the  North  Presbyterian  church,  of  Allegheny  city,  where  he  still  main- 
tains his  home,  and  his  wife  holds  membership  in  the  same. 

On  the  nth  of  April.  1872,  Mr.  Lawrence  was  united  in  marriage 
to  Miss  Fannie  McKune,  a  daughter  of  Robert  McKune,  who  at  one 
time  carried  on  an  extensive  saddlery  business  in  Allegheny  city,  where 
Mrs.  Lawrence  was  torn.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Lawrence  have  one  son,  Charles 
A.  Lawrence,  who  is  assistant  secretary  and  treasurer  of  the  Equitable 
Trust  Company,  of  Pittsburg. 

An  estimate  of  the  character  of  Mr.  Lawrence  is  given  by  Mr.  H. 
M.  Landis,  the  cashier  of  the  Tradesman's  National  Bank :  "My  ac- 
quaintance with  him  dates  back  twenty-two  years,  and  I  have  occasion 
to  feel  especially  grateful  to  him  for  the  help  he  has  given  me.  I  came 
to  the  l)ank  as  a  messenger  and  rose  to  my  present  position  largely 
through  the  instrumentality  of  Mr.  Lawrence,  who  was  always  willing 


410      COMPENDIUM  OP  IIISPORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

to  lend  a  lielping  hand  and  ever  re:idy  with  a  kind  word.  He  is  a  gen- 
erous man  and  ahvays  lias  a  kind  word  fur  Iiis  friends  and  arf|uaint- 
ances." 

CHARLES  ARTHUR  MUEHLBRONNER. 

Charles  A.  Mnehlbronncr,  jjresent  senator  from  the  forty-second 
senatorial  district  of  Pennsylvania,  is  of  Cicrnian  parentage,  and  the  son 
of  a  veteran  of  the  Civil  war,  Christian  H.  Muehlhronner,  who  was 
horn  in  Germany  and  came  to  this  cnuntry  in  1855.  He  followed  the 
occupation  of  a  mechanic  in  I'liiladelphia  for  some  time,  and  afterward 
moved  to  Lagrange.  Ohio.  Tic  responded  to  the  call  for  volunteers 
for  the  preservation  of  the  Ur.ion.  and,  enlisting  in  a  cavalry  regiment, 
served  till  the  close  of  the  war.  with  :is  honorable  a  record  of  service  to 
his  ado]ited  coinitr}'  as  many  ri.'itixe  burn  could  boast  of.  He  then  came 
to  Pittsburg  and  was  employed  on  the  conslructinn  of  the  South  Side 
water  works.  He  soon  afterward  moved  to  a  little  tract  of  land  now 
in  the  twenty-third  ward,  and  engaged  in  tilling  the  soil,  and  especially 
in  grape  culture,  his  fruit  being  noted  all  over  the  state.  He  died  in 
1869.  He  had  shown  himself  to  be  a  model  citizen,  and  was  a  worker 
in  the  Lutheran  church.  He  had  three  sons,  of  whom  two  are  now 
living. 

Charles  A.  Muehlhronner.  the  eldest  of  this  little  family,  was  born 
in  Philadelphia,  May  10,  1857.  He  had  what  might  have  been  consid- 
ered an  unpromising  start  in  life,  for  up  to  his  twelfth  year  he  was  privi- 
leged to  attend  only  a  little  log  schoolhouse  in  Jefferson  county,  West 
Virginia.  But  he  was  ambitious  for  higher  learning,  and  early  mani- 
fested the  energy  and  determination  to  go  up  higher.  When  his  early 
schooldays  were  ended  he  became  an  apprentice  to  a  painter,  and  for 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  413 

the  next  four  years  labored  at  his  trade  and  at  night  stiuhed  surli  books 
as  he  could  get.  Naturally  the  goal  seemed  to  be  far  away,  and  his 
progress  slow,  but  that  there  was  progress  none  can  doubt  who  know 
the  man  as  he  now  is.  From  1870  to  1873  he  was  a  clerk  in  a  general 
store.  Then  followed  a  period  in  which  he  feels  that  he  sowed  !iis  wild 
oats,  although  the  harvest  of  c.\|)eriencc  was  certainly  very  \aluable. 
He  started  out  to  see  the  world,  alone,  on  May  10,  1873,  and  made 
the  long  journey  to  California  by  means  of  freight  and  stock  cars, — 
"side-door  .sleepers,"  to  descend  to  the  vernacular  of  the  profession.  By 
the  time  he  had  reached  his  destination  he  had  also  reached  the  con- 
clusion arrived  at  by  the  majority  of  those  who  are  not  hardened  knights 
of  the  road,  that  there  is  no  ]'lace  like  home.  But  he  remained  in  Cali- 
fornia fifteen  months,  and  then  came  back  to  his  native  state. 

The  beginning  of  Mr.  Muehlbronner's  successful  career  was  rather 
humble.  He  first  become  known  to  the  public  as  a  peddler  of  yeast 
and  oysters.  He  got  a  monopoly  of  supplying  all  the  grocers  of  Alle- 
gheny with  oysters,  and  from  that  branched  out  into  the  poultry  busi- 
ness. This  i)roved  profitable,  and  he  continued  it  for  seven  years  in  the 
Pittsburg  market.  In  1889  he  established  the  commission  firm  on  Lib- 
erty street,  and,  with  yearly  increased  business,  he  has  conducted  it  till 
the  present  time.  Of  course  these  few  words  cannot  completely  convey 
the  history  of  his  commercial  career,  for  he  had  discouragements,  was 
compelled  to  struggle  against  difficulties,  but  it  is  a  pleasure  to  record 
that  he  has  triumphed,  and  to-day  he  has  the  reputation  of  Ijcing  one 
of  the  most  reliable  business  men  in  the  city  of  Pittsburg. 

Mr.  Muehlbronner  has  taken  much  interest  in  jxilitics  and  public 
afifairs.  He  has  always  been  an  enthusiastic  Republican,  and  has  mani- 
fested his  pride  in  his  city  by  using  all  his  influence  for  its  advancement. 
When  twentv-two  vears  of  age  he  was  tax  collector  for  the  seventh  ward 


414      COMPENDIUM  OF  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

of  Allegheny;  he  served  for  thiee  years  as  a  scliool  director,  and  was 
in  the  conimon  council  for  tiie  same  time,  lie  was  elected  to  the  select 
council  for  a  term  of  four  years.  After  ser\ing  two  \ears  in  the  last 
mentioned  hody.  he  resigned  because  of  election  to  the  legiskitnrc  in  1890. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  lower  house  during  the  sessions  of  1891,  1893, 
1895,  1897;  was  chairman  of  the  municipal  corporation  committee;  was 
the  father  of  the  prison  labor  bill,  which  has  i)ro\ed  so  satisfactory  to 
the  people  of  the  state,  and  exerted  his  influence  in  securing  the  pas- 
sage of  many  other  laws  which  were  beneficial  to  the  state,  among  them 
a  law  providing  for  a  change  in  the  charters  of  cities. 

Mr.  Muehlbronner  was  elected  to  the  state  senate  in  1898.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  senate  committee  appointed  to  welcome  home  the  brave 
boys  of  the  Tenth  Pennsyh'ania  \'o1unteer  Kegiment,  after  their  loyal 
ser\ice  in  the  Philippines.  'I'h.e  senate  committee  planned  to  meet  them 
in  San  Francisco  and  escort  tiiem  home,  and  great  preparations  were 
made  for  their  reception.  Through  some  error  the  soldiers  arrived  first, 
and  were  compelled  to  remain  on  board  the  vessel  for  a  day  before  the 
committee  arrived.  Their  joy  on  reaching  home  was  somewhat  marred 
by  the  death,  on  the  homeward  voyage,  of  their  colonel,  Ale.xander  L. 
Hawkins.  His  successor  at  tiic  head  of  the  troops  was  Lieutenant 
Colonel  J.  E.  Barnett,  a  i)ersonal  friend  of  Senator  Mu'jhlhronner,  and 
it  happened  that  the  latter  had  been  chosen  to  deliver  the  address  of  wel- 
come. And  the  Senator  did  all  in  his  ])ower  for  the  comfort  of  "the 
Ixjys,"  and  through  his  influence  m.'uiy  extra  courtesies,  such  as  Pullman 
and  dining  cars,  were  l)estowed  on  them.  The  largest  concourse  of  peo- 
ple ever  gathered  in  Pittsburg  greeted  them  on  their  arrival,  and  the 
late  President  McKinley,  who  was  the  city's  guest  at  the  time,  gave 
them  a  kindly  greeting  that  they  will  never  forget. 

From  the  preceding  narrative  it  will  be  seen  Uiat  Mr.  Muehlbrcjnner 


OF,  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLl'AXIA.  415 

is  an  eminently  self-made  man.  rind  his  career  not  only  furni>^hcd  himseif 
mnch  satisfaction.  l:ut  the  people  of  the  county  and  district  have  set 
their  seal  of  ajjproval  upon  h\m  hy  electint,^  him  so  often  to  represent 
them.  A  prominent  business  man  of  Pittsburg  gives  the  following 
tribute;  "I-'or  over  ten  years  I  have  been  accpiainted  with  Mr.  Muehl- 
bronner.  There  is  embodied  in  his  name  everything  that  is  right  and 
honorable.  A  man  that  has  come  up  from  the  humble  walk  of  life  and 
has  successfully  con(|uered  every  obstacle  before  him.  a  successful  mer- 
chant by  indefatigalde  work  and  attending  closely  to  business,  and  pos- 
sessing the  entire  confidence  of  th.e  community. — I  could  not  say  too 
much  for  iiim." 

Mr.  Muehlbronner  is  a  thirty-second  degree  Mason  and  a  member 
of  the  Mystic  Shrine.  He  also  belongs  to  the  Knights  of  Pythias  and  the 
Indeiiendent  Order  of  Odd  b'ellows.  As  a  club  man,  he  is  enrolled  i:)n  the 
registers  of  the  Taritt.  F.Iks"  Club,  the  .\mericus.  the  Uni^n  League. 
Republican.  L'niun  Hunting  and  I'ishing.  American  Clubs,  the  Alle- 
gheny Turners,  and  various  other  social  organizations.  Mr.  Muehl- 
linniner  was  marrietf  ^^lay  ii.  1S7S.  to  Miss  .\melia  iiehm,  and  they 
are  the  parents  of  six  children,  two  sons  and  four  daughters. 


JOHN  W.  NESBIT. 

.\mong  the  native  sons  of  the  old  Keystone  state  who  have  won 
prestige  in  civic,  militarv  and  otilcial  life  is  John  W.  Xesbit,  who  is  in- 
cumbent of  the  important  office  of  L'nited  States  pension  agent  in  the 
city  of  Pittsimrg  and  who  is  prominently  identified  with  various  business 
enterprises  in  the  county.  He  ser\ed  in  the  war  of  the  Rebellion,  and 
was  mustered  out  with  a  good  army  record:  he  made  an  excellent  record 
as  a   inember  of  the  state  legislature:  and   has   won  through  his  own 


4I>;       COMPENDIUM  OF  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

efforts  a  ilistiiictive  success  in  connection  with  industrial  ami  other  l>usi- 
ness  acti\ities.  Tluis  he  Ijeconies  unmislakahly  ehgiliie  for  rc])rcsenta- 
tion  in  a  work  of  this  nature. 

John  W.  Xeshit  was  horn  in  Soutii  Fayette  townsliip.  .\lle,t;iu'ny 
county,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  uth  of  May,  1S40,  hcing  the  son  of  j.inies 
McConnell  and  Eliza  (Woods)  Nesbit,  representing  stanch  old  Scotch- 
Irish  lineage,  while  the  respecti\e  families  have  long  Ijeen  established  on 
American  soil.  Mr.  Xeshit  was  reared  under  the  sturdy  disci])!ine  of 
the  farm,  and  his  educational  pri\ileges  in  his  youth  were  such  as  were 
afforded  in  the  public  schools  of  the  localit_\-  and  ])eri(]d.  Tie  cniliniied 
to  assist  in  the  work  of  the  homestead  farm  until  the  dark  cloud  of  civil 
war  obscured  the  national  horizon,  when  on  the  _'jd  of  August,  i86j. 
he  enlisted  as  a  pri\-ate  in  Cnnijiau}-  1),  One  ilundred  and  I'orly-ninth 
Pennsylvania  Volunteer  Infantry,  which  was  shortly  afterward  assigned 
to  the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  w  ith  which  it  was  in  active  serxice  under 
Burnside,  Hooker,  Meade  and  (irant,  taking  jiarl  in  many  of  the  most 
notable  conflicts  which  marked  the  course  of  the  great  struggle,  including 
the  battles  of  Chancellorsvilie,  Gettysburg,  Mine  Hun,  the  Wilderness, 
I-iurel  Hill,  Spottsylvania,  North  Anna,  Cild  llarl^or,  Petersburg,  W'el- 
don  Railroad,  Dabney's  Mills,  and  Hatcher's  Run.  besides  many  minor 
engagements  and  skirmishes.  Mr.  Nesbit  remained  in  aclise  service 
until  the  close  of  the  war,  when  he  received  bis  honorable  discharge 
and  was  mustered  out  as  a  sergeant. 

.After  the  close  of  the  war  Mr.  Xeshit  returned  to  his  home  and 
resumed  agricultural  operations,  later  becoming  actixe  in  connection 
with  political,  business  and  military  affairs.  In  the  year  1S75  he  effected 
the  organization  of  Company  C,  Fourteenth  Regiment,  Xational  (iuard 
of  Pennsylvania,  of  which  he  was  elected  captain  r)n  .\ugusl  14th  of 
'I'-it  year.     He  continued  in  command  of  this  comi)any  until  July  9,  1893, 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  417 

when  lie  was  elected  niajur  and  forthwith  assunietl  command  of  the 
Second  Battahon  of  the  regiment.  On  the  iJtli  of  May.  uSyH,  he  enH.^^ted 
fur  service  in  tiie  Spanish-American  war,  Init  so(mi  afterward  resigned 
to  resume  liis  duties  as  L'nited  States  pension  agent  at  I'ittsljurg.  to 
whicli  otlice  he  had  l>een  prex'iously  appointed.  Major  Xesbit  Ijccame 
actively  concerned  in  political  aftairs  a  number  of  years  ago,  ha\-ing  ever 
been  an  uncompromising  ailvocate  of  the  princijiles  mid  policies  of  the 
Republican  party,  and  bis  prominence  in  county  politics  led  to  his  being 
chosen  as  the  candidate  of  his  part}'  for  representati\*e  of  the  sixth  Alle- 
gheny assembly  district  in  the  state  legislature,  to  which  position  he  was 
first  elected  in  1880,  serxing  during  the  sessions  of  1881  and  1883  and 
being  subsecjuently  re-elected  and  serxing  in  the  general  assemblies  of 
1889,  1891  and  1893,  He  was  an  actixe  working  member  of  the  legislatix'e 
body,  in  which  be  was  assigned  to  several  important  committees  within 
the  several  sessions,  and  be  ably  represented  his  constituency  and  the 
interests  of  the  state  at  large. 

On  the  1st  of  I'ebruary,  1895,  Major  Xesbit  received  from  Governor 
Hastings  the  appointment  as  superintendent  of  the  state  arsenal,  at  Har- 
risburg,  anil  be  continued  in  tenure  of  this  oflke  until  December  16,  1897, 
when  he  resigned.  In  1896  he  was  a  canditlate  for  sheriff  of  Allegheny 
county,  Init  was  defeated  in  the  nominating  conxention.  On  June  ist 
of  that  year  he  \xas  elected  jjresident  of  the  Sixth  Assembly  District 
Republican  League,  while  his  appointment  to  the  of^ce  of  United  States 
pension  agent  xvas  conferred  by  our  martyred  president,  William  Mc- 
Kinley,  on  the  i8th  of  Decemlier,  1897.  He  has  since  rendered  most 
effectixe  serxice  in  this  capacitx',  haxing  been  reappointed  to  the  office, 
by  President  Roosevelt,  on  the  last  day  of  January,  190J. 

Major  Xesbit  is  identifieil  xvitb  a  number  of  important  business 
enterprises  and  b;is  taken  a  particularly  lively   interest    in  all   that  con- 


•lis       COMt'ENDWM  (.)!•  UISIORY  AND  GliSliALOGY 

CLTiis  the  (Icxcliipmenl  anil  malerial  uplniildiniL;  nf  iIr-  attractive  Imwh 
of  Oakdale,  wliere  lie  maintains  his  linmi-.  luninjj  a  liandsdnic  residence 
in  Hastings  avenue,  lie  owns  a  stock  and  t'rnit  farm  at  I'-eeclimnnt. 
tliis  county,  and  gi\cs  the  same  liis  iiersunal  su])er\isinn  ;  he  is  an  in- 
terested principal  in  the  (^aUdale  Insurance  Agency:  is  secretary  and 
treasurer  of  the  American  Safe  X:  Lock  Company,  of  I'ittshurg:  is  a 
stockholder  in  the  Carnegie.  McDonald  &  Cannnshurg  Street  Railway 
Company;  is  president  of  the  West  TVnu  Telephone  Company:  a  director 
of  the  First  National  Hank  of  Oakdale  and  also  in  the  I'armers'  Mntn.al 
insurance  Company,  of  this  ])lace ;  and  is  secretary  and  treasurer  of  the 
Oakdale  i'rinting  &  I'uhlishing  Com])an\-.  h\-  which  is  puhlished  the 
Oakdale  Tiiiirs,  to  whose  columns  he  is  a  fre(|uent  contributor.  Aside 
from  these  more  purely  business  associations,  it  may  be  mentioned  that 
Major  Nesbit  is  also  a  member  of  the  board  of  managers  of  the  Roys" 
Industrial  Home,  at  Oakdale:  is  i)resident  of  the  Oakdale  Armory  .\sso- 
ciation,  secretary  of  the  Oakdale  Cenieter_\-  Com])any,  ])resi(lent  of  the 
Melrose  Cemetery  Cc)mi)any  (at  Bridge\ille)  and  a  member  of  the  Oak- 
dale lM)ard  f)f  health. 

Major  Nesljit  is  a  member  of  the  b'irst  Tresbyterian  church,  in  his 
home  town,  as  is  also  his  wife,  and  fraternally  he  is  identified  with  the 
Union  Veteran  T-egion  and  the  (irand  Army  of  the  Republic.  A  jiromi- 
nent  city  official  of  Pittsburg  gives  the  following  estimate  of  the  char- 
acter of  Mr.  Nesbit:  "My  aciiuaintance  with  him  dates  from  .\ugu.st 
22,  1862,  and  it  was  my  good  fortune  to  l)e  a  fellow  comrade  in  the 
same  company  and  regiment  with  him  during  the  Ci\i!  war.  He  en- 
listed as  a  private  and  was  mustered  out  a  sergeant,  and  I  regarded  him 
as  one  of  the  best  men  in  the  company.  He  was  liked  by  everyone,  by 
reason  of  his  excellent  traits  of  character,  and  appeared  to  be  in  his  glory 
'  ■  a  battle.     His  bravery  and  daring  were  not  his  only  good  qualities. 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  419 

rieiiial  and  kindly  in  his  intercourse  witli  all.  he  was  a  model  soldier  and 
showed  himself  to  he  an  nprig-ht  and  moral  man.  never  being  .guilty  of  a 
small  act  and  sliowing-  a  marked  ajjpreciation  of  and  love  for  his  friends. 
1  e\'cr  considered  his  word  as  good  as  his  Ixind.  and  as  a  soldier  he  liad 
the  confidence  of  all  his  comrades.  In  ])ri\atc  life  he  is  an  excellently 
good  business  man  and  a  capable  and  trustworthv  official." 

On  the  20th  of  October,  1870,  Major  Nesbit  was  united  in  mar- 
riage to  Miss  Jennie  B.  Chulibie.  a  daughter  of  Benjamin  Chubbie,  and 
they  have  had  the  following  children :  Harry  J.  Xesbit,  practicing  law 
in  the  firm  of  Miller,  Prestley  &  Nesbit:  Charles  B.  Nesbit.  connected 
with  the  Tinplate  of  Griffiths  «S:  Company,  Waynesburg,  Pennsylvania; 
b'rank  \\'.  Xesbit.  a  law  student  and  private  secretary,  who  died  April 
17,  1902.     All  were  graduates  of  Washington  and  Jeft'erson  College. 

DR.  FRANCIS  GRAHAM  GARDINER. 

Dr.  Francis  Graham  Gardiner,  one  of  the  leading  medical  practi- 
tioners of  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania,  is  the  son  of  I-'rancis  Gardiner,  who 
was  born  in  Ireland  in  1800.  The  latter  was  a  man  of  learning,  had 
recei\-ed  a  good  education  in  the  old  country  and  taught  school  in  Ire- 
land in  the  early  part  of  his  career,  and  after  moving  to  the  province  of 
Ontario.  Canada,  followed  the  same  calling  for  several  years.  Init  for 
the  greater  part  of  his  life  devoted  his  attention  to  agriculture.  He 
was  a  much  respected  man  in  his  coiumunity.  was  strictly  upright  in 
his  dealings,  and  his  successful  and  persevering  industry  resulted  in 
the  accumulation  of  a  handsome  property.  He  was  an  Orangeman  in 
the  old  country,  and  was  for  many  years  a  member  of  the  English  Epis- 
co])al  church,  in  which  faith  he  died  in   1878. 

Dr.  brands  G.  Gardiner  was  lH)rn  in  Xcwiviyne,  jirovince  of  On- 


4-'o     coMPnxnn'M  or  iiistorv  .ia'd  genealogy 

tario,  Canada.  August  4,  1850,  ami  u])  to  liis  seventeenth  year  atlended 
llie  Diiminiim  jiulilic  schofils.  At  tlirit  aiLje  he  entered  Georgetown  Acad- 
emy at  Georgetown.  Canada,  and  tlie  degree  of  A.  M.  was  conferred 
upon  Iiiui  liy  Westminster  L'nix'ersity.  In  1873  he  nritiicnlated  in  the 
University  of  Michigan  at  Ann  Arlior  and  was  graduated  there  in  iS.So. 
Tie  was  also  a  student  in  hoth  the  Ihshop  Medical  College  in  Canada 
.and  the  l^etroit  Medical  College  in  Michigan.  In  iSSo  he  came  to  I'itts- 
l)iirg.  and  since  this  year  has  hecn  contiiuiously  engaged  in  the  i)ractice 
of  medicine  in  this  city,  where  he  enioys  a  large  and  lucrative  ])ractice, 
and  has  also  taken  a  successfid  ]iart  in  other  husiness  acti\'ities.  lie  is 
physician  for  tlie  I'rotestant  f-lpiscoijal  Home  and  llomc  for  Incur.ahles. 
Dr.  Gardiner  is  ]ir(^sidcnt  of  the  Allegheny  \';dlc\'  I'lrnik.  to  which 
position  he  was  elected  in  ii)0().  He  has  made  c.\tensi\-e  inyestments  in 
real  estate  in  rittshurg.  and  the  supervision  of  this  ])ro])crtv  rc(|uircs  cnn- 
siderahle  attention  hesidcs  that  which  he  gives  tf)  his  jirofcssional  duties. 
Dr.  Gardiner  is  just  in  the  jirimc  of  life,  and  his  hroad  intellectuality  ;md 
his  excellent  physical  health  and  genial  character  afford  him  the  utmost 
enjoyment  of  all  the  good  things  that  life  offers,  lie  has  a  cultivated 
taste  in  litcr.ature  and  is  an  omni\-orous  reader,  hcing  the  pr)ssessnr  of  a 
very  costly  lihrary  of  medical  works  and  classics.  He  is  much  interested 
in  mathematics,  and  is  proficient  in  th;U  hranch  of  learning.  While  he 
resided  in  Canada  he  was  engaged  in  teaching  school  for  six  years.  Dr. 
Gardiner  is  a  Democrat,  and  is  senior  warden  of  St.  lohn  Rpiscopa! 
church.     He  is  unmarried. 


JUDGE  GEORGE  SCOTT  HART. 

Judge  George  Scott  Hart.  decea.sed.  one  of  the  shining  lights  of 
the  legal  profession  and  a  representative  of  the  hcnch  of  W'ashington, 


cU^ 


OF  THE  STATE  OP  PENNSYLVANIA.  423 

Pennsyh-ania.  was  born  in  Pittsburg,  Pennsyhania,  July  29.  1824,  and 
/lied  at  Washington.  Pennsylvania,  May  15,  1888.  He  was  the  third 
son  of  John  and  Susan  (Barr)  Hart,  natives  of  western  T'ennsylvania, 
descended  from  Scotch  and  Irish  ancestry,  respectively. 

When  George  Scott  Hart  was  still  a  ])oy  the  family  removed  to  the 
town  of  Washington,  and  he  received  careful  training  in  the  public 
•  uid  prixate  schools  of  that  jjlace,  being  admitted  later  as  a  student  at 
Washington  College,  from  which  he  was  graduated  with  honor  in  1842. 
After  completing  his  collegiate  course  he  taught  a  country  school  dur- 
ing one  term,  and  then  acce]5ted  the  jjosition  of  private  teaclier  in  the 
home  of  Judge  Jnynes.  of  Accomac  county.  Virginia.  During  the  year 
spent  in  Virginia,  he  began  the  study  of  law.  having  liis  employer  as 
preceptor.  When  he  returned  to  Washington  he  entered  the  law  office 
of  John  L.  Gow.  Esq.,  quite  a  distinguished  lawyer,  and  under  his  guid- 
ance ]3ursued  his  legal  stuflies  until  the  required  course  had  Ijcen  com- 
pleted. He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  of  Washington  count}-  at  the  .\ugust 
term,  in  1846.  The  year  following  his  admission  a  vacancy  occurred  in 
the  office  of  deputy  attorney  general  (district  attorney)  for  \\'ashington 
county,  and  the  young  law}er  was  appointed  to  fill  that  vacancy.  In  the 
fall  of  1850  he  was  elected  to  the  same  office,  and  served  the  full  term 
of  three  years,  discharging  his  duties  with  conspicuous  abilitv.  Shortly 
after  his  successor  bad  been  chosen,  he  seems  to  have  tired  of  the  legal 
profession,  and  for  several  years  thereafter  edited  with  marked  ability 
and  success  the  W'asbington  Examiner,  an  influential  and  popular  news- 
jiaper.  In  1857  be  disjiosed  of  bis  interest  in  the  newspaper  plant  and 
rctiu'ned  to  the  practice  of  the  law.  and  soon  secured  all  the  work  he  was 
able  to  do.  l~or  many  years  he  was  engaged  on  one  side  or  the  other 
in  nearly  all  the  important  litigation  in  the  courts  of  W'ashington  county. 

In    1876.    without   solicitation   on    bis   ])art.   the   convention   of   tlie 


i-'4     Compendium  of  history  and  genealogy 

Democratic  iKirty  in  \VasIiingtnn  cdunty  nn;iiiiniously  named  liim  as  tlie 
party's  candiilatc  fur  tlic  office  of  iiresident  judye  i>\  the  t\vent\'-sc\eiilli 
district  of  Pennsylvania.  Tlic  Rc])ul)lican  ])aity  nominated  the  then 
presiding  judge,  the  lion.  A.  W.  Aches(jn,  as  his  opi)oncnt.  I'.oth  can- 
didates were  al)le  lawyers  and  ])opnlar  men,  and  the  contest  was  close 
and  exciting.  When  the  \dtes  were  cmnited  it  was  found  Mr,  1  l.irt 
iiad  hcen  successful  h\'  the  small  majority  of  five,  Mr,  Ilart  assumed 
the  duties  of  His  office  the  first  Monday  of  January,  1S77,  .ami  for  ten 
years  and  luUil  the  end  of  the  term  for  which  he  had  heen  chosen,  he 
was  faitlifid.  honest  and  courageous  in  the  discharge  of  all  offici.al  husi- 
ness.  When  he  rctire<l  from  the  hcnch  it  was  with  sliattercd  health. 
resulting  from  the  exacting  an,d  onerous  duties  of  ten  long  years,  lie 
opened  rm  office  for  the  ])racticc  of  law  in  the  town  where  nearly  his 
entire  life  had  heen  sjient.  Clients  came  to  him  with  im])ortant  l>usiness. 
hut  he  was  ])hysically  unahlc  tn  engage  in  the  actixe  duties  ,)\  his  ])ro- 
fession.  lie  sought  his  clients  and  instructed  them  to  seou'e  counsel, 
gave  u])  his  office  and  tried  to  recov'cr  his  health  hy  tra\-el  and  otherwise, 
Init  it  was  all  futile,  Tn  a  few  sliort  months  he  passed  away  jieacefully 
and  quietly. 

Sucli  is  the  record  of  one  of  the  ]nu"cst  men  who  ever  adorned  the 
liar  or  hcnch  of  I'cnnsvlvania.  Ilis  private  life  was  ah  .\e  re])ro,ach. 
P>y  reason  of  the  early  death  of  his  father.  Juilgc  Mart  hecamc  the  .'^up- 
port  of  his  mother  and  sisters  and  greatly  aided  his  hrothers  in  their 
upward  .struggle,  lie  was  unselfish  in  every  way  and  cared  not  for  the 
possession  of  money  except  for  the  good  that  he  might  he  etudiled  to  do 
for  others  hy  its  use. 


OF  THE  STATE  OE  PENNSYLVANIA.  425 

ALEXANDER  XI MICK. 

Alexander  Ximiok,  deceased,  nne  of  tlie  oldest  business  men  of 
Pittsburg  at  the  time  of  his  death,  and  iimminent  as  a  manufacturer 
and  financier  for  nearly  sixty  years,  was  born  in  I'ittsburg,  Fe1)ruary  20. 
1820.  When  lie  was  twenty  years  old  he  and  his  brother  were  employed 
by  Michael  Allen  in  the  steamlxiat  Inisincss,  and  they  later  succeeded 
to  the  business  of  their  employer.  He  was  next  identified  with  the  iron 
business,  and  he  and  his  brother,  William  K..  had  a  large  share  in  the 
Sheffield  steel  works  of  Singer,  Ximick  &  Comi)any.  and  in  the  Sligo 
iron  works  of  Phillips,  Ximick  &  Compau}-.  In  1863  he  became  con- 
nected with  the  Jones  &  Ximick  Manufacturing  Company,  successors  to 
Jones.  Wallingfnrd  &  Company,  owners  of  the  variety  works  at  Lockton 
station  on  the  Panhandle  Railroad,  and  in  1872  the  former  firm  became 
the  Jacolnis  S:  Nimick  Manufacturing  Company,  and.  in  1882.  the 
Nimick-Brittan  Manufacturing  Company,  with  Mr.  Ximick  as  presi- 
dent. This  concern  manufactured  all  kinds  of  builders'  hardware.  Other 
of  the  extensive  manufacturing  enterprises  with  wbicli  Mr.  Ximick  was 
connected  during  the  active  period  of  his  life,  was  tlic  Standard  Xut 
Company ;  was  head  of  X'imick  &  Com])any.  pig-metal  merchants :  and 
interested  in  the  Pittslnu-g  Locomotive  Works  and  a  director  of  the 
Oliver  Wire  Company. 

Although  the  interests  abo\c  mentioned  would  make  Mr.  Ximick's 
place  secure  in  the  industrial  world,  his  widest  reinitation  rests  upon 
his  record  as  a  financier.  He  was  one  of  the  incorporators  of  the  West- 
ern Insurance  Company  in  1840.  and  for  thirt\--three  years  was  either 
a  director  or  president  of  the  company.  In  1852  a  large  block  of  the 
stock  in  the  Pittsburg  Trust  Company  was  owned  by  Mr.  Ximick  and 
his  brother  William  K.     This  institution  was  incorjiorated.  in   1864.  into 


4'2ti       COMPIlXnil'M  or  IIISIOR)'  .1X1)  GENEALOGY 

llic  l-'ii'sl  XaliiHial  liank  nf  I 'iushur.t;-.  i\i  wliicli  W.  I\.  Xiniick  was 
president  until  April.  1H75.  when  lie  AwA  and  was  succeeded  liy  janics 
l.;m,<jlilin.  On  tlic  death  nf  tlic  latter,  in  December.  iSXj.  Alexander 
Xiniick  was  elected  president.  Two  years  hetHre  his  death,  nn  accnnnt 
,  of  failing  health.  Mr.  Xiniick  resigned  this  tr\ist.  ;ind  tnuk  the  olTice  of 
vice  i)resident.  Charles  E.  Speer  heing  made  president,  lie  w.is  also, 
until  his  death,  vice  president  of  the  Ivxchange  X.ational  li.ank.  and  a 
director  for  many  years;  and  was  ilirectnr  nt  the  Real  l'.st;ite  Savings 
Bank. 

Such  a  life  of  industry  and  activity  in  ci  mimorcial  .and  industrial 
lines  did  not  prevent  Mr.  Xiniick  from  following  the  incenti\es  of  his 
liher.'il  and  ])liilantIiropic  nature,  .and  taking  part  in.much  of  the  benevolent 
work  of  his  city,  lie  was  a  member  of  the  lio.ard  of  managers  of  the 
West  Penn  Hospital  and  Dixmont  Insane  Asylum,  and  was  interested 
in  the  l^eaf  and  Diimb  Institute  at  Edgewood.  During  the  Civil  war 
he  was  one  of  those  who  remained  behind  while  others  went  to  tiie 
front,  but  are  deserving  of  all  praise  for  their  devoted  efforts  in  furnish- 
ing the  much  needed  assistance  to  those  in  the  field,  and  for  helping  by 
word  and  deed  the  cause  of  human  liberty.  lie  was  one  of  the  original 
incorporators  of  tlie  Homewood  cemetery,  and  was  also  connected  with 
the  Allegheny  Cemetery  Company. 

Mr.  Nimick's  first  wife  was  a  sister  of  the  late  Major  William  brew, 
and  his  second  marriage  was  with  a  sister  of  the  late  Colonel  Hartley 
Howard.  The  second  wife  died  many  years  before  her  husband,  leax'ing 
one  son,  William  Howard  Xiniick.  who  is  vice  i)resident  of  the  Keystone 
Bank.  Mr.  Nimick  lived  for  a  niunber  of  years  with  his  sister,  Miss 
Mary  Nimick,  but  the  last  two  years  of  his  life  were  spent  at  the  home 
of  his  son,  where  his  death  occurred  on  December  20,  1899.  He  had 
been  reared  in  tlie   faith  of  the  United   Presbvterian  church.      He  had 


O?   THE  STATE  OT  PE.NNSVLVANIA.  427 

playt'd  his  i)art  in  life  well,  and  llic  niatnrily  ol'  his  ynutlifnl  hopes  and 
l^lans  was  lia))pi!y  synil)iih/'.e(l  liy  his  ripeness  of  years,  and  lie  passed 
away  venerahle  and  honored. 

WILLIAM  N.  HOWARD. 

Not  alone  is  there  particular  interest  attaching  to  the  career  of  the 
honored  suhject  of  this  sketch  as  one  of  the  representati\'e  business  men 
of  .the  city  of  Pittshurg  and  as  the  son  of  a  clergyman  who  wielded  a 
large  and  important  influence  on  religious  life  and  work  in  this  citv,  hut 
also  in  connection  with  his  genealogical  record,  in  the  reviewing  of  which 
we  find  his  lineage,  both  agnatic  and  maternal,  tracing  hack  to  the  carlv 
colonial  epoch  in  our  national  history  and  to  stanch  Scotch  and  English 
deri\-ation.  respectixely.  Through  such  sources  ha\-e  we  attained  the 
true  American  t\'pe.  and  along  tliis  line  must  our  investigations  proceed 
if  we  would  learn  of  the  steadfast  and  unyielding  elements  which  con- 
stitute the  basis  upon  which  has  been  reared  the  lofty  and  magnificent 
superstructure  of  an  enlightened  and  fa\-ored  commonwealth. 

\\'i]liam  Xeill  Howard,  is  a  native  son  of  the  old  Keystone  state 
of  the  Union,  ha\-iiig  been  born  in  the  city  of  riiiladelphia,  on  the  loth 
of  November.  1834.  the  eldest,  and  one  of  the  fi\-e  living,  of  the  seven 
children  born  to  Rev.  William  D.  Tlowanl.  D.  D..  and  his  wife.  Adelaide. 
)icc  Allen.  Dr.  Howard  was  one  of  the  distinguished  clergymen  of  the 
Presbvteriaii  church.  an<l  was  likewise  born  in  the  city  of  Philadelphia, 
where  he  was  reared  and  cdiicated.  After  his  ordination  he  was  pa.stor 
of  a  churcli  in  his  native  city  for  a  period  (^f  eleven  years,  at  the  ex- 
piration of  which  he  came  to  Pitt.sburg.  where  for  one  year  more  than 
a  (|uarter  of  a  century  he  held  the  pastorate  of  tlie  Second  Presbyterian 
church.     His  life  was  one  of  signal  consecration  and  dex'otion  to  the 


428       COMPEXDIUM  OF  HISTORY  .IXD  GBKEAl.OGY 

work  of  the  Divine  Master,  in  llie  uplii'tnin-  dl'  liis  fellow  men.  while 
under  his  regime  his  chnreli  ])ro;,])ereil  Imth  s])n"ilnall\-  and  temixirally 
dnrinj,'  the  li>ng  years  of  his  pastorale,  lie  was  endowed  with  high 
intellectual  powers,  was  ever  gracious  and  kindly  in  manner.  Imlding 
the  affection  and  esteem  of  his  llock  and  the  high  regard  of  all  who 
knew  him,  while  lie  ever  lived  to  the  "mark  nf  his  high  calling."  lie 
was  summoned  into  eternal  rest  on  the  J_'d  of  .Se])tenil)er.  iSjd,  .-it  the 
age  of  sixtv-two  years,  and  his  cherished  and  de\iilcd  wife  jiassed  away 
on  the  5th  of  March,  1SS5.  Theii'  memories  remain,  to  all  ihuse  who 
came  within  in  the  sphere  nf  their  inllnencc,  as  the  "henediction  that 
follows  after  ])raver."  The  ancestry  on  the  father's  side  emigrated  frnin 
England  to  America  in  i'')30  and  settled  in  the  Xew  h"ngl;md  colnnies, 
having  heen  of  pure  luiglish  lineage,  and  the  ancestry  on  the  mother's 
side  was  of  stanch  old  haiglish  stock  and  an  early  exemplar  of  the  simple 
and  ntihle  faith  of  the  Societv  of  hriends.  and  came  fr(im  JMigland  to 
America  in  ir)82.  llis  maternal  grandfather  and  gran<lmother  came  to 
this  country  from  haigland  in  1793,  his  grandfather  hcing  a  native  of 
Scotland,  hut  reared  in  luigland.  and  his  grandmother  a  natise  of  the 
l)e.antifnl  cnnntv  of  Warwick,  England. 

W  illiam  X.  Thiward  receixed  his  early  education  in  Imtli  pnhlic  and 
private  schools  in  the  cities  of  riiiladel]iliia  rmd  I'ittshurg,  and  his  was 
the  ])rivilege  of  having  heen  reared  in  a  Ikjuic  of  culture,  refinement  and 
deep  Christian  piety.  When  a  young  man  he  entered  the  office  of  the 
late  William  Rakewell,  Esq..  an  eminent  lawyer  of  I'ittsl)in\g.  where  he 
remained  for  four  years  engaged  in  the  study  of  law.  hut.  his  tastes 
inclining  luore  to  cotniuercial  pursuits,  he  did  in  it  apply  for  admission 
to  the  har,  and  in  1S56  entered  into  mercantile  life  .and  was  connected 
with  large  jol)hing  houses.  In  1868  he  changed  his  line  of  husiness, 
and  engaged  in   manufacturing  and   mining  iirms.   and    from   ih.at    time 


OF  THE  STATE  01-  PENNSYEr.lX I.I.  429 

onward,  witli  short  intervals,  has  occupied  positions  of  great  trust  and 
responsiljility  with  some  of  tiie  largest  firms  and  corporations  in  western 
Pennsylvania  in  the  development  of  those  industries  which  ha\e  made 
Pittshurg  one  of  the  greatest  manufacturing  centers  of  the  world.  lie 
accepted  the  ])osition  as  general  manager  in  Pittshurg  for  the  Howard 
Su])pl\-  Comjian}-,  of  Pliiladelphia,  manufacturers  of  and  dealers  in 
railroad  sup])lies,  anci  this  incumhency  he  has  e\x'r  since  retained.  handlin.g 
the  husiness  with  that  signal  ability  and  discrimination  which  has  given 
him  prestige  as  a  ca])able  husiness  man,  while  diu'ing  all  the  long  years 
of  his  career  in  connection  with  commercial  enterprises  in  Pittsburg  he 
has  held  the  iu(jst  unequi\'ocal  confidence  and  esteem,  in  both  business 
and  Social  circles,  numbering  among  his  friends  many  of  the  representa- 
ti\-e  citizens  of  b(jth  Pittsburg  and  Allegheny  city,  in  which  latter  be 
maintains  his  liome,  among  the  nmnber  beng  the  Hon.  Morrison  Foster, 
one  of  the  esteemed  associate  editors  of  this  work. 

In  speaking  of  Mr.  Howard,  one  of  his  old-time  business  associates. 
Mr.  Lourie  Childs.  gives  a  brief  but  signally  appreciative  estimate  of 
his  character,  in  the  following  words:  "I  have  known  him  for  forty 
years,  and  can  say  that  T  do  not  think  they  make  any  better  nien  than 
William  X.  Howard."  Air.  Howard  has  ever  shown  marked  executive 
abilitv.  a  wonderful  capacity  for  the  handling  of  manifold  details,  and 
a  business  acumen  and  energy  which  have  made  him  a  valuable 
factor  in  whatever  connection  his  serx'ices  have  been  enlisted,  while  he 
is  recognized  as  one  of  the  most  expert  accountants  in  the  state. 

In  politics  Mr.  Howard  lias  exercised  his  franchise  in  support  of 
the  principles  and  jjolicies  of  the  Republican  party,  from  the  time  when 
he  cast  his  first  presidential  \nte  for  John  C.  Fremont,  in  1856.  He 
is  one  of  the  most  prominent  members  of  the  North  Presbyterian  church, 


430      COMPENDIUM  Ol-  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

ill   Allcj^hciiy  city,   hcint;'  an  eldur  in  llic  same,  ami   liis  (k'cp  ( "liri.stiaii 
failli  lias  ever  found  expres-sioii  in  his  daily  life. 

On  tlie  i8lh  of  Septeniher.  1862.  I\lr.  lloward  was  nin'leil  in  mar- 
riage to  Miss  Katharine  W'otring.  danglitcr  <if  Hun.  .Xhr.iliam  W'otrin.L;'. 
of  Washington  ccninty.  this  state,  and  of  this  niiion  iia\c  been  born  one 
son  and  fmir  danghters,  namely:  Adelaide,  whu  died  in  infancy:  Mary 
\V.,  at  home  with  her  parents:  William  1'...  nf  l'hil;i<lelphia.  general 
manager  of  the  Ibiward  Supply  Compaii}-:  Minnie  II..  wife  of  T.  Hart- 
ford Gillespie,  secretary  and  assistant  treasurer  nf  the  I'uion  jSteel  Com- 
pany of  Pittsburg:  and  Katharine  M.,  wife  nf  Rev.  (ieorge  M.  Ryan, 
pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  church  of  Sallsburg,    Pennsylvania. 

WlM.l.XM   [ILTNTER.  M.  O. 

W'lien  a  man  passes  away  we  Inuk  back  mer  the  lile  ended  and 
note  its  usefulness — its  ])oints  wurtlu'  nf  emulatinn  .nnd  perpe1uatii)n. 
What  William  lluiiter  did  fnr  his  fellmv  men  might,  in  a  manner,  be  told 
in  words,  but  in  its  far-reaching  inlluence  caniidt  be  measured.  He  was 
Ixirn  in  I'hiladelpliia,  Pennsylvania,  being  a  son  of  James  D.  and  Nancy 
(DaughertN)  Ilunter.  nati\-es  of  LuudDiiderry,  lieland,  and  there  they 
were  married.  They  came  to  .\merica  in  an  o])en  s;iil  l)oal,  spending  six- 
teen weeks  on  the  ocean,  and  during  that  lime  encountered  m;uiy  heavy 
storms  and  contr.ary  winds,  which  dro\e  them  out  of  their  course  ;md 
many  times  almost  overpowered  their  small  \essel.  .\t  times  all  ho]ie 
of  reaching  land  was  abandoned,  but  finally  they  reached  the  .\merican 
shore,  and  a  few  da_\s  after  their  arri\al  here  the  son  William  was  born. 
The  family  made  their  home  in  Philadelphia.  I'enn.sylvania.  until  about 
the  year  1838.  when  they  removed  to  (ireensburg.  that  stale,  and  there 
the  father  cnga.gcd   in   the   manufacture   of   brick,    at    which    labor  his 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  433 

son  Williim  rendered  wliat  assistance  lie  could  as  a  boy,  carrying  bricks 
in  tlie  moulds  and  arranging;'  them  for  drying.  James  Hunter  departed 
this  life  in  185 1,  honored  and  resijected  by  all  who  had  the  pleasure 
of  his  acquaintance,  and  his  widow  afterward  made  her  h(jme  with  h.er 
son  \Villiani,  luitil  she,  too,  was  called  to  her  final  rest,  her  death  occur- 
ring in  1881,  w.hen  she  had  reached  the  age  of  eighty-four  years.  She 
sur\i\ed  her  husband  for  thirty  years,  during  which  tim-j  she  remained, 
true  tcj  his  memory.  This  worthy  coU]>le  were  devout  Covenanters,  and 
reared  their  family  in  that  faith. 

William  Hunter  recei\'ed  his  elementary  educational  disci])line  in 
the  .schools  of  Greensburg,  and  later  matriculated  in  the  (jrcensburg 
Academy.  At  an  early  age  he  left  home  and  began  work  f(jr  a  neighbor- 
ing farmer,  his  cash  capital  at  that  time  consisting  of  twenty-ii\'e  cents, 
and  after  some  time  spent  in  that  capacity  he  secured  employment  in  a 
factory  where  window  blinds  were  made  by  attaching  small  strips  of 
wood  together.  In  company  with  his  younger  brother,  Thomas  Hunter, 
he  subsec|uentl\'  <i])ened  a  furniture  store  in  Greensburg.  ami  while 
thus  engaged  he  read  medicine  under  the  prcceptorship  of  Dr.  ]•".  X. 
Spangler.  a  bomenpatbic  plu'sician.  luitering  the  Cleveland  (Ohio) 
Homeopathic  Medical  Ccjllege,  he  was  graduated  from  that  institution 
in  February,  1864,  and  be  and  his  brother  then  disposed  of  their  furni- 
ture store  and  Th(jmas  Hunter  reninsed  with  his  famil}'  to  the  state  of 
Indiana.  \\'illiam  continued  the  ])ractice  of  medicine  in  Greensburg, 
Pennsylvania,  for  a  few  months,  and  then  with  his  mother  remo\ed  to 
Blairsvillc,  Pennsylvania,  be  having  been  the  first  homeopathic  physician 
to  locate  in  Indiana  countv.  .Sonie  \ears  later  bis  brother  Thomas  died, 
leaving  a  familv  of  children,  and  two  weeks  later  his  wife  followed  him 
t(j  the  gra\e.  Dr.  Hunter  then  went  to  Indiana  and  on  his  return  was 
accompanied  by  two  of  the  children,  George,  aged  nine  years,  and  Lizzie, 


434       COMI'ENDIiWJ  01-   lUSlORY  ASD  CIiMlALUUV 

aged  six.  wlmm  Ik-  cared  tHr  as  it  tlit'V  were  his  nwn.  'i'lie  funnel'  read 
medicine  under  his  preceptorshi])  and  later  entered  the  I  lahneniann  Col- 
lege in  Philadeipliia,  fixnn  which  he  was  graduateil  in  i<SSO.  and  is  now 
in  the  enjoyment  of  a  large  and  lucrati\e  practice  in  lUairs\ille.  Pennsyl- 
vania. Lizzie,  after  attending  the  jmhlic  stiiools,  entered  the  r>lairs\ille 
Female  Seminary,  where  she  won  success  in  music.  In  iS(ji  she  was 
married  to  Benjamin  Sherrifif,  of  l>lairs\ille,  an  engineer  on  the  West 
Pennsyhania   Railroad,  and  the_\-  make  their  home  in   Blairsville. 

Di'.  llunler  tollowed  the  practice  of  medicine  for  many  years,  and 
hecame  recognized  as  one  of  the  most  talented  members  of  the  ])rofes- 
sion  in  the  state,  having  done,  perhaps,  as  much  to  ele\ate  the  standard 
of  medical  excellence  as  any  other  man.  He  was  at  all  times  a  genial  gen- 
tleman, courteous  and  considerate,  of  broad  humanitw  sympathies  and 
tolerance,  and  possessed  of  th;'.t  sincere  lo\e  for  his  fellow  men  without 
which  there  can  never  be  the  highest  success  in  the  medical  prfjfession. 
Jt  is  a  remarkable  fact  that  during  all  the  years  of  his  pr;ictice  he  never 
lost  but  two  cases  of  tyi)hoid  fever.  After  the  death  of  his  mother  in 
i88i  he  was  alone  in  the  world,  save  for  his  nephews  and  nieces,  his 
father,  sisters  and  brothers  ha\ing  ])receded  him  to  the  Heavenly  home, 
until  his  marriage,  which  occurred  on  the  loth  of  June,  1897,  when  Miss 
Millie  L.  Stouffer  became  his  wife.  She  is  still  li\ing.  He  was  a  most 
careful  observer  of  the  Sabbath,  and  s])cnt  that  day,  unless  i)ro\identiaIly 
hindered,  in  attending  church  service  during  the  morning  and  evening, 
the  intervening  time  having  I)ccn  si)cnt  in  reading  and  studying  the  word 
of  God.  Whenever  it  was  possible  he  was  found  at  the  Wednesday  even- 
ing prayer-meeting,  and  was  always  ready  to  take  an  active  ])art  in  the 
service.  He  became  connected  with  the  United  Presbyterian  church  of 
Blairsville,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  25th  of  June.  189J.  by  certificate  fnjui 
the  Covenanter  church  at  New  Alexandria,  and  was  ordained  and   in- 


OF  THE  STATE  OP  PENNSYLVANIA.  485 

stalled  a  ruling  elder  April  21.  1894,  whicii  i)ositi()n  he  held  until  his 
death.  He  was  a  man  who  was  very  conservative  in  his  ideas,  yet  most 
loval  to  his  denomination,  a  faithful  attendant  up  iU  the  di\-ine  ordnance 
and  a  must  conscientious  believer  in  the  principles  of  Calvinistic  theology. 
He  was  highly  esteemed  in  the  congregation  over  which  he  ruled,  and 
will  ever  he  held  in  memory  as  one  who  ser\-ed  Ciod  and  his  fellnv  men 
l)v  the  will  of  Ci(k\. 

At  the  death  of  Dr.  Hunter  the  following  was  recorded  in  the  min- 
utes of  the  session  of  the  Unitetl  Presljyterian  church;  "While  we 
submit  in  faith  to  the  e\er-ruling  Providence,  who  in  His  wisdom  has 
called  him  out  of  life  intcj  eteniitw  yet  it  is  with  regret  that  we  part  with 
his  congenial  manner,  wise  counsel,  mature  judgment  and  Christian 
fellowship.  In  Dr.  Hunter  the  church  has  lost  a  loyal  memher.  the 
session  a  helpful  ad\iser  and  the  community  a  respected  citizen.  He 
is  dead,  hut  his  works  do  follow  him.  The  session  desires  to  ex]>ress, 
in  behalf  of  the  congregation,  the  deepest  sympathy  and  lo\'e  for  the 
widowed  wife,  and  pledge  her  our  prayers  that  the  Holy  Comforter 
may  grant  her  sustaining  grace  and  his  richest  blessings,  while  we  assure 
her  that  her  husband's  name  shall  alwa)-s  be  held  in  highest  esteem  by 
the  congregation  which  he  served." 


A.  P.  BURCHFIELD. 

The  historv  of  western  Pennsylwania  during  the  past  c|uarterc)f  a 
century  is  an  unbroken  record  of  improx'emcnt  from  day  to  day  and  year 
to  year,  and  as  monuments  to  the  enterprise  of  those  who  have  practically 
made  this  improvement  possible  are  a  score  or  more  of  great  business 
organizations,  which  are  not  only  iionored  as  foremost  of  such  institu- 
tions of  Penns\l\ania.  Ijut  are  numbered  among  the  greatest  of  their 


430       COMPEXDUM  ()!■   I/ISTORV  AND  GENEALOGY 

kind  ill  tlie  country.  'l"!ic  Pitt'^liuri^-  Dry-Goods  Conipany.  willi  its  an- 
imal business  of  over  five  million  dollars,  is  entitled  to  rank  as  one  of 
tiie  leading  houses  of  its  kind,  and  at  its  head,  as  is  the  case  in  most 
of  the  large  commercial  and  industrial  concerns  f)f  this  country,  stood, 
until  recently,  one  who  entered  life's  activities  in  a  huinhle  cajiacity,  hut 
had  the  energy  and  perseverance  to  reach  the  to]). 

.\.  I'.  Burchfield.  first  president  of  the  Pittsimrg  Dry-(ioods  Com- 
pany, is  the  son  of  Robert  C.  Burchfield.  whose  family  came  to  Alle- 
gheny from  the  middle  part  ot  the  state  alH)ut  \/')0.  and  of  Susan  R. 
Burchfield,  whose  people  were  well  known  in  liedlord  county,  whence 
tiicy  mo\ed  to  the  west  alxaut  1825.  A.  1'.  Burchlield  was  born  in  ,\lle- 
gheny  city.  Pennsylvania,  January  20,  1S44.  and  was  etlucaled  in  the 
public  schools  of  the  third  ward  of  that  cit\'.  llis  school  days  were  brief, 
for  at  the  age  of  twelve  he  entered  the  dr\-goiids  estabhshment  of  William 
Semple.  where  he  remained  till  185S.  In  th.al  year  he  became  connected 
with  the  well  known  dry-goods  house  of  Joseph  Ibirne  &  Com[);niy. 
of  Pittsburg.  He  was  an  intelligent  and  willing  employe  from  the 
first,  and  it  was  not  long  before  he  was  achanced  from  one  position  to 
another,  until,  as  the  years  added  to  his  business  acumen  and  experience, 
he  became  a  inember  of  the  firm.  February  i,  1866.  when  little  more 
than  twenty-two  years  old.  I'roni  th;it  time  on  the  house  owed  much 
of  its  increasing  prosjjcrity  to  Mr.  Burchfield.  Mr.  ilorne  afterward 
took  charge  of  the  retail  department  of  tlie  business,  and  Mr.  r>urchfield 
of  the  wholesale,  and  the  latter  has  since  been  merged  into  the  great 
corporation  above  mentioned.  Incorporation  was  effected  in  .August. 
1893,  witli  Mr.  Burchfield  as  president,  which dllice  he  held  until  .August. 
1897.  Upon  the  death  of  Mr.  Josei)h  Hornc.  in  1894.  Mr.  Burchfield 
was  compelled  to  gi\c  much  of  his  attention  to  the  business  of  Joseph 
Home  &  Company,  in  which  he  had  large  interests,  and  in  1897  he  sev- 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  437 

ered  his  connection  with  the  Pittsburg-  Dry-Goods  Company,  and  ha? 
since  given  iiis  entire  attention  to  the  retail  business.  In  view  of  tlie 
success  of  both  of  tiiese  estabhshnicnts  it  is  needless  to  say  that  Mr. 
Burchfieid  has  a  thorough  kn(jwledge  of  the  dry-go'ids  business,  a  broad 
acquaintance  with  tlie  trade  at  large,  and  exerci.ses  the  liest  of  business 
judgment  in  all  his  transactions. 

Mr.  Burchfield  has  also  done  much  for  the  public  welfare  of  his 
city.  He  is  \ice  president  of  the  Western  Pennsylvania  Exposition  So- 
ciety, and  is  a  director  of  the  Mount  Pleasant  and  Bradford  Railroad 
and  the  Pittsburg  and  Mansfield  Railroad,  is  a  director  of  the  Pittsburg 
chaml)er  of  commerce,  and  through  these  relations  and  in  many  other 
ways  has  aided  the  progress  and  dex'elopment  of  this  great  section,  of 
Pennsylvania. 

Mr.  Burchfield  was  one  of  the  defenders  of  the  Union  in  the  Civil 
war,  and  for  many  years  has  been  one  of  the  foremost  members  of  the 
Grand  Arm}'  o{  the  Republic.  In  1S85  he  was  elected  senior  \ice  depart- 
ment commander,  G.  A.  R.,  in  the  department  of  Pennsvl\-ania.  and  his 
excellent  ser\'ices  were  such  as  to  lead  to  still  further  i)romotion.  In 
1895  '1^  ^^'^s  made  senior  \ice  commander  in  chief  of  the  national  Grand 
.\rniy,  and  as  such  is  known  to  the  x'eterans  of  the  Civil  war  through- 
out the  L'nited  States.  Although  Mr.  Piurchtield  has  thus  given  his 
time  without  stint  to  these  various  interests,  it  is  in  the  business  field 
that  he  is  best  known,  and  where  his  energies  and  talents  have  reached 
their  highest  culmination. 

In  October,  1865,  Mr.  Burchfield  married  Miss  Sarah  J.  McWhin- 
ney,  daughter  of  Matthew  McWhinney,  a  well  known  merchant  of  Pitts- 
burg. The\'  ha\e  four  children  living:  Albert  H.,  a  member  of  the 
firm  of  Joseph  Ilorne  &  Company;  Mrs.  George  L.  Craig:  William  H. ; 


438       COMPENDIUM  01'   HI  STORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

and   Mary  P.   BurclifiL'ld.      Mr.    Ilnrclil'iulil   is  a  man  of  (Imiiotic  tastes, 
and  delights  most  in  tlic  eomforts  and  ])lcasnrcs  of  home  life. 

WIl.l.lA.M  jl'',.\"KI.\SON. 

The  wonderfnl  opportunitits  the  I'nited  States  ])rescnt  tii  men  of 
industry,  ahility,  honesty  and  integrity  ha\e  often  and  at  v.arions  times 
been  commented  upon,  hnt  as  long  as  men  have  hopes  and  determination 
to  afl\Tmce  and  succeed  in  life  the  theme  will  never  he  exhausted.  While 
the  race  is  not  always  to  the  swift  or  the  battle  to  the  stnjng.  the  ine\'it- 
able  law  of  destiny  accords  to  tireless  energy  a  successful  career,  and 
the  truth  of  this  assertion  is  abundantly  \erilied  in  the  life  of  Wil!i,-mi 
Jenkinson.  every  stej)  in  whose  career  has  in\dl\ed  an  honorable  tribute 
to  industry,  humanity  and  true  manhood.  \\  bile  he  has  not  followed 
the  beaten  path,  his  intelligence  and  ambiti'  n  ha\e  enabled  him  to  carve 
his  way  to  a  successful  career,  his  ])rosperity  standing  as  the  result  of  his 
own  efforts  and  his  course  hax'ing  e\-er  been  such  as  to  commend,  him  to 
the  confidence  and  high  regard  of  his  fellownien.  As  one  of  the  repre- 
sentative business  men  of  the  city  of  rittsburg.  where  he  was  long  actively 
associated  with  important  commercial  enteri>rises,  and  as  one  of  the 
leading  citizens  of  the  beautiful  suburban  town  of  llellevue,  lying  con- 
tiguous to  the  city  of  Allegheny,  there  is  manifest  propriety  in  according 
him  specific  mention  in  this  work. 

Among  the  lofty  hills  in  the  \ale  of  the  Ken.  county  of  W'cstmore- 
lanfl,  luigland,  is  the  ])icture.sciue  borough  of  Kendal,  or  Kirkby  Kendal, 
one  of  the  oldest  manufacturing  towns  in  the  kingdom,  and  here,  on  the 
30th  of  June,  1838,  was  ushered  into  the  world  William  Jenkinson.  the 
youngest  son  and  only  survivor  of  the  six  children  horn  to  John  and 
Ann    (Tnnightan)    Jenkinson,   both   of   whom   were    representatives   of 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  439 

stanch  old  British  stock.  John  Jenkinson,  wlio  was  a  stcme-cutter  and 
contractor  Isy  vocation,  was  reared  and  educated  in  his  nati\'c  county  of 
Westmoreland,  and  there  liis  marriage  was  solemnized  and  there  four 
of  his  children  were  horn. 

When  William  Jenkinson  was  a  child  of  three  years  his  parents  emi- 
grated to  America,  and  located  in  .\llegheny  city.  Pennsylvania,  where 
the  father  continued  in  the  work  of  his  trade  until  his  death,  at  the  un- 
timely age  of  thirty-nine  years,  \^'illiam  ha\'ing  heen  a  mere  lad  at  the 
time  when  he  was  thus  de|)rived  of  a  father's  care  and  guidance.  Among 
the  notalile  contracts  that  John  Jenkinson  helped  to  complete  after  com- 
ing to  .\merica  was  the  erection  of  the  old  court  house  and  the  a(|ueduct 
over  the  Allegheny  ri\-er,  in  the  city  f)f  Pittsburg.  His  son  William, 
several  vears  ago  visited  the  old  home  of  the  family  in  Kendal,  England, 
and  there  he  was  gratified  to  hear  the  words  of  esteem  and  apprecia- 
tion uttered  l>y  old  friends  and  neighbors  of  his  father,  whom  they 
uniformly  ])ronounced  to  have  heen  a  man  of  impregnable  integrity  and 
marked  ability  and  a  master  workman  in  the  line  of  his  vocation.  Such 
a  triluite  could  not  l)ut  be  grateful  to  his  son,  whose  memories  of  liis 
honored  sire  were  but  those  of  childhood  days.  John  Jenkinson  was  a* 
devoted  member  of  the  Methodist  Protestant  church,  and  his  life,  cut 
off  in  its  verv  prime,  was  one  of  signal  usefulness  and  honor.  His 
wife  sur\-i\cd  him  luany  years,  passing  away  at  the  age  of  seventy-si.x; 
years,  a  noble  Christian  woman,  devoted  to  her  home  and  to  her 
children. 

Theearh'  education;d  advantages  of  William  Jenkinson  were  such 
as  were  afforded  in  the  fourth  ward  school  ol  the  city  of  Allegheny, 
but  be  very  earlv  began  to  depend  upon  his  own  resoiu'ces,  and  to  assist 
in  the  maintenance  of  the  family.  .\t  the  age  of  ten  years  he  secured 
eniplovment  in  the  tobacco  house  of  W.  &  D.    Rineliart,  of   Pittsburg, 


440      COMPENDIUM  OU  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

witli  wliom  he  remained  until  lie  liad  attained  the  asje  of  twcnty-tlirec 
years,  thus  gaining  a  practical  knowledge  of  that  line  nf  cntcrpri'^e  ;diing 
which  he  was  iiimself  to  attain  a  noteworthy  success  and  coniniercial 
prestige.  .\t  the  early  age  note<l,  in  t8C)I,  while  still  a  mere  lad.  Mr. 
Jenkinson  engaged  in  the  tobacco  business  on  his  own  responsibility, 
associating  himself  with  his  brother  Richard  and  ojicning  a  modest  es- 
tablishment in  the  city  of  .\llcgheny.  under  the  firm  name  of  R.  K'  W. 
Jenkinson.  The  enterprise,  whrise  inception  was  such  as  to  scarcely 
afford  an  earnest  of  the  marked  precedence  which  was  to  come  with 
the  passing  years,  was  carried  forward  with  energy,  discrimination  and 
ability,  while  the  highest  business  ethics  were  rigorously  observed  from 
the  start,  thus  gaining  to  the  firm  a  reputation  for  reliability  and  fidelity. 
The  business  continued  to  exjiand  in  sco])e  and  imjjortance  and  eventually 
became  the  largest  of  the  sort  in  western  Pennsylvania,  the  establish- 
ment having  ample  and  well  c(|ui])i)ed  quarters  for  the  mrmufacturing 
and  wholesaling  departments,  and  the  products  being  invariably  of  the 
best  (]uality  consistent  witli  prices  in\-ol\c(l.  The  senior  member  of  the 
firm  died  in  1876,  and  thereafter  the  entire  management  and  control  of 
the  luisiness  devolved  upon  William  Jenkinson.  who  continued  to  super- 
vise the  im])ortant  and  extensive  interests  of  the  concern  until  1890, 
when  the  organization  of  a  stock  cfjmjjany  was  effected  and  the  business 
duly  incorporated,  under  the  laws  of  the  state,  as  the  R.  &  \V.  Jenkinson 
Company.  .\t  this  time,  after  a  long  and  honorable  career  as  a  rejire- 
sentative  business  man  of  the  city  and  state,  Mr.  Jenkinson  retired  from 
active  duty  in  connection  with  the  important  enterprise,  with  whose 
founding  and  building  up  he  had  l)een  so  intimately  identified,  and  the 
business  is  now  entrusted  to  the  management  of  Alexander  and  John 
Jenkinson,  sons  of  his  brother  Richard,  while  our  subject  still  retains 
his  capitalistic  interest  in  the  enterprise.     In  addition  to  their  large  fac- 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  441 

tiirv  ihe  ciim])any  maintains  numerous  wlinlesale  and  retail  establish- 
ments, in  (li\ers  ])arts  nf  the  state,  and  the  concern  is  known  tlirou.^iinul 
Pennsylvania  as  one  of  the  leading  houses  of  the  sort  within  the  con- 
fines of  the  commonwealth,  controlling  a  l.nisiness  of  wide  scope  and  im- 
portance and  representing  one  of  the  prominent  commercial  enter]irises 
of  the  city  of  Pittsburg,  where  the  headquarters  have  l^een  maintained 
for  twoscore  years. 

With  the  founding  and  material  u])building  of  the  beautiful  suburb 
of  Belle\-ue,  where  he  has  a  conimodinus  and  attractive  residence  of 
modern  architectural  design  and  equipments.  Air.  Jenkinson  has  been 
intimately  identified,  and  is  one  of  its  most  honored  and  public-spirited 
citizens,  ever  standing  ready  to  lend  his  aid  and  influence  in  sup])ort  of 
all  projects  and  legitimate  enterprises  calculated  to  enhance  the  attrac- 
tiveness of  the  town  and  promote  the  general  welfare  of  the  comnnniitv. 
Here  he  has  extensi\-e  real  estate  interests,  and  is  also  president  of  the 
Bellevue  National  Bank,  which,  by  the  time  this  work  is  issued  from  the 
press,  will  have  lieen  reorganized  as  the  Bellevue  Title  and  Trust  and 
Savings  Bank.  In  political  matters  Mr.  Jenkinson  maintains  an  inde- 
liendent  attitude,  preferring  to  follow  the  dictates  of  his  judgment  in 
the  su]i]:)ort  of  men  and  measures  rather  than  to  be  restricted  by  closely 
drawn  ]jartisan  lines,  though  for  many  years  he  was  identified  w  ith  the 
Republican  party,  of  whose  basic  principles  he  is  still  an  advocate.  He 
is  a  communicant  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  church,  holding  member- 
ship in  the  Church  of  the  Epiphany,  in  his  home  town,  while  his  inter- 
est in  the  cause  of  education  has  been  vital  and  insistent,  and  he  is  now 
incumbent  of  the  office  of  treasurer  of  the  Belle\-ue  board  of  education. 
His  beautiful  home  is  one  of  the  most  attractive  in  this  fine  suburb, 
whose  ])eople  are  of  the  best  class  of  citizens  and  a])i)reciati\'e  of  the 
restful  charms  and  many  ad\antages  here  to  be  enjoyed.     The  town  has 


^4•J       COMPENDIUM  or  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

local  ()])ti(in  and  Iias  from  tlic  slarl  prdliiliitcd  llic  -^alc  nf  iiitnxicatini^ 
li(|nors  within  its  corporate  limits. 

Tlic  followins::^  estimate  of  Mr.  Jcnkinson  is  given  li\-  Mr.  W.  I'. 
Herliert,  treasurer  of  the  Western  Insur.ancc  tympany,  of  ritt-^hurq^ : 
"I  have  known  him  for  forty  years,  rmd  know  him  to  W  a  man  df  (|uict 
tastes  and  good  business  ability.  He  has  done  ])crhaps  more  fur  the 
impro\-cment  of  Bellexaie  tlian  any  other  one  man.  He  has  built  many 
houses  and  su|)erintcndcd  the  work,  and  his  imi)ro\ements  are  of  the 
liest  order." 

In  1S78  Mr.  Jcnkinson  wedded  Miss  .\nna  ('.  Clancy,  of  Rellexue, 
a  daughter  of  Samuel  Clancy,  who  was  for  many  vears  a  trusted  em- 
ploye of  the  Rank  of  Pittsburg,  and  a  man  honored  for  his  sterling 
worth  of  character.  Of  the  six  children  born  to  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Jcnkin- 
son four  arc  living,  nanicK- :  Richard.  Margaretta.  William  and  .\nna, 
all  young  people  and  yet  unmarried.  Mrs.  Jcnkinson  is  a  dc\iitcd  church- 
woman,  being  a  communicant  of  the  Church  of  the  F.])ipbany.  and  acti\e 
in  parish  work.  The  family  arc  prominent  in  the  best  social  life  of 
their  home  town,  and  their  residence  is  a  center  of  gracious  and  refined 
hospitality,  the  courteous  amenities  of  life  being  there  in  distinctive  evi- 
dence, while  there  also  is  found  a  hnnie  life  of  ideal  character. 


IIOX.  WILTON  MOXKOE  LIXDSEY, 

Hon.  Wilton  Monroe  Lindsey,  one  of  the  ])romincnt  riien  in  Warren 
county,  Pennsylvania,  a  brilliant  and  hard-working  lawyer,  and  now 
incumbent  of  the  office  of  jircsident  judge  for  the  thirty-seventh  judicial 
district,  was  born  in  Pine  Crove  township,  Warren  county,  Pennsylvania, 
June  8,  1841,  and  was  one  of  th.e  eleven  children  of  J(isc])h  ruid  Catherine 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  44r) 

Lindsey.  His  fatlier  was  nf  Irisli  descent  and  his  mother  of  German 
and  Welsli. 

Judge  Lindsey's  Ixiyhnod  days  were  spent  on  tlie  farm,  and  he  owes 
much  of  his  ])rcsent  success  to  the  severe  lessons  lie  learned  while  at 
work  there.  He  followed  the  usual  routine,  a  district  school  in  the 
winter  months,  and  manual  lalmr  in  the  summer,  Init  in  the  former  he 
was  so  energetic  in  his  studies  that  he  soon  outgrew  it-;  op])ortiniities. 
and  he  rcsol\-ed  to  seek  hroader  ])astures  of  learning.  Like  many  (if 
the  world's  successful,  he  had  to  mainly  make  his  own  wav,  and  so  he 
earned  money  for  his  next  course  by  working  on  liis  fatlier's  farm  and 
at  whatever  employment  came  in  liis  way.  At  the  age  of  seventeen  he 
entered  Randolph  Academy  at  Randoljili,  New  York,  where  he  remained 
a  nunilier  of  terms,  applying  himself  so  that  he  advanced  rajiidlw  and 
during  vacations  earning  the  means  to  continue  his  studies  the  following 
winter. 

He  had  not  yet  completed  his  course  in  the  academy  wlien  the 
C\\W  \\ar  broke  out  and  called  him  into  a  new  and  sterner  field  of  action. 
He  enlisted  in  the  One  Hundred  and  I'ortv-fifth  Penns'-dvania  Volun- 
teers, Coliinel  H.  L.  Brown,  (if  Erie,  commanding.  In  1863.  however, 
his  health  began  to  fail,  and  he  was  soon  discharged  on  account  of  dis- 
ability. He  returned  home  and  after  a  few  months  of  careful  treatment 
was  so  far  restored  that  he  could  take  u]i  his  studies  again,  and  in  the 
fall  of  1863  entered  the  State  Normal  School  at  Edinlioro.  Here  he 
jinrsued  the  same  course  of  alternate  study  and  working  for  the 
wherewithal,  and  be  showed  himself  so  persevering  and  ca.jiable  that  on 
October  i,  1865,  he  was  ajipointed  superintendent  of  the  common  schools 
of  Warren  county,  succeeding  Hon.  Charles  W .  Stone  in  this  office. 
He  filled  the  \acancv  so  satisfactorih'  that  at  the  election,  which  was  held 


44C       CUMriiXDUM  Ul-  lllSl'OKY  .IXP  GENEALOCY 

June  I.  1866,  lie  was  voted  inin  tlie  office  for  a  lliiee  yei'.rs'  term,  and 
was  re-elected  at  the  ex])iralinn  of  that  time. 

W'liile  engaged  in  the  work  of  education  Mr.  Lindsey  turned  liis 
attention  to  the  law  as  his  permanent  profession,  lie  lia'l  alreadx'  made 
some  progress  in  his  reading  when  lie  rcsigneil  his  su]ierintendency  on 
December  i,  1871,  and  gave  himself  entirely  to  the  study  lie  entered 
the  office  of  Hon.  S.  1'.  John^dn.  who  at  that  lime  h:id  just  completed 
a  term  on  the  bench  as  president  judge.  On  his  admission  to  the  bar, 
March  1.  187J.  he  became  Mr.  Johnson's  partner,  which  relation  existed 
until  Judge  Johnson's  death  in  1893.  Mr.  Lindsey  was  x'cry  fortunate 
in  this  connection,  for  the  senior  partner  had  some  of  the  most  imiiorlant 
legal  cases  in  the  county,  and  he  thus  liad  all  the  opportunity  for  ad- 
vancement that  could  ha\e  been  desired.  Judge  Lindsey  has  covered  a 
wide  range  in  his  ])ractice,  in  his  own  county  and  the  adjoining  counties, 
and  in  the  circuit  and  district  courts  of  the  L'nitcd  States. 

in  1876  Mr.  l.ndscy  was  elected  to  the  slate  legislature  from  his 
district.  His  record  as  a  law-maker  was  an  excellent  one.  He  was  on 
numerous  committees,  and  was  made  chairman  of  the  committee  to  in- 
vestigate the  railroad  riots  of  1877,  in\ol\ing  a  great  amount  of  labor 
and  taking  of  testimony.  Mr.  Lindsey  e.x.'unined  the  witnesses,  and  the 
report  of  one  thousand  pages  which  was  gi\en  to  the  st.ite  was  rm  ex- 
cellent piece  of  work  and  reflected  credit  upon  Mr.  Lindsey.  He  had 
made  a  thorough  studv  of  the  newly  adopted  state  constituti<in  just 
Ijefore  taking  his  seat,  and  during  the  term  he  was  often  called  u])on  as 
an  authority  on  matters  relating  to  the  statutes,  in  this  way,  too,  help- 
ing much  in  gaining  constitutional  legislation.  Another  act  which  was 
highly  commended  liy  his  constituents  was  the  securing  of  necessary  ap- 
propriations for  the  erection  of  the  state  hospital  at  Xorth  Warren,  and 


OF  THE  STATE  OP  PENNSYLVANIA.  447 

deserving-  of  the  mdre  credit  Iiecausc  at  that  time  it  was  nifirc  difficult  to 
procure  large  expenditures  of  ])ul)lic  money,  even  for  the  IksI  of  purpos.es. 

During-  his  term  in  tlie  legislature  Mr.  James  O.  Parmlee  was 
adniitted  to  the  firm,  under  the  nanie  of  Joluison.  Lindsev  &  i'arnilee, 
.-nid  much  of  the  legal  husiness  of  this  section  has  heen  committed  to 
their  care.  On  the  death  of  President  Judge  Noyes,  Mr.  Lindsey  was 
one  of  the  three  candidates  for  the  vacancy,  and  at  the  jirimaries  was 
named  by  a  large  majority.  Me  served  the  unexpired  term  tf)  January 
I,  1899,  and  in  the  preceding  N(jveml)er  election  was  cho.sen  to  tlie  office 
for  the  term  of  ten  years,  and  he  has  administered  its  functions  with 
dignity  and  impartiality  to  the  present  time.  His  thorough  knowledge 
of  the  law  is.  of  course,  one  fa.ctnr  in  his  success,  but  his  strong  and  well 
balanced  character  and  reliable  judgment  are  the  elements  to  which  he 
owes  the  outcome  of  his  praiseworthy  career. 

On  Deceniber  26.  1866.  Judge  Lindsey  was  married  to  Miss  Emma 
Sherman,  of  Thetford.  \'erniont,  and  four  children  were  born  to  them. 
The  only  one  living  at  present  is  Edward,  who.  after  recei\-ing  his  edu- 
cation at  riiillips-Exeter  Academy  and  I^artmouth  College,  studied  l;iw 
and  is  now  a  prominent  member  of  the  Warren  county  l)ar.  Judge 
Lindsey  has  taken  an  active  interest  in  public  and  religious  institutions. 
For  years  he  has  been  a  member  of  the  Presbyterian  chiuTh  of  Warren, 
and  during  1896-97  was  a  member  of  the  building  coniniittee  which 
erected  the  beautiful  new  church  edifice  of  that  denomination,  and  is  one 
of  its  elders.  He  contributes  liberally,  according  to  his  means,  to  the 
charities  and  public  enterprises  of  the  city.  He  is  one  of  the  trustees  of 
the  Struthers  Public  Librar}'.  which  was  erected  by  Hon.  Thomas  Struth- 
ers  at  a  cost  of  aliout  one  hundred  thousand  dollars  and  donated  to  tlie 
town  of  Warren;  he  is  \-ice  president  of  the  County  Historical  Society, 
and  takes  a  deep  interest  in  the  welfare  of  both. 


44S      COMPENDIUM  OF  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

W'itli  sucli  a  career  of  piililic  and  i)ri\atc  actixity  hefurc  us,  it  is  no 
wonder  that  Jiulf^e  Lindsey  lias  sucli  a  large  fdlldwing-,  and  is  sd  popu- 
lar witli  all  classes.  To  look  hack  o\cr  the  years  to  the  time  when  he 
was  one  of  the  many  who  directed  the  plough  durins^  the  \<ing  summer 
(lay.  with  probably  only  some  sweet  day  dreams  of  what  the  future 
mit^ht  bring  to  him,  and  then  to  consider  the  important  position  he  holds 
among  the  peo])le  of  his  commmiity  at  present,  is  one  of  the  ])ardonal)lc 
reveries  which  are  the  ])ri\-ilc<?e  of  successful  men.  ;md  no  one  could 
envv  Tuds^e  Lindsev's  doing  so. 


ADOLPH  M.  FOERSTER. 

It  gives  us  great  ])lcasure  to  be  able  to  ])resent  to  our  readers  a 
sketch  of  the  life  of  one  of  the  leailing  nnisical  directors  and  comiK)sers 
in  I'enusvhania  and  one  of  whom  the  conimonwealth  may  well  be 
proud.  .\  natixe  son  of  the  city  of  Tittshurg,  he  was  born  on  the  jd  of 
I'ebruary,  i<^54.  and  is  a  son  of  lunil  and  I'^lise  (Noll)  h'oerster.  The 
paternal  grandfather  was  a  native  of  the  uni\ersity  tf)\vn  of  (iiessen, 
(iermanv,  and  in  his  native  city  and  in  Heidelberg  he  received  his  excel- 
lent educational  training.  In  1H32.  when  his  son  lunil  was  but  a  lad, 
he  left  his  native  land  and  came  to  the  L'nited  States,  taking  u|)  his 
abo<le  in  C'hambersburg,  PennsyKania,  but  in  i<'^38  came  to  Pittsburg, 
where  for  many  years  he  was  a  leading  ])hysician.  In  1S47  the  pro- 
fession of  an  artist  was  selected  for  l-.mil  h'oerster,  and  he  was  accord- 
ingly sent  abroad  to  stud\-  in  Duesseldorf  and  b "r.-mlcfort,  (Iermanv,  where 
he  remained  until  it^40,  but  in  th.'it  \ear  was  summ.nrih-  obliged  to 
abandon  his  studies  on  account  of  the  re\'olution  in  that  CfHintry,  as  the 
German  soldiers  took  possession  of  his  studio.  After  his  return  to 
.\merica  be  again  ojjcned  a  studio,  and  continued  in  his  i)rofession  of  a 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  449 

portrait  painter  for  ()\cr  fifty  years,  on  the  expiration  of  wliicli  period 
lie  retired  from  acti\e  ])ursnit.s  on  account  of  failing  health.  He  painted 
portraits  for  many  of  the  leading  families  in  the  east,  including  those  of 
Captain  Schenley:  Herman  h^oster.  one  of  the  first  editors  of  the  Pitts- 
hurg  Dispatch;  and  r.isho])  O'Connor, — having  completed  during  his 
active  career  oxxr  six.lnuidred  portraits. 

Emil  Foerster  was  married  in  the  year  1S49.  hut  in  ii~>99  the  union 
was  separated  by  the  hand  of  death,  the  wife  being  called  to  her  home 
l>eyond,  just  after  celebrating  their  golden  wedding.  They  l)ccame  the 
parents  of  five  children,  only  two  of  whom  still  survive,  Adolph  M., 
and  Julius,  a  resident  of  Boston,  Massachusetts.  Mr.  Emil  Foerster  i.s 
a  man  of  charming  personality,  of  cheerful  disposition  and  of  remark- 
able memiirv,  and  has  always  at  hand  a  fund  of  interesting  reminiscences 
to  relate.  He  was  a  close  friend  of  the  late  Stephen  C.  Foster,  they 
lia\ing  man}-  times  in  their  }-ounger  days  played  duets  on  the  flute,  and 
at  Mr.  Foster's  funeral  he  was  selected  as  one  of  the  pall-bearers;  he 
relates  very  feelingly  the  time  when  Mr.  Foster  came  to  him  with  his  then 
new  quartet  "Come  Where  My  Love  Lies  r3reaming."  He  had  an  ex- 
cellent iiaritone  voice,  and  for  man\-  years  sang  in  church  choirs. 

.\dolph  Martin  Foerster  oljtained  his  elementary  education  in  the 
public  schools  of  his  native  city,  and  immediately  thereafter  began  the 
study  of  music,  his  first  teacher  lieing  his  mother,  but  later  he  studied 
under  the  able  guidance  of  Jean  Manns.  In  order  to  further  i)crfcct 
himself  in  his  chosen  ])rofession  he  went  to  Europe  in  1872.  spending 
three  ^■ears  as  a  student  at  Leipsic.  and  while  there  studied  theory  under 
E.  F.  Richter  and  R.  Papperitz :  voice  under  Leo  Grill  and  .\(Iolph 
Schimon;  piano  under  E.  V.  W'enzel  and  Theodore  Coccius.  Return- 
ing to  his  native  land  in  1875,  he  taught  for  one  year  in  the  Fort  Wayne. 
Indiana,    Conservatory    of    Music,    and    thence    returned    to    Pittsburg, 


450       COMPENDIUM  OF  HISTORY  AXD  GENIiAI.OGY 

wliicli  lias  since  aintinucd  to  l)c  tlie  field  of  his  riclivities.  In  1879  and 
i(S8o  he  conducted  the  Symphonic  Society  and  was  also  a  director  of 
the  Choral  Society — Musical  L'nion — in  1883,  hut  in  i8<)0  he  withdrew 
from  puhlic  work  and  has  since  devoted  himself  to  teachins;-  and  compos- 
ing. I'or  a  long  ])eriod  he  has  heen  interested  in  national  musical 
affairs,  being  an  active  ineniher  of  hoth  the  Xational  and  Pennsylvania 
State  .\ssociations,  where  many  of  his  compositions  ha\e  held  a  prom- 
inent i)lace  in  the  i)rogranimes  of  both  societies.  Many  of  Mr.  Foers- 
ter's  works  ha\e  heen  i)la}'ed  under  the  direction  of  Theodore  Thomas, 
Anton  Seidl.  Walter  Damrosch  and  other  distinguished  conductors. 
.\t  the  I'ittshurg  May  Musical  h'estixals  several  of  his  works  were  given 
their  baptismal  hearing.  Among  the  leading  selections  which  he  lias 
composed  may  be  mentioned  the  following:  I-'or  orchestra:  Thusnelda, 
Two  Suites,  Festival  March.  I'l-elnde  to  (ioetlie"s  h^aust.  etc.,  and  the 
Dedication  March  founded  on  the  iKites  A-C  ( .\ndrew  Carnegie)  and 
utilizing  Foster's  famous  "Old  b'olks  at  Iloine."  This  work  was  writ- 
ten for  tlie  inauguration  of  Carnegie  Music  Hall  and  played  by  the  New 
York  Symphony  Orchestra,  under  the  direction  of  Walter  Damrosch. 
Among  his  com])ositions  are  various  chaniber-niusic  works,  three  arias 
for  soprano  and  orchestra,  churcli  music,  and  about  eighty  songs,  of 
which  the  op.  \2,  25,  28,  30,  49.  55  and  57  contain  the  most  successful 
ones.  .Among  liis  compositions  for  the  jjiano  the  most  successful  are: 
Nocturne,  o]).  7,  three  Sonatinas,  o]).  14,  i'".ros,  op.  2y.  Fxultation  op. 
37,  the  Twelve  Fantasy  pieces.  o]3.  38,  and  the  Suite,  op.  46.  consisting 
of  four  movements. 

Mr.  Foerster  was  united  in  marriage  to  Miss  Henrietta  M.  Reine- 
nian,  a  daughter  of  Adam  Kcineman,  a  jeweler  of  Pittsburg,  and  four 
children  have  1)een  Ijorn  to  this  union,  three  of  whom  are  still  living, 
Elsa,    Robert   and    Norman.      Robert   is    now   attending   Harvard   Col- 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  451 

lege.  The  Foerster  family  are  held  in  high  esteem,  and  the  kindlv 
.social  qualities  with  which  tliey  are  endowed  hy  nature  win  ff»r  theiu 
tile  friendship  and  good  vvdl  of  all. 


ANDREW  J.  BARCHFELD,  M.  D. 

I 

In   the   great    conijietitive    stru.ggle   of   life,    when    eacii    man    must 

enter  the  field  and  fight  his  way  to  the  front  or  else  be  overtaken  by 
disaster  of  circumstances  or  place,  there  is  ever  particular  interest 
attaching  to  the  life  of  one  who  has  turned  the  tide  of  success,  has 
surmounted  obstacles  and  has  shown  his  abilit}'  to  cope  with  others  in 
their  rush  for  the  covetetl  g(jal.  'I'lic  record  of  such  a  life  must  ever 
prove  fecund  in  lesson  and  incenti\e.  Dr.  Barchfeld,  who  has  gained 
enviable  jjrestige  as  one  of  the  most  able  and  successful  of  the  younger 
practitioners  of  meflicine  and  surgery  in  the  city  of  Pittsburg,  well 
merits  consideration  in  a  work  of  this  nature,  and  in  the  connection 
it  will  be  aimed  to  present  the  more  sahcnt  [Ktints  in  his  life  work,  the 
while  avoiding  all  that  smacks  of  undue  adulation  and  notoriety 
and  vet  giving  du','  attention  to  the  genealogy  of  distinguished  order  and 
a  personal  accomijlishment  which  involves  definite  and  worthy  success 
in  one  of  the  most  exacting  of  all  fields  of  human  endeavor.  In  con- 
nection with  the  practice  of  the  healing  art  a  most  .scrupulous  prelim- 
inary training  is  demanded  and  also  a  nicety  of  judgment  little  under- 
stood bv  the  laity.  Then  again  the  profession  brings  one  of  its  devotees 
into  ahiiost  constant  assf>ciatiou  witli  the  sadder  side  of  life, — tliat  of 
l)ain  au<l  suffering. — so  that  a  mind  ca])able  of  great  self-control  and  a 
heart  responsive  and  syiupathetic  are  essential  attributes  of  him  who 
would  thus  devote  his  life  to  the  alleviation  of  human  sufifering.     It  is 


452       COMPENDIUM  OF  lIlSrukY  A\l>  CJIi.X li.U OCV 

certain,  tlun.  that  wlicn  professional  success  is  alt'iincd  in  any  instance 
it  lias  hccu  llmrougiil}'  merited. 

.\ndrc\v  Jackson  Uarclitcld  is  a  native  son  of  tlic  city  of  Pittsliurg. 
in  tlie  southern  division  of  which  lie  was  horn  mi  the  iSth  of  May, 
iSf)^,  Jxiintj  of  standi  Ccnnan  lineaiic.  His  jiaternal  !.;'raiid father  was 
a  prominent  manufacturer  nf  yarns  and  woolen  goods  in  the  father- 
land, where  he  commanded  uncf|ui\()cal  confidence  and  esteem  hy  reason 
of  his  sterling  character  and  his  marked  pragmatic  ability,  .\ndrew  J. 
received  his  preliminary  educational  disciiiline  in  the  public  schools  of 
the  south  side,  and  thereafter  continued  his  studies  under  a  private 
tutor  until  he  became  eligible  for  admission  to  the  high  school,  vvliere' 
he  completed  the  prescribed  course  and  was  graduated  as  a  member  of 
the  class  of  1881.  In  the  meanwhile  he  had  formulated  his  ])lans  for  his 
life  work,  having  determined  to  preprire  himself  for  the  medical  pro- 
fession, and  with  tliis  end  in  \iew  he  began  his  technical  reading 
under  the  direction  of  an  able  prece])tor,  the  late  Dr.  E.  A.  Wood,  a' dis- 
tinguished physician  and  surgeon  of  Pittsburg,  and  eventually  he  was 
matriculated  in  the  Jefferson  Medical  College,  in  the  city  of  Phila- 
delphia, where  he  was  graduated  in  1884  with  the  degree  of  Doctor  of 
Medicine,  having  shown  his  anibiti(His  spirit  and  professional  enthusiasm 
by  taking  his  hospital  course  between  the  second  and  third  years  of  his 
collegiate  work,  so  that  he  was  amply  fortilied  for  the  active  practice 
of  his  profession  at  the  time  of  receiving  his  degree.  He  began  his 
professional  career  by  engaging  in  general  practice  on  the  south  side 
of  his  native  cit\',  and  here  he  has  since  continued,  having  built  up  a 
large  and  representati\e  business  and  gained  precedence  as  an  able 
and  discriminating  physician  and  surgeon.  He  has  show-n  marked 
judgment  and  discernment  in  the  diagnosing  of  disease,  and  has  lieen 
peculiarly  successful  in  anticipating  the  issue  of  ct^mplications,  seldom 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  453 

inakins'  mistakes  and  never  exaggerating  or  minifying  the  disease  in 
rendering  Ins  deeisions  in  regard  thereto,  lie  has  ever  sh(;\vn  great 
Iraternal  dehcacy.  and  nn  man  lias  ever  observed  more  elosely  the 
ethics  of  tile  unwritten  professional  code  or  shown  more  careful  and 
|)unctih(.jus  courtesy  to  his  feUow  ijractitioners.  The  Doctor  is  a  man 
of  strong  pliysical  constituti(;n  and  niarl<ed  inteUectuaiitv.  standing  in 
exemphfying  possession  of  tliat  great  human  desideratum,  "mens  saiia 
III  C('r[>orc  sdiiii."  a  sound  mind  in  a  sound  body, — while  he  is  thoroughly 
en  rap])ort  with  his  profession;  his  heart  is  in  iiis  work,  and  he  has 
gained  not  only  the  res]>ect  and  confidence  hut  also  the  appreciative 
affection  of  those  to  wiiom  he  has  ministered,  being  watchful  and  svmpa- 
thetic  and  his  humanit\  being  e\er  paramount  to  his  professional  or 
scientific  interest.  Dr.  L5archfeld  holds  membership  in  the  .Vmerican 
Medical  Association,  the  Pennsylvania  State  Medical  Society,  the  .Alle- 
gheny County  Medical  Society,  and  is  a  director  in  the  South  Side 
Hospital,  while  he  has  been  for  many  years  physician  t(j  the  county 
coroners  and  has  also  been  incunihenf  in  the  office  of  city  physician.  He 
is  a  close  and  devoted  student  of  his  profession,  keeping  constantlv  in 
touch  with  the  advances  matle  in  the  science  of  medicine  and  surgery 
and  holding  his  profession  as  worthy  of  his  best  efforts  and  utmost 
devotion,  l-'raternally  the  Doctor  is  identified  with  Peter  Fritz  Lodge 
No.  486,  of  the  Inde])en.dent  Order  of  Odd  bellows,  of  which  he  is  a 
past  grand. 

According  an  un(|ualified  allegiance  to  the  Republican  part}'.  Dr. 
Barchfeld  has  taken  an  active  part  in  local  political  affairs  for  the 
])ast  eighteen  years,  and  has  been  prominent  in  the  councils  of  his  part\-. 
In  1885  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  board  of  etlucation.  in  which 
capacity  he  served  for  three  years,  while  in  1886  he  held  member- 
ship in  the  city  council,  as  a  representative  of  the  twenty-si.xth  ward, 
28 


4.J4       COMPENDIUM  OF  HISTOR)'  AA'D  GENEALOGY 

scrviui^  on  tlic  cummittcc  (in  raitmri'ls  ruid  i)r(i\in,!4  rin  rihle  nicniliir  (if 
tlie  municipal  go\erninj^  Ijudy.  At  the  expiratidn  of  his  second  leini 
he  declined  renoniination.  The  noctm"  has  done  veonian  ser\ice  as  an 
exiXHient  of  the  cause  of  his  party,  havint;"  t.aken  an  acti\e  part  in 
campaign  \vorl<  a.nd  hcing  known  as  a  forceful  and  logical  public 
sijcakcr.  During  the  last  jiresidential  caiu])aign  his  services  in  this 
line  were  in  re(|uisition  on  niaiu'  occasions,  and  he  ])roved  a  x'aluahlc 
advocate  of  the  Republican  cause,  being  an  ardent  admirer  of  the 
lamented  President  McKinley.  In  i8S()  he  was  a  delegate  to  the  slate 
convention  which  nominated  (jeneral  ISeaver  for  governor,  and  in  iS(j4 
of  that  which  nominated  Governor  Hastings.  At  the  lime  of  this  writing 
the  Dfjctor  has  the  distinction  of  being  the  nominee  of  his  part)-  for 
representatixe  of  the  thirty-second  district  of  Pennsylvania  in  the  halls 
of  Congress. 

On  the  J I  si  of  May,  1H85.  Dr.  Parch  feld  was  united  in  marri.ige 
t(i  Miss  .\nna  Pfciffer,  a  daughter  of  I'hili])  Pfeiffcr.  of  Pittsburg,  and 
they  ha\e  one  son,  Elmer  .\.     Mrs.  P.archfeld  died  on  Aiiril   14.   KJ03. 

A.  J.   H.VZI'PTl.M'. 

A.  J.  Hazeltine.  president  of  the  Warren  Sax'ings  P>ank,  of  War- 
ren. Pennsyl\-ania.  and  connected  with  numerous  other  financial  rind 
public  enter])rises  of  western  PeunsyK'auia.  has  a  direct  line  of  descent 
from  one  of  the  earliest  settlers  on  American  soil.  John  Hazeltine,  of 
Devonshire,  England,  married  Joan  Auter,  of  P.iddeford,  1-lugland.  and 
with  Re\-.  I'lzekiel  Rogers'  colony  landed  at  .Salem,  Massachusetts,  in 
1637.  lie  died  December  23,  1690,  al  the  age  of  seventy  years.  The 
line  of  descent  from  this  immigrant  is  traced  through  Samuel:  John; 
Abner,  who  married  tlie  granddaughter  of  Edward  Rav  son,  for  many 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  457 

years  the  distinguished  secretary  of  the  colony  of  Massaciiusetts  Bay: 
Al.ner;  Daniel,  the  grandfather  of  A.  J.  Hazeltine  and  who  married 
Susanna  Jones,  of  Milford,  Alassachu.setts.  and  settled  at  \\'ardslx)ro. 
Vermont,  where  Abraham  Hazeltine  was  horn  (ju  January   lo.  1797. 

Ahrahani  Hazeltine  recei\ed  his  degree  of  M.  D.  from  Dartmouth 
College  in  i8jo,  and  about  a  year  later  came  to  Warren,  Pennsylvania, 
where  he  opened  an  office  as  the  first  regular  allopathic  physician  of 
that  town.  He  was  married  twice,  first  t)  Sarah  \\  alkup,  and  his 
second  wife  was  Jane  Morrison,  of  Jersey  Shore,  Lycoming  county, 
Pennsyh'ania.  Dr.  Hazeltir.e  was  the  first  school  treasurer  of  \\'arre!i. 
In  1840  he  remoN'ed  to  Busti,  Chautauqua  countv.  New  York,  and 
his  death  occurred  at  Jamestown,  that  state,  April  25.  1847.  Jane 
(Morrison)  Hazeltine  died  in  Warren,  March  _>i,  1894,  lea\ing  three 
sons:  Dr.  William  Vincent  Hazeltine,  of  Warren,  who  died  ,\pril 
2^,  igo2\  Lewis  Morrison  Hazeltine,  a  farn.ier  of  Warren:  and  Abra- 
ham Jones  Hazeltine. 

The  last  named  and  youngest  of  these  sons  was  horn  after  his 
father's  death,  August  30,  1847,  ""  'he  Hazeltine  homestea<l  in  Chati- 
tautpia  county.  New  \'ork,  and  was  educated  in  the  public  scho!)ls  and 
wnrked  on  the  farm  until  he  was  fourteen  years  old.  .\t  this  rather 
early  age  he  obtained  his  first  acciuaintance  with  merca.ntile  life  in  the 
general  stc^re  of  J.  R.  Robertson,  and  was  emi)loyed  there  from  1861 
until  1865,  attending  .school  in  the  winter  time,  hi  the  latter  year,  and 
at  the  age  of  eighteen,  he  was  admitted  as  a  i)artner. — so  far  had  he 
progressed  in  the  confidence  oi  his  employer  and  in  business  experience. 
— the  firm  being  Robertson  &  Hazeltine,  with  an  annual  business  of 
about  one  hundred  thousand  (Uillars  in  butter,  cheese,  wool,  etc.  This 
partnershiji  was  dis.solved  in  i8(hj.  and  Mr.  Hazeltine  was  deputy  clerk 
of  the  board   of   suiier\-isors   of  Chautau(|ua   county   that   year,   and   on 


•158       COMPENDIUM  OP  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

Novcmlier  lo.  1869.  came  t(^  W'.'incn.  IV-nnsylvaiiia.  as  lionkl^fi'pcr 
for  \L.  T.  llazelliiK'.  ])ro])riftiir  of  I'iso's  Cure  for  C'lii.suniption.  In 
this  city  liis  a(I\aiK-t'nienl  lias  hecn  steaily.  On  March  1,  iSjo,  he 
I>ecaine  bookkeeper  for  the  l'"irst  Xational  liank,  was  elected  lelk'r  in 
the  following'  Septeniliei".  and  on  l"elirnar\-  _:;,  iSjj.  became  cashier  of 
the  W  arreii  Sa\irgs  Bank,  of  which  he  was  chosen  ])resident  in  \'o\eni- 
ijer,    iSXi).  and   which  office  he  still   holds. 

h'or  over  thirty  years  he  has  thus  been  elnsely  identified  with  this 
institution,  directing-  its  policy  and  ha\in,<^'  the  ])ractical  inanaiL^euient 
of  its  affairs.  To  it  he  has  i;i\en  constant,  zealous  .and  faithful  ser\ice. 
and  its  e.xccptional  growth  and  ])ros])erity  .afford  striking  e\idenee  of 
tiie  efliciency  of  liis  service  and  the  wisdom  of  his  management.  Com- 
ing to  it  in  its  infanc\-,  in  the  secfjud  year  of  its  existence,  he  has  gracl- 
ually  built  it  u\)  in  the  confidence  of  the  comnuiuity  and  in  financial 
strength  until  it  ranks  high  among  the  best  and  strongest  banks  in  the 
stnte  outside  of  the  large  cities.  The  standing  of  the  hank  on  the  honor 
roll  is  number  six  of  Pennsylvania  State  Ranks,  and  number  twenty-two 
in  the  L'uited  States.  The  capital  and  sur])lus  is  (j\er  four  hundred 
thousand  dollars  and  deposits  average  two  million,  two  hundred  and 
fifty  thou-sand  doll.ars.  Natur.ally  he  has  taken  a  pritle  in  this  institu- 
tion, its  history  .and  high  standing  among  financial  institutions,  and 
justly  so.  for  to  it  he  has  gi\en  his  life's  best  ser\ice.  What  it  is  is 
largel}-  the  result  of  his  years  of  close  and  careful  supervision,  efficient 
organization  and  wise  and  tactful  management. 

While  Mr.  Ilazeltine  stands  ])re-eminent  as  a  banker,  he  is  nuire 
than  that.  He  is  a  progressive  and  public-s])irited  citizen.  acti\e  in 
promoting  the  good  of  the  community  in  which  he  lives  and  contribut- 
ing his  full  share  to  all  movements  for  the  advancement  of  the  i>ublic 
interests.     Public  and  corporate  positions  of  \arious  kinds  ha\e  sought 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  459 

him  rather  than  been  sotiglit  by  him.  and  the  requirements  of  all  he 
has  met  faithfully  and  efficiently,  demonstrating  alike  his  own  ability 
and  the  appreciation  in  which  lie  is  held  by  his  fellow  citizens.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  city  council  for  six  years,  school  director  for  a  like 
period  and  school  treasurer  for  about  fifteen  years;  was  elected  to 
the  ofticc  of  boniuo^T  treasurer  Marcli  5,  1888.  while  a  member  of  the 
Cduncil,  and  still  holds  that  office:  was  for  several  years  on  the  Ixiard 
I  if  control  of  the  W'arren  public  library  and  at  the  same  lime  treasurer; 
is  president  of  the  Red  Star  Urick  Company,  of  Warren;  a  director 
of  the  Conewango  b'urniture  Company:  president  of  the  East  Warren 
Real  Estate  Company  and  of  the  Cornplanter  Refining  Company,  the 
latter  dning  a  business  of  over  a  million  dollars  annually,  much  of 
tlieir  product  being  exported  to  Germany  and  other  foreign  countries; 
is  treasurer  of  the  Union  Lumber  Company,  treasurer  and  director  of 
the  Washington  Tmprovemcnt  Company  and  of  the  Enterprise  Lumber 
Ciimpan}'.  these  three  lumber  cmnjianies  owning  large  tracts  of  the 
best  fir.  cedar  and  spruce  timber  in  the  State  of  Washingtun.  and  Mr. 
Hazeltine  is  one  of  the  largest  stockholders:  a  director  of  the  Warren 
Electric  Light  Company,  of  the  Security  Savings  &  Trust  Company,  of 
Erie,  of  the  Sheflield  National  Bank,  of  Sheffield. 

Mr.  Hazeltine  became  a  member  of  the  "^'oung  Men's  Christian  As- 
sociation Xovemlier  K).  iS^kj,  ten  days  after  his  arrival  in  the  city,  was 
the  second  president  r,\  the  association  and  is  still  a  member  of  the 
board  of  directors.  He  is  a  Baptist,  and  has  been  a  deacon  in  the  Eirst 
Baptist  church  since  1872.  He  was  a  meml)er  of  the  United  States 
Assay  Commission  for  the  year  1899.  and  was  treasurer  of  the  Penn- 
sylvania Bankers'  Association  in  1898,  antl  in  1900  delivered  an  address 
before  the  association  at  Cambridge  Springs  on  the  "Unification  of 
Commercial  and  Banking  Law."     As  president  of  the  Warren  Social 


4G0       COMPENnilM  ()!■   IIISTOR)-  AXP  GENEALOGY 

Science  Club  hv  delixcrcd  ;iii  address  mi  "Tlio  TTaiiscatic  Lcat;i'c.""  Mr. 
Ilazcltiiic  lias  l)een  a  l\ciuil)li<'an  since  the  time  of  castint;'  liis  first  \iite. 
He  is  a  meml)er  of  the  Order  of  the  i'ounders  and  l'atri';ts  of  Anierira, 
of  the  American  Academy  of  Political  and  Social  Science  ami  the  Xa- 
tional   (icographical    Society. 

On  June  4,  1868,  Mr.  Ilazeltine  married  Miss  Ilattie  !•'.  Davis,  a 
daughter  of  I).  M.  Davis,  who  is  yet  living,  at  the  age  of  eighty-eight. 
Harold  Dexter  Hazeltine.  the  eldest  of  the  children,  graduated  from 
Brown  University  in  1894,  from  Harvard  Law  .School  in  1898.  and 
ha?  since  been  pursuing  studies  abroad.  When  a  junior  in  the  uni\cr- 
sitv  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  American  Historical  .\ssociation. 
and  read  before  it.  at  Washington.  D.  C  a  paper  on  ".Xpiieals  to  the 
I'rivy  Council  from  the  Colonies,  with  especial  reference  to  Rliode 
Island."  He  was  a  member  of  tlie  .\mes  (ire\-  Law  Club  and  one  of 
the  editors  of  the  Harvard  Law  l\e\-iew ;  has  iiublished  an  article  in 
the  Law  Quarterly  Review  of  Oxford  and  is  a  member  of  the  Inner 
Temple.  London,  of  the  International  Society  for  the  i'urtherance  of 
Legal  Science  of  Berlin,  and  the  Selden  Society  of  Lnglan<l.  lilanche 
Mav.  the  eldest  daughter  of  ?\Ir.  and  Mrs.  Hazeltine,  was  graduated 
from  the  Classical  School  for  (iirls.  New  York  city,  and  was  later  a 
student  at  W'ellesley.  Hugh  \MnceHt.  a  graduate  oi  P.rown  L'ni\ersity 
in  1899  where  he  was  editor  in  chief  of  the  Brown  Daily  Herald,  is 
now  general  mrmager  of  the  Conewango  l'"urniture  Company  at  War- 
ren. Grace  .\delaide.  of  the  class  of  1902  of  the  Warren  high  school, 
is  now  fitting  for  Smith  College  at  Walnut  TLll  school,  X.'itick.  Massa- 
chusetts. 

The  greater  burdens  and  responsibilities  of  the  world  never  abide 
long  with  weaklings.  Only  the  strong  gain  the  satisfaction  of  success, — 
permanent  success,  which  is  the  gradual  acquisition  of  determined  men, 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  461 

and  such  may  well  he  attrilnited  to  A.  J.  Hazeltine.  The  financial  inter- 
ests of  western  Pennsylvania  have  a  great  support  in  his  skilful  man- 
agement: he  holds  a  foremost  place  in  the  affairs  pertaining  to  the  in- 
dividual and  inililic  welfare  of  hi>  ])art  nf  the  state:  his  high  character 
and  stren.gth  of  mentality  gi\e  him  a  place  of  eminence  among  his 
fellow  citizens:  and  not  only  i?  he  honored  for  his  own  qualities  1)ut  is 
entitled  to  additional  respect  for  the  worth  and  intelligence  of  his  sons 
and  daughters,  the  former  of  whom  have  already  demonstrated  their 
inherent  ahility  and  ha\e  made  entrance  upon  influential  independent 
careers. 


THOJMAS  JOSEPH  FITZPATRICK. 

Expositions,  though  in  some  form  or  other  utilized  to  display 
the  industries  and  arts  of  all  nations  for  an  indefinite  period  past, 
have  assimied  such  vast  pro])ortions  latterlv  as  to  be  regarded  as  dis- 
tinctive features  of  the  closing  years  of  the  nineteenth  and  the  opening 
of  the  twentieth  centuries.  In  connection  with  their  organization,  also, 
there  grew  up  a  new  ty]>e  of  manager,  the  call  upon  whose  executive. 
administrative  ability  was  so  great  and  such  varied  talents  were  neces- 
sary to  fill  the  role  that  successful  achic\-ement  of  his  task  gave  liim  a 
fame  and  ])re-eminence  second  only  to  that  following  a  victorious  general. 
In  our  (,wn  dav  several  men  ha\'e  emerged  from  this  trying  ordeal  with 
international  rei)utations.  whicii  proved  stepping  stones  to  high  honors 
in  the  business  and  financial  world.  Especially  the  captains-general 
of  the  great  exp<^sitions  at  Chicago.  Paris  and  Buffalo  might  be  men- 
ti<ined.  with  a  kind  of  ad\ance  notice  also  of  the  distinguished  gentle- 
man who  is  pushmg  the  St.  Louis  or  Louisiana  Purchase  exposition 
with   such  success.     These,  however,  shall  be  omitted   from  this  com- 


402      COMPENDIUM  OP  HISTORY  AXD  GEXEALOGY 

pilation.  the  sole  object  of  which  is  to  introduce  anotlier  whose  man- 
agement of  the  expositions  at  Piltsburt:;  for  many  years  lias  entitled 
liim  li>  ranU  with  the  ablest  of  the  new  class  of  organizers  to  whom 
allusion  has  been  made.  As  the  particulars  of  his  career  arc  unfolded 
in  outline  it  will  be  found  that  acquaintance  is  being  made  with  one 
of  the  interesting  types  of  American  business  men  who  are  well  worth 
the  knowing. 

The  name  of  Fitzpatrick  was  first  made  familiar  at  Pittsburg  many 
years  ago  Ijy  a  young  Irish  emigrant,  who  settled  tltere  for  the  pur- 
jx)se  of  pushing  his  fortunes  amid  the  bustling  crowd  of  the  iron 
nietroijolis.  John  Fitzpatrick  came  from  Queen's  county.  Ireland,  and. 
like  most  of  his  countrx'nicn.  brought  along  little  in  the  sha]>e  of  capi- 
tal aside  from  hi>  jjersonal  arldress  and  adaptability  to  new  conditions. 
lie  had  married,  before  leaving  the  old  countr\'.  one  of  those  bright 
rmd  industrious  Irish  lassies,  whose  beaut\',  virtue  and  housewifely  in- 
dustry ha\'e  made  them  famous  the  world  over.  Like  her  husband. 
she  bore  the  family  name  of  b'itzpatrick,  but  whether  this  was  merely 
a  coincidence  or  Miss  Bessie  was  a  distant  relati\-e  docs  not  clearly 
appear  from  the  notes  furnished  as  the  basis  of  this  sketch.  How- 
ever this  may  be.  it  is  known  that  John  and  Bessie  were  soon  "at  home" 
in  Pittsburg,  where  congenial  employment  was  speedily  found  and  im- 
proved by  the  resourcefulness  peculiar  to  the  Irish.  John  b'itzpatrick 
entered  the  hotel  Ijusiness,  and  will  be  remembered  by  all  old-timers 
as  being  connected  with  the  St.  Charles  for  thirty  consecutive  years.  A 
close  observer  has  remarked  that  the  man  who  "knows  how  to  keep 
hotel"  thereby  exhiliits  an  ability  which  ])resupposes  his  fitness  for  any 
kind  of  business,  and  it  is  safe  to  say  that  Mr.  Fitzpatrick's  long  tenure 
of  the  St.  Charles  is  sufficient  assurance  of  his  general  qualifications. 
I'rom  time  to  time  a  Ikiv  or  girl  came  to  brighten  the  home  of   John 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  463 

and  Bessie  I'itzpatrick  until  they  nunil)crc(l  five.  1)ut  all  of  these  have 
heen  claimed  by  the  fell  destroyer  with  the  exception  of  two  sons. 
Michael  and  Thomas  J.  Tlie  ]5arents,  too,  ha\c  paid  the  inevitable 
debt  of  nature,  the  father  answering  his  last  call  some  vears  af^o.  after 
cnmpletin,2i  the  Psalmist's  limit  of  threescore  years  and  ten.  Less  than 
a  decade  since,  when  about  the  close  of  her  sixty-fifth  year,  his  good 
wife  also  folded  her  weary  hands  and.  with  a  dving  blessing  upon  her 
remaining  children,  sank  to  her  eternal  rest  with  the  abiding  faith  tliat 
uphi'lds  the  Christian  in  that  trying  hour. 

Thomas  Joseph  Fitzpatrick.  the  youngest  of  the  sun-i\-ing  sons, 
to  whom  these  memoirs  are  chiefly  devoted,  was  born  at  Pittsburg. 
Februarv  6,  1S59.  Pie  enjoved  the  lienefit  both  of  the  public  and 
parochial  schools  during  his  youth,  and  was  also  for  awhile  in  attend- 
ance at  the  college  m  Pittsburg.  He  abandoned  his  books  when 
se\cnleen  years  nld  for  the  purpose  of  accepting  emplovment  with 
PIngus  &  Hacke.  for  man)  years  proprietors  of  the  leading  dry-goods 
store  in  Pittsburg.  After  remaining  with  this  firm  two  years  Mr.  Fitz- 
])at!  ick  resumed  his  studies  for  awhile,  and  when  next  be  left  the  school- 
room it  was  fur  the  purpose  of  re-entering  business  as  manager  for 
Xicoll  the  tailiir  in  his  nati\e  citv.  Pic  remained  with  this  employer  a 
riumber  of  years,  but  exentually  accepted  a  position  with  W.  G.  Price 
&  Co'npany.  dealers  in  ])umbers'  supplies,  which  in  turn  was  exchanged 
for  employment  with  Jiisc])h  D.  Weeks,  secretary  of  the  Iron  & 
.Steel  .\ssociatiiin.  Still  later  we  find  him  w'wh  Graff.  Rennett  i.*t  Com- 
[i.'mv.  manufacturers  of  iron  and  steel,  the  fulfillment  of  which  engage- 
ment terminated  bis  connection  with  distinctively  commercial  pursuits 
for  awhile.  Shortly  after  se\ering  bis  relations  with  the  last  mentioned. 
concern  Mr.  Fitzpatrick  obtained  a  jiosition  with  the  engineering  corps 
in  charge  of  work  on   the  Fort    Wavne  division  of  the   Pennsvlvania 


464      COMPENDIUM  OP  HISPORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

Kailroarl.  Init  floes  not  seem  to  ha\e  long  vcinaineil  witli  this  line  of 
employment. 

About  tliis  time  occurred  an  event  which  ,<ia\c  a  new  trend  to  his 
career  and  ])ro\ed  tlie  l)eginning  of  that  disiincti\e  kind  of  employment 
alluded  to  in  the  introductory  remarks,  fmm  which  has  emerjjed  the 
new  type  known  as  exposition  managers.  .Mr.  Mtzpatrick  owed  the 
op|)ortunity  to  show  his  ability  in  this  role  to  an  appointment  received 
from  the  board  of  trustees  of  the  Pittsburg  Exposition.  This  took 
])lace  some  sixteen  years  ago  and  led  to  a  permanent  connection,  which 
lias  grown  closer  and  .stronger  from  that  time  until  the  present.  The 
hrst  nine  vcars  were  spent  as  a  trusted  cni])loye  in  a  somewhat  sub- 
ordinate capacity,  but  for  seven  years  jrast  Mr.  Fitzpatrick  has  been  the 
manager  of  the  exposition,  and  it  is  upon  his  success  in  this  responsi- 
ble position  that  his  fame  as  an  executive  officer  and  organizer  is  now  so 
firmly  based.  He  is  the  master  spirit  of  tfiis  enterprise  whose  successful 
direction  is  of  such  imjwrtance  to  the  industrial  and  artistic  develop- 
ment of  Pittsburg,  and  the  value  of  his  lalxirs  to  the  city  is  fully  appreci- 
ated by  every  one  living  within  its  busy  Niundaries. 

Mere  fulsome  eulogy  or  perfunctor\-  coni]>liment  would  be  out  of 
place  in  connection  with  such  a  man  as  Thomas  J.  Fitzpatrick.  and  it  i^ 
not  the  ])urpose  here  to  indulge  in  such  (limsy  flattery.  His  work  con- 
tinuing for  so  many  years,  speaks  for  itself,  and  his  fame  as  a  man  ci 
action  rests  u]X3n  the  secure  foundation  of  duty  well  jierformed.  lie 
is  entitled  to  enrollment  among  the  select  few  who  ha\e  gained  the 
distinction  of  great  exhibition  managers,  and  the  future  historian  of 
these  notable  industrial  undertakings  will  have  no  hesitancy  in  marshal- 
ing his  name  well  to  the  front. 

.\  word  or  two  concerning  the  social  and  domestic  relations  of 
Mr.  Fitzpatrick  will  fitly  conclude  this  brief  biography.     He  was  mar- 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  465 

n't'd  in  June.  1892.  to  Miss  Mary  Rmnia  Kennedy,  with  whom  and  his 
live  clii!(h-en  he  occupies  a  commodious  residence  in  Crafton.  one  of 
the  ])rettiest  surJiurlian  towns  near  I'ittsljuri^.  Tliose  wlio  enjoy  inti- 
mate relations  with  tlie  family  and  enter  into  the  inner  domestic  circle 
descrilie  the  homo  life  of  Mr.  r'"itz])alrick  as  iile.ally  hapjjy  and  ty])ically 
American,  lie  is  not  so  completely  ahsorlved  in  the  exactint^  duties 
connected  with  the  exposition  as  to  lie  un.ahle  to  find  time  for  atten- 
tion tci  affairs  of  his  local  community.  He  is  a  potent  factor  in  all 
that  relates  to  its  welfare,  and  displax's  his  interest  hv  dischargin<^  the 
duties  of  councilman  of  the  horongh.  He  is  found  to  he  a  safe  adviser 
in  husiness  affairs,  and  is  always  ready,  hy  advice  or  more  tangible 
aid.  to  assist  those  who  are  deserving  or  who  have  claims  uix>n  his 
friendship.  The  familv  are  members  of  the  St.  Phillip's  Roman  Cath- 
olic church  at  Crafton.  and  ]\Ir.  Fit/cpatrick  also  holds  relations  with 
the  semi-religious  society  known  as  the  Knights  of  Columbus.  Whether 
in  his  public  or  ]irivate  life,  in  the  business  or  social  world.  Pittsburg 
numliers  among  its  citizens  few  more  distinguished  or  deserving  thrm 
Thomas  Josejih  b'itzpatrick. 

HON.  l\i\  V.  MANSFIELD. 

The  public  meu  of  Pennsybania  include  few  such  interesting 
personalities  and  strong  characters  as  the  gentlem.an  abox'c  mentioned. 
who  for  man\'  reasons  is  a  personage  well  worth  knowing.  His  whole 
career  has  been  one  of  activity:  he  has  seen  much  and  experienced 
much;  he  has  faced  life  in  all  its  phases^  has  approached  his  fellow 
men  from  manv  sides,  and  has  Ix^en  accu.stomed  to  deal  with  large  afifairs 
in  a  large  way.  r>ut  it  is  not  simply  as  a  man  of  the  world  and  of 
business  that    Mr.    Mansfield  possesses   attractions    for  those   who   like 


4GG       COMPBXDIl'M  Oh'  ///.S'/O/vT  . /.\7)  GHNEALOGY 

to  become  acquainted  with  ,r;amc  spirits.  As  an  artist  lie  is  ahlc  tn 
illii'^tratc  in  his  (.\vn  way  \hv  lhin,<;s  he  sees  and  the  incidents  wliich 
he  deems  wortlix'  nf  sucli  t-tunnienKiratinn.  As  a  Iiotanist  lie  looks 
upon  the  vegetable  world  with  the  eye  of  science,  and  is  able  to  observe 
beauties  and  mysteries  withheld  tmni  the  less  ])racticrd  observer.  In 
addition  to  this  be  has  a  hi,L;hl\'  honorable  war  record,  ruid  with  talents 
of  an  nnusualh'  bii;b  order  ;is  a  ranconteur  is  able  to  entert.ain  bis  com- 
p.anions  with  s;raphic  accounts  of  the  events  which  crowded  each  other 
so  ra])idly  during  the  stirring  days  of  the  great  Civil  war.  Such  is 
Mr.  Manslicid  in  brief  outline,  and  with  a  feeling  that  the  reader  will 
like  to  he.ar  something  more  about  him  this  account  of  the  main  e\ents 
in  bis  life  is  prepared  with  a  pleasure  propoi'tioned  to  the  interest  of 
the  subject  matter, 

The  .M.ansfield  familv  is  of  ancient  origin  and  honorable  achieve- 
ment in  rdl  the  walks  of  life  down  the  line  from  remote  jieriods  in  the 
jjioneer  p.asl  to  the  changed  conditions  of  the  ])rogressivc  jiresent. 
'ihough  tliere  are  now  re])resent;Lti\  es  of  the  name  in  the  \arious  states 
of  the  I'uion,  tlie\-  radiated  from  one  common  center  in  the  ancient 
W'.allingl'ord  (if  C  niinecticut,  where  the  connection  clustere<l  for  m.any 
generations.  The  f;imil\'  is  traced  b.ack  to  .Sir  Jobii  Abanslield.  who 
was  lx)rn  and  died  in  l^.xeter,  Devcnshire.  JMigland.  His  son,  Richard 
Mansfield,  was  l)orn  in  I^xeter.  England,  in  1609,  settled  in  New  Haven, 
Connecticut,  in  iCi.^";,  ;md  died  Jann.ar\-  id,  i'')55.  lie  married  a  Miss 
Ciiibam. 

'{"heir  son.  Major  Mnses  Mansheld.  was  born  at  New  Ha\en,  in 
['"ebruary,  i^^g,  married,  in  1A64,  Mercv  Clox'er,  and,  in  \('i<)j.  .\bigail 
Yale,  and  died  in  ()ctol)er.  1703.  He  was  a  ])icturcs(|ne  ]>ersonalitv 
in  the  early   Indian  wars,  and  went  out  as  major  of  tlie  state  militia 


OF  THE  STATE  01-  PENNSYLVANIA.  467 

wliicli  defeated  tlie  Indians  in  King  I'hiljp's  war.  and  in  liis  lionor  the 
alii'iiginal  town  oi  Nawbesetuck  was  clianged  to  Mansfield. 

His  son,  Jonathan  Mansfield,  was  horn  in  Xew  Haven,  in  Febru- 
ary, iri86,  married,  in  1708,  Sarah  .\lling.  and,  later,  .\bigai!  Dornian, 
and  died  in  Januar\',   1775.  • 

Moses  Manslield,  the  son  of  Jonathan,  was  born  in  W'allingfnrd, 
Connecticut,  in  1709,  married,  in  1734,  Mary  A.  Kierstead,  and,  in 
1748,  Rachel  Ward,  and  died  in  1754.  He  was  known  as  "School- 
•    master." 

John  Mansfield,  the  son  of  Moses,  was  born  in  Wallingford.  Con- 
necticut, in  1748,  and  married,  in  1775.  E.ster  Lewis.  He  was  widely 
known  as  "Captain  Jack."  and  bis  memory  is  proudly  cherished  I>y 
his  descendants  for  his  distinguished  services  as  a  soldier  and  a  patriot. 
He  ser\ed  for  thirty-nine  years  in  the  military  forces  of  Connecticut, 
being  at  different  times  a  member  of  the  Second,  Fourth  and  Sixth 
regiments,  and  securing"  promotion  to  a  commissioned  officer  in  each. 
He  entered  the  Re\-olutionai"}-  war  in  Fcbruar)-,  1775,  fought  through 
all  the  terriiiie  years  "tliat  tried  men's  snuls."  and  at  its  glorious  termin- 
ation held  a  commission  as  captain,  which  was  conferred  under  circum- 
stances that  reflected  great  bcmor  upon  the  family  name.  It  was  re- 
ceived from  the  hands  of  General  Washington  himself,  and  states  spe- 
cifically that  it  was  given  in  reward  for  "coolness,  firmness  and  punctu- 
ality" displayed  by  leading  the  "forlorn  hope"  that  stormed  and  caj)- 
tured  redoubt  Xo.  10  at  Yorktown.  This  patriotic  officer  was  retired 
on  a  pension  in   1814.  and  died,  in  June.    1823. 

He  left  a  son  named  Ira  Mansfield,  who  was  born  at  Wallingford. 
Connecticut,  in  October,  I77<').  married  Sukey  Kirtland.  and  died  at 
Atwater,   Ohio,   in    1849.      He  became  one  of  the  first  settlers  of  the 


4r.8      COMPENDIUM  01-  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

fammis  Wcslern  Reserve  of  Oliic,  and  as  a  nicnilicr  nf  tlic  militia  served 
l(i\-al!\'  in  many  of  tlic  i-nnllicts  incidL'iit  In  tliat  irdulilcd  ]icriiid. 

Isaac  K.  Manslield,  son  of  Ira  Manstieid.  was  Ixirn  in  Atwater. 
Ohio,  in  1809.  married,  in  1838,  Lois  Morse,  and  died  at  I'oland,  Ohio. 
in  1850.  l'.arl\-  in  life  he  cnsja.qcd  in  mercantile  pursuits  in  i'ol.and. 
Ohio,  and  fr(]ni  this  town  in  .Malionin,^-  county  he  ino\ed  to  I'hila- 
delphia.  where  he  had  a  lar,L',e  mercantile  eslahlishnient  nn  (,'hnrcli 
Alley,  and  rose  to  prominence  ii;  the  commercial  world.  His  wife  was 
a  daughter  of  Fdkanah  Morse,  a  ])ionccr  who  established  jurist,  oil  and 
saw  mills  and  hroom  factories,  marketing  his  many  i)roducts  in  Balti- 
more, Detroit  and  New  Orleans.  In  1849  Elkanah  Morse  caught  the 
l)revailing  gold  fe\er  and  started  for  California  h\-  the  oxerland  route, 
hut  was  taken  sick  with  the  cholera  and  died  at  l'"(jrt  Laramie,  Wyoming. 
.\fter  the  death  cf  Lsaac  Mansfield  his  widow  returned  to  Poland,  Ohio, 
h.er  native  jilace.  for  permanent  residence.  It  was  the  son  of  this 
cou]>le  who  hecame  the  dislinguisheil  puhlic  man  of  Pennsylvania  whose 
achievements   furnish   the  theme  for  this  hiography. 

Ira  1'".  Mansfield  was  Ixjrn  in  I'nland.  Ohio,  June  27,  1842.  It 
is  needless  to  say  that  he  had  the  hest  training  tint  could  he  ])ro\ided 
by  a  loving  mother,  ;ind  his  aca<!emic  ef'.ucation  was  also  well  ])ro- 
vided  for  as  he  grew  tn  manhodd.  Pesides  the  usual  commrju  school 
grades  he  had  orie  year's  course  at  i'oland  College,  where  he  was  a 
schoolntate  of  President  McKinley.  His  schooling  suddenly  ended  l)y 
his  being  ex])elled  for  attending  a  dancing  party,  after  which  he  started 
to  Pittsburg  for  the  purpose  of  learning  the  molder's  trade. 

Put  this  occu])ation  was  interruiited  and  the  whole  tenor  of  his 
life  changed  hy  the  greatest  of  all  events,  the  outbreak  of  the  American 
Civil  war.  It  was  not  to  be  e.xpecled  that  ;i  descendant  of  soldiers 
and  patricjls  would  hokl  aloof  at  such  an  hour,  and  so  we  find  young 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  46iJ 

Mansfield  at  his  Dliin  lionic  in  tlie  early  stages  of  the  conflict,  mak- 
ing preparations  tn  join  the  rapidly  swelling  forces  of  the  Union.  In 
August.  1862.  he  enlisted  in  ("omijany  H.  One  Hundred  and  Fifth  Ohio 
Volunteer  Infantry,  and  an  inspection  of  the  muster  roll  shows  that 
his  name  was  the  first  signed  thereto.  Two  months  later  they  were 
in  the  liattle  cif  l'erry\ille,  Kentucky.  Comjiany  H  lost  every  officer, 
and,  thnugh  wounded.  Sergeant  Mansfield  took  ccmnnand  (if  the  cnm- 
pau)'  and  was  early  promoted  to  second  lieutenant.  .\t  the  battle  of 
Chickamauga  he  was  made  first  lieutenant,  and  for  "conspicuous 
Ijravery"  at  Lookout  Mountain  and  Missionarx-  Ridge  was  assigned 
to  duty  as  ([uartermaster  of  the  Fourteenth  Army  Corps,  with  rank  of 
captain.  His  military  service  included  particijiation  with  Sherman  in 
the  meniorahle  march  to  the  sea,  the  cam])aig"n  through  the  Carolinas 
that  marked  the  l)eginning  of  the  end,  and  the  final  re\'iew  at  Wash- 
ington which  preceded  the  dissolution  and  return  home  of  the  (jrand 
.\rniy  of  the  Republic. 

Hostilities  had  scarcely  closed  when  ]\Ir.  Mansfield,  crowned  with 
that  honor  which  always  follows  upon  duty  well  performed,  w^as  found 
preparing  actively  to  enter  on  tha<  business  career  which  has  proved 
so  creditable  and  successful.  In  1S65  he  leased  from  Mrs.  Edwin 
Morse  the  Cannei  coal  mines  at  Cannelt(jn.  Pennsylvania,  an.d  in  1870 
became  the  active  owner  of  this  valuable  property,  whose  development 
and  o])eration  ha\e  since  occupieil  the  major  ])ortion  of  his  care  and 
energies.  .\t  the  present  time  he  owns  three  Innidred  and  sixty  acres, 
through  which  run  two  fine  veins  of  coal  and  several  veins  of  extra 
fire-clay. 

Besides  other  contributions  to  the  imi)rovement  of  Cannelton.  Mr. 
Mansfield  erected  a  general  store  building,  which  he  conducted  a  num- 
ber of  years,  also  a  handsome  opera  house,  and  has  two  hundred  acres 


47U       COMPENDIUM  Ul-   HISTORY  AM)  GENEALOGY 

ill  fiuit  iiicliards.  lie  is  :ilso  interested  in  the  cnal  properties  lliat  are 
l)eing  operated  l)y  Goff-Kirljv  Coal  Ciini|)any  and  tlie  Towers  Mining 
Company.  He  was  justice  of  tlie  ])eace  for  twenty-live  years,  an<l 
married  over  eij;lit  lunidred  coujiles.  l,atel_\-  lie  renioxcd  to  Bea\er. 
where  he  has  a  handsome  residence  oxerlookiuj;  the  (  )hio  riser,  and  is 
still  actively  engaged  in  man\-  lines  (if  business.  His  activities  include 
those  of  vice-president  of  ikavcr  College,  president  of  (Jrecnshurg 
Academy.  vice-])resident  of  Rochester  National  Pjank,  ami  president  of 
the  Shenango  and  r.ea\er  Valley  Railroad. 

Mr.  Mansfield's  political  career  has  been  such  as  might  be  ex- 
pected from  a  citizen  of  such  self-]K:ise,  strength  of  character  ancl  intel- 
lectual e(|uipnicnt.  He  is  recognized  as  a  leader  in  the  Republican  party: 
is  scli<x)l  director,  treasurer,  councilman,  and  has  been  repeatedly  elected 
to  the  legislature  on  its  ticket  as  a  representati\e  from  Beaver  county. 
He  was  a  member  during  the  sessions  of  1881.  1893,  1895.  1897  and 
1903,  and  no  constituency  ever  received  m  re  faithful  or  intelligent 
service  than  that  rendered  by  Mr.  Manslit-ld.  His  fraternal  connec- 
tions embrace  membershi])  in  several  of  the  more  prominent  orders.  In 
Masonrv  he  is  especially  conspicuous,  having  reached  the  thirty-second 
degree  in  that  ancient  fraternity  and  held  proinincnt  positions  in  the 
lodge,  chapter  and  coinmandery.  He  is  also  a  distinguished  memljer 
of  the  Odd  b'ellows.  Knights  of  Pythias,  and  is  aide  de  camp  on  the 
department  staff  and  commander  of  two  (irand  .\riny  posts.  For 
several  years  Mr.  Mansfield  was  postmaster  at  Cannelton,  and  a  cir- 
cumstance in  connection  with  this  is  worthy  of  mention  as  being  typical 
of  our  free  institutions  and  illustrative  of  how  cpiickly  the  public  for- 
give if  they  do  not  forget  most  radical  differences  of  opinion  and  action. 

Mr.  Mansfield's  commission  as  ix)stmaster  was  signed  Ijy  Major 
General  D.   M.   Key,  a  distinguished  soldier  of  the  Confederate  army, 


OF  THE  STATE  OJ'  PEXNSVEVANIA.  471 

and  that  a  Unimi  \  eleraii  should  tlius  he  authorized  to  hold  office  by  a 
"Johnny  Rtb"  only  a  few  years  after  the  i^reat  Civil  war.  is  not  only 
a  remarkable  illu>trati(  n  nt  the  raj^id  mutation  of  politics  but  forcibly 
proves  the  magnaninn'ty  ft  the  isrevailing  side  in  the  greatest  of  the 
\v(jrld"s  great  wars. 

On  the  nth  of  December,  1872.  Mr.  Mansfield  was  united  in 
marriage  with  .Miss  Lucy  E.,  daughter  of  Dr.  E.  Mygatt,  a  native  of 
Danhury.  Connecticut,  long  settled  at  Poland.  Ohio.  The  children 
of  this  uni(jn  are  Kirtland  M..  ]\Iary  L.  and  Henry  B.  The  family's 
religious  affiliations  are  with  the  b'irst  Presbyterian  clnuxh  of  Beaver, 
in  which  Mr.  Mansfield  is  rui  elder  and  a  teacher  in  the  Sunday- 
school. 

.\  few  remarks  in  conclusion  .'is  to  Mr.  Mansfield's  personal  traits 
and  acc(jniijlishments  will  be  appropriate  as  showing  the  characteristics 
of  the  man.  He  has  traveled  extensi\'ely  in  the  United  States,  and, 
being  a  close  observer,  talks  entertainingly  of  the  country,  its  resources, 
its  achie\-cments  and  houndless  possibilities.  During  his  war  service 
he  kept  a  voluminous  diarv.  in  which  he  recorded  his  manv  interesting 
experiences  by  flood  and  field  arul  the  imi)ressions  protluced  on  bis 
mind  by  the  histor}--making  events  of  those  times.  All  this  has  i)een 
connectedly  written  out  with  that  graphic  force  peculiar  to  soldier 
authors,  and  illustrateil.  by  the  jien  and  brush  (if  Mr.  Mansfield  him- 
self, with  sketches  of  armv  ex])loits.  In  fact  this  volume  of  reminiscences 
contains  many  ])en  pictures  of  men  and  things  of  the  [jast,  besides  ]jhoto- 
gra])hs  taken  in  recent  years  of  maii_\'  battlefields.  Mr.  ■\lansficld  is 
also  a  leading  aulhoritv  on  botany,  collected  fossil  plants  for  the  second 
geological  survev  of  Pennsylvania  and  makes  a  specialty  of  the  native 
ferns  and  orchids.  He  has  iniblished  a  work  on  the  wild  flowers  of 
Beaver  countx  with  many  notes  and  illustrations.  He  is  a  member 
29 


472       COMPENDIUM  Ol-  HISTORY  .-^.\'D  GUN EALOCY 

of  tlic  American  Philosophical  Society  of  Philadelphia,  the  A.  A.  A. 
Society  of  Washington  and  hotanical  chilis  of  Pennsyhania  and  Mas- 
sachusetts, lie  preserves  and  nmunts  in  lar<;e  herharinni  Imnks  the 
plants  found  in  the  count}',  and  on  separate  pages  inipnrtant  species  arc 
drawn  and  i)ainted  in  water  colcirs  li\-  Mr.  Manslield's  niuther.  fmin 
whom  he  seems  to  have  inherited  liis  taste  and  trdent    for  the  line  arts. 


HON.   F.nMlIND  P>.    I1.\R1)1':X11F.R(.11 

Hon.  h'dmund  W.  llardenhergh  was  horn  in  \\'ilson\ille.  Wayne 
county,  Penns)  l\ania,  ..n  July  31,  184G.  His  ancestors  on  his  nuither's 
side  came  to  America  in  T716.  and  his  ])aternal  grandfather  was  a  prom- 
inent citizen  and  landholder  in  New  'S'ork  state.  lie  htgan  his  active 
business  life  at  an  early  age,  hut  supiilemented  what  he  had  learned  at 
the  common  schools  by  a  course  at  a  business  college.  When  se\enteen 
years  of  age  he  was  made  a  brakemau  on  the  Eric  Railroad,  ad\ancing 
successi\-el_\'  to  the  positions  of  baggage-iuastcr,  conductor  and  tras-eling 
instructor.  He  remained  in  the  ser\ice  of  the  cnmi^any  for  upward  of 
thirty  years,  and  was  one  of  its  most  honored  and  trusted  employes. 

Though  hailing  from  a  count}-  usually  Democratic,  he  was  elected 
to  the  house  of  representatives  in  1883.  re-elected  in  1887,  and  in  1894  he 
was  chosen  state  senator  from  hii  district  by  an  unusually  large  ma- 
jority. Pie  was  re-elected  in  1898.  During  the  twelve  years  he  ser\ed 
in  the  law-making  branch  of  the  state  government,  he  was  regarded  as 
one  of  the  leading  and  inlluential  men  of  his  party.  Toward  the  close 
of  his  second  term  in  the  senate  he  was  chosen  auditor  general  uf  the 
commonwealth  by  a  majority  of  266,100,  that  being  the  greatest  ma- 
jority ever  given  a  candidate  for  that  office.  In  this  capacity  he  has 
surprised  his  most  ardent  admirers.     The  collection  of  the  re\enues  of 


II'ENDIVM  OF  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

rrican  Philosophical  Society  of  Philadclpliia,  the  .\.  A.  A 
of  Wasliiiigton  ami  lx>taiiical  clubs  of  Pennsylvania  anrl  Mas- 
saciiusctts.  He  preserves  and  mounts  in  large  lierbariuni  Ixxiks  the 
plaiUs  found  in  the  county,  and  on  separate  pages  important  species  are 
drawn  and  painted  in  M-ater  colors  by  Mr.  Mansfield's  mother,  from 
whom  he  seems  to  have  inherited  his  taste  and  talent  for  tlie  fine  arts. 


HON.  EDMUND  P..   H.\RDENnERC,IT 

1 1   n.   I'.dmund   R.   Ha-^  '  ■  '  i>   l«>rn  in   Wilsonville,   Wayne 

county,  Pennsy'>  "■'"'      ••   '  ..  .,.i.     His  ancestors  on  his  mother's 

side  came  to  Ai..,.  nd  his  paternal  grandfatlier  was  a  prom- 

inent citizen  and  la:  ;    Xcw  York  state.     He  began  his  active 

liusiiiess  life  at  an  early  age,  but  su[i])ltmented  what  he  had  learned  at 
the  iMmmi^n  «rh>i"ls  l)y  a  course  at  a  business  college.  When  seventeen 
>!'  -  made  a  brakeman  on  the  Erie  Railroad,  advancing 

ihe  [jositions  of  baggage-master,  conductor  and  traveling 
instnirtor.     Ht-  remained  in  the  service  of  the  company  for  upward  of 

le  of  its  most  honored  and  trusted  employes, 
m  a  county  usually  Democratic,  he  was  elected 
■■sentatives  in  1885,  re-elected  in  1887,  and  in  1894  he 
I  state  senator  from  hi^  district  by  an  unusually  large  ma- 
He  was  re-elected  in  1898.     During  the  twelve  years  he  served 
m  ihc  law-makhig  branch  of  the  state  government,  he  was  regarded  as 
I'ue  of  the  leading  and  influential  men  of  his  party.     Toward  tlie  close 
nd  term  in  the  senate  he  was  chosen  auditor  general  of  the 
>.  alth  by  a  majority  of  266,100.  that  being  the  greatest  ma- 

j''  given  a  candidate  for  that  office.     In  this  capacity  he  ha< 

suipribCi  (lis  most  ardent  admirers.     The  collection  of  the  revenues    .t 


^>^^^ 


OF  THE  STATE  QT  PENNSYLVANIA.  47r, 

llic  state,  a  duty  incumlicut  npmi  hini.  lias  been  closely  looked  after 
w  ith  the  result  that  each  of  the  three  years  of  his  term  has  hcen  a  record- 
hreaker.  l-\ir  1903  tlie  collections  reached  the  vast  sum  of  $21,030.- 
2T,2.()0.  a  figure  ne\er  aiiticii)atcd  liy  the  state  financiers.  .Mr.  Ilarden- 
hergh  is  prominently  mentioned  as  the  choice  of  his  party  for  the  nom- 
ination for  state  treasurer  in  1905.  He  has  been  at  all  times  an  active 
and  useful  worker  in  his  county  and  at  conventions. 

Sijcially  Mr.  Hardenbergh  is  equally  (jopulur.  He  is  connected 
with  the  Order  of  Red  Men,  Order  of  Railway  Conductors  and  the 
Free  and  Accepted  Masons.  lie  was  married  in  1869  to  Miss  Susan 
K.  I'ellett.  and  two  children  have  blessed  their  union:  Aliss  C.  Louise  and 
Raymond  W.  The- latter  is  serving  as  first  lieutenant  of  the  l-"(mrtli 
Regiment,  United  States  Infantry,  at  present  stati(jned  in  the  Philip- 
pines. 


LATEN  LEGG  STEARNS. 

Prominent  among  the  energetic,  far-seeing  and  successful  business 
men  of  Williamsport,  Peniis\-l\ania.  is  the  subject  of  this  sketclr  Mis 
lite  histiiry  most  liai)r>ih'  illustrates  what  may  be  attained  1)v  faitii  and 
Continued  effort  in  carrx'ing  out  an  honest  pur|)ose.  Integrity  activit\' 
and  energy  have  been  the  crowning  points  of  his  success,  ruid  bis  con- 
nection with  various  business  enterprises  and  industries  has  been  of  de- 
cided adxantage  to  this  section  of  the  state,  promoting  its  material  wel- 
fare in  no   uncertain  manner, 

Mr.  Stearns  was  born  on  the  3d  of  .\])ri!,  1823,  in  Hopkinton, 
Massachusetts,  a  son  of  Jubn  and  Abigail  (  Legg)  Stearns.  He  comes 
of  good  old  Revolutionary  stock,  his  great-grandfather  on  the  maternal 


476       COMPENDIUM  O/-"  lilSTORV  AXD  GESEAl.OCY 

side  lia\'intj  l'()ii,y;lit  fur  tlu'  indc'in'iKloiKX'  n\  the  enlonies.  Julin  Stearns 
was  also  a  nati\c  iif  Massacluisetts,  Imni  in   179(1,  and  died  in   1878. 

When  L:itcn  L.  Stearns  was  only  three  years  old  the  family  re- 
moved to  New  York  and  located  in  Si)eed\'ille,  where  he  t^rew  to  nian- 
lioiid  and  attended  school  until  sixteen  years  of  as^e.  I  Ia\in,L;'  ohtained 
a  good  practical  eilucation  he  sul)sec|nentl\'  eng'aged  in  teaching'  school 
in  New  York  state  for  three  years.  For  a  time  he  was  a  student  in  the 
seminar\-  of  (iroton.  New  York,  and  it  was  there  he  completed  his  lit- 
erary education.  After  !;'i\in<i'  up  teachiinj  he  spent  one  vear  on  hi-^ 
father's  farm,  rnid  in  1844  piu'chased  a  fanu  in  the  iMupire  state,  on 
which  he  Ii\-ed  for  several  years. 

It  was  in  1850  that  Mr.  .Stearns  eiuliark'cd  n])on  his  first  mercantile 
\-enture.  becoming  associated  with  his  hrother-in-law.  T,.  X.  Muir.  in 
the  conduct  of  a  general  store  at  Jersey  Shore,  Pennsyl\-ania,  where  they 
carried  e\'erything  from  a  clothes-i)in  to  drugs  and  chemicals.  In  1861. 
when  the  countr\-  hecamc  invohed  in  civil  war,  he  entered  the  L'nion 
army  as  a  sutler  for  the  Eighth  Pennsylvania  Cavalry,  and  was  after- 
ward made  sutler  of  Cieneral  Gregg's  brigade.  When  hnstilities  ceased 
he  came  to  Williamsport  in  1865  and  piu'chased  the  dry-goods  and 
grocery  Imsiness  of  Richmond  &  \^an  Fleet,  which  he  conducted  most 
successfully  for  twenty-four  years.  He  admitted  his  sons  to  partner- 
shi])  in  1885,  and  two  years  later  they  purchased  the  building  which  has 
since  Ijecn  known  as  the  Stearns  block,  which  was  entirely  remodeled 
and  fitted  up  for  their  e.\tensi\e  Imsiness.  Some  idea  of  its  extent  may 
be  had  when  it  is  stated  that  the  first  year  after  their  removal  to  the 
present  location  the  business  increased  over  one  hundred  thousruid  dol- 
lars. The  business  cjf  the  firm  is  carried  on  in  a  very  systematic  and 
methodical  manner,  their  Ixioks  being  marvels  of  ingenuity  and  accuracy. 


OF  THE  STATE  OT  PENNSYLVANIA.  477 

Mr.  Stearns  lias  not  confined  Iiis  attentinn  alone  to  mercantile  pursuits, 
liut  has  become  interested  in  a  nnmher  of  manufacturing-  concerns. 

On  the  1 6th  of  Sejitemher,  1H44.  he  was  united  in  marriage  to 
Miss  Sarah  Catherine  ^luir,  of  Speedville.  N'ew  York,  and  to  them  were 
horn  three  children,  namely:  (i)  Delphine  F.lizaheth.  horn  August 
30.  1846,  in  S])eed\-ille,  was  married  im  the  JT^d  of  Octolier,  1873.  to 
James  Sanderson  Lawson.  a  lianker  of  \\'illiams]iort,  Pennsylvania, 
whose  mother's  maiden  name  was  Hannah  Sanderson,  the  same  as  that 
of  a  remote  ancestress  of  his  wife.  They  ha\e  tluxe  children:  Will- 
iam C'lin.qen.  horn  Septemher  8,  1874;  Katharine  Stearns,  horn  .\\n\\ 
9,  1877;  and  James  S.,  Jr.,  horn  Feljruary  19,  1881.  (2)  "Jonathan 
.Augustus  was  hurn  in  S])eed\-ille.  New  York.  .April  1  j.  1848,  now  has 
general  supervision  of  the  firm's  extensive  business  and  huys  most  of  the 
goods.  He  was  married  November  i,  1873,  to  Sarah  Lyon,  of  Willirmis- 
]5ort,  and  thev  had  two  children:  Laten  Legg,  who  was  horn  September 
20,  1874.  and  died  I''chruary  21,  1875:  and  Thomas  Lyon,  horn  October 
3.  t886.  (3)  Emily  Abigail  was  also  liorn  in  Speedville,  New  York, 
Februarv  22,.  1850.  and  was  married  November  7,  1872,  to  Anthony  G. 
Lyon,  a  railroad  solicitor  li\ing  in  T'hiladclphia,  Penns_\d\'ania.  who  (Vk-<\ 
June  5,  1890,  lea\ing  one  son,  Laten  Stearns,  born  August  7.  1878. 

On  his  removal  to  Williamsport  in  the  sjjring  of  1865.  Mr.  Stearns 
and  his  faniilv  tloatc<]  down  the  river  on  a  raft  because  the  mad  had  been 
made  impassable  l)y  the  great  freshet  of  that  year.  All  of  their  house- 
hold goods  were  piled  u]ion  the  raft  and  the  family  occui)ied  the  little 
shanty  that  alwavs  found  a  jilace  on  the  river  iloats  of  those  days.  This 
was  a  very  no\el  ami  interesting  experience  for  them  and  one  to  which 
they  often  refer.  Mr.  .Stearns  has  met  with  reverses  in  life,  but  has 
usually  prospered  in  all  th;it  he  has  undertaken  and  ha.s  made  good  use 
of  his  opportunities.     He  is  quit-e  proud  of  the  fact  that  he  never  worked 


478      COMPEXnirM  or  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

for  anv  one  but  liimself  and  fallicr.  and  to  liis  own  well  directed  efforts 
and  good  management  he  owes  his  success  in  life.  In  ad\ancing  his  own 
interests  he  has  also  promoted  the  general  welfare,  and  is  regarded  as  one 
of  the  most  public-spirited  and  ]irogressive  men  of  Williamsport.  I'or 
manv  years  he  and  his  faniiJv  have  attended  the  i'irst  rrcshvtcrian  church 
of  that  city,  and  by  his  ballot  he  has  always  supjiorted  the  men  and 
measures  of  the  Republican  ]iarty. 

WALTER  S.  PALMER. 

Walter  S.  I'rdmcr,  of  Sharon.  Pennsylvania.  su])reme  secretary  of 
the  Protected  Home  Circle,  a  nicnib.er  of  the  state  legislature  of  Penn- 
svhania.  and  otherwise  identified  with  the  iniblic.  fraternal  and  religious 
life  of  his  city  and  the  state,  was  born  at  Orange\ille.  Trumbull  county. 
Ohio.  November  4.  185Q.  and  is  the  son  of  Shelden  and  Margret  Pal- 
mer, the  former  a  millwright  and  the  builder  of  some  of  the  largest  mills 
in  his  part  of  the  state,  also  postmaster  of  his  town  for  fifteen  or  eighteen 
years,  and  a  life-long  Rei)ublicau  and  a  leader  in  the  liaptist  church. 

Mr.  Palmer  graduated  from  the  Orangcville  jjublic  schools  in  1878. 
and  for  the  f(illowing  two  years  was  a  student  in  the  colleges  at  Ilirruu. 
Ohio,  and  Hillsdale.  Michigan.  Some  of  his  earlier  ex])erience?  were 
with  railroad  work  and  as  bookkeeper  for  several  years.  After  lie  left 
school  in  1880.  he  became  bookkeeper  for  a  large  jewelrv  firm,  with 
which  he  remained  until  August.  1887.  when  he  was  elected  supreme 
accountant  of  the  Protected  Home  Circle  braternal  Insurance  Associa- 
tion. In  1895  the  offices  of  supreme  accountant  and  su])reme  secretary 
were  consolidated,  and  he  was  elected  to  the  office,  which  important  and 
responsible  positic^i  be  still  holds.  This  association  numbers  si.xty  thou- 
sand members,  and  has  eight  luuidred  thousand  ddllars"  surplus. 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  479 

Mr.  Palmer  is  a  leader  in  fraternity  work,  and  is  a  member  of  the 
following  orders  and  hranches :  Sharon  Lodge  Xo.  250.  F.  &  .\.  M. ; 
Norman  Cha|)ter  No.  244.  R.  A.  M.;  Rebecca  Commandery  No.  50, 
K.  T. ;  X'alley  of  Pittsburg  Consistory,  thirty-second  degree;  Sharon 
Lodge  No.  3.^7,  I.  O.  O.  V. :  Sharon  Lodge  No.  103.  P..  P.  ().  E. :  Sharon 
Court  No.  13,  T.  B.  H.:  Court  Sharon  No.  341 1,  I.  O.  1".:  Centennial 
Ruling  No.   19.  F.  M.  C. :  Sharon  Council.  Royal  .\rcanum.  and  others. 

In  Trjo2  Mr.  Palmer  was  elected  to  the  Pennsylvania  state  legisla- 
ture for  a  term  of  two  years.  February  6.  1900,  he  was  appointed  by 
Governor  Str.ne  regimental  (|uartermaster  of  the  Fifteenth  Pennsylvania 
Infantry.  Second  P)rigade,  with  rank  as  captain,  but  the  regiment  was 
mustered  out  (me  vear  later.  He  has  been  a  life-long  Republican;  is 
secretary  of  the  lioard  of  directors  of  the  Buhl  Club  at  Sharon,  which 
has  the  management  of  a  gift  of  five  hundred  thousand  dollars  to  the 
city:  and  is  a  memlier  of  the  Ba])tist  church,  and  interested  in  all  forms 
of  social  and  ci\"ic  organizations  for  the  benefit  of  city  and  citizens. 

April  7,  1881,  Mr.  Palmer  was  married  to  Miss  Mattie  .\.  Will- 
iams, of  Orange\illc,  Ohio.  Two  sons,  both  now  decea.sed,  were  born 
of  this  union,  Loy  A.  and  Roy  C.  November  15,  1895,  Mr.  P;dmer  was 
united  in  marriage  to  his  present  wife  Catherine  Da\'ies,  at  Sharon, 
Pennsylvania,  and  one  child.  Doras  C.  Palmer,  was  liorn  to  them  Feb- 
ruary 24,   1897. 

\\ILLL\M  BAGGS  ULRICH.  M.  D. 

Dr.  William  Baggs  L'bich,  of  Chester,  Pennsylvania,  who  for  more 
than  half  a  century  has  been  recognized  as  a  skilful  and  progressive 
physician,  and  a  leading  and  influential  citizen,  belongs  to  a  German 
faniilv  which  for  tlu'ee  generations  has  been  represented  in  Pennsylvania. 


4«0      COMPENDIUM  OP  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

[olin  L'Iricli.  fjr-Tii'Ifntlier  of  William  nai;ji;s  I'lrich.  was  h'>rn  in 
Germany  durins;  the  latter  half  of  the  eighteenth  century,  and  at  the 
age  of  twenty-five  came  to  America  and  settled  in  f'hiladelpliia.  wln're 
he  married  Mary  Kline. 

Samuel  Ulrich,  son  of  John  Ulrich.  was  horn  in  1802.  in  T'hiladel- 
l)liia,  where  he  received  his  education  and  passed  the  vcars  of  his  early 
manhood,  remo\'ing,  in  1S34,  to  Chester,  Delaware  county.  Tie  en- 
joyed in  a  high  degree  the  esteem  and  confidence  I'f  his  neighhors.  filling 
for  many  years  the  office  of  justice  of  the  peace,  a  ]iosition  for  which  he 
was  peculiarly  fitted  hoth  h.y  his  knowledge  of  law  and  his  natural  fair- 
mindedness.  For  a  long  time  he  acted  as  notary  jiuhlic,  and  his  friends 
and  ncighlK^rs  were  in  the  habit  of  resorting  tn  liini  not  only  for  the 
services  u,suallv  rendered  hv  that  official,  hut  for  ad\'ice  on  \-arinus  (|ues- 
tions  of  law.  Tn  youtli  Mr.  Ulrich  was  an  admirer  and  ])olitical  fol- 
lower of  .Andrew  Jackson,  hut  in  after  years  experienced  a  change  of 
convictions,  hecoming  a  Whig,  and  finallv  a  Rcpulilican.  Mr.  L'lrich 
married,  in  1828,  Catharine  IT.,  daughter  of  William  and  Rachel  Baggs, 
of  Chester,  antl  was  the  father  of  nine  children.  His  wife,  who  was  a 
woman  of  remarkable  intelligence  and  great  kindness  of  heart,  survived 
him  a  nuniher  of  years,  dying  at  Chester.  Deccmher  i,  1885,  at  the  age 
of  seyenty-eight  years. 

William  Baggs  Ulrich,  son  of  Samuel  and  Catharine  T-f.  (Baggs) 
Ulrich,  was  horn  May  4.  i82<j.  in  I^hiladclphia.  Pennsylvania,  anrl  was 
taken  by  his  jiarents  to  Chester  when  \'\\e  years  of  age.  He  received  his 
elementary  education  in  the  public  schools  of  that  city,  afterward  be- 
coming a  student  at  Jonathan  Cause's  boarding-school,  at  lL'nion\  ilk-, 
Chester  county,  and  on  leaving  school  filling  the  position  of  clerk-  in  a 
drug  store  in  Philadel])hia  T)r.  Ulrich's  sjiirit  of  thoroughness  and  in- 
vestigation was  not  satisfied  with  the  degree  ui  knowledge  necessary  for 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  481 

the  discharge  nf  liis  duties,  l)ut,  wliile  serving  in  tlie  store,  he  attended 
the  college  of  pharmacy,  and  thus  became  C(imi)lete  master  of  the  busi- 
ness. In  1845  'i*^  matriculated  at  the  I'hiladclphia  College  of  Medi- 
cine, although  obliged  tn  divide  his  time  between  attending  lectures  and 
his  duties  as  a  druggist.  Under  these  circumstances,  which  nu'ght  have 
shaken  the  resolution  of  any  one  not  ])ossessed  of  the  strong  determina- 
tion and  professional  enthusiasm  wbicb  then,  as  in  after  years,  were  char- 
acteristic of  Dr.  Ulrich,  lie  ])ursued  his  studies,  and  in  1830  was  duly 
t 
graduated.     In  the  autumn  of  that  year,  in  response  to  an  advantageous 

offer  from  a  firm  in  Natchez,  Mississippi,  requesting  him  to  take  charge 
of  a  drug  store  in  that  cit_\',  be  removed  to  Mississipjii,  making  the 
journey  in  the  style  of  more  than  half  a  century  ago,  namely,  .going  by 
rail  to  the  foot  of  the  Allegbanies,  and  then  tra\'eling  by  stage  over  the 
mountains  to  Brownsville,  by  boat  to  Pittsbiu'g  and  thence  to  Natchez. 
Dr.  L'lricli  was  not  disappointed  in  his  hope  that  the  south  would  afford 
a  good  fielfl  for  the  practice  of  his  jirofession,  and  after  one  vear  in  the 
drug  store  be  remo\Td  to  Concordia  jiarish,  Louisiana,  where  in  a  short 
time  be  built  up  a  large  and  profitable  |)ractice.  During  bis  residence 
in  the  snutli  Dr.  Ulrich  witnessed  four  epidemics  of  yellow  fe\-er.  and 
in  couserpience  of  this  experience  he  became  ]icculiarly  skilful  in  the 
management  of  the  disease.  Tn  1865  Dr.  Ulrich  todk  a  s|)eci;d  post- 
graduate course  in  the  New  Orleans  ScIiodI  of  Medicine,  graduating  in 
1866.  During  a  visit  which  be  made  to  Chester  in  1870.  the  yellow 
fever  made  its  appearance  at  the  Lazaretta  quarantine,  in  Delaware 
county.  \\''hcn,  in  s]iitc  of  all  efforts,  the  disease  apjieared  outside  that 
institution.  Dr.  L'lrich  was  summoned  as  an  e.xjiert  to  take  charge  of  the 
cases,  three  of  which  had  occiu'rcd  in  Chester.  In  recognition  of  Dr. 
Ulrich's  successful  treatment  of  these  cases,  and  of  his  efforts  in  pro- 
tecting the  city  from  the  disease,  the  city  council  of  Chester  tendered  him 


482       COMPENDIUM  OF  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

a  unanimous  vote  of  thanks.  About  this  time,  in  ciinsc(|uence  of  some 
criticisms  on  the  manat;;cnieiit  of  tlic  Philadelphia  hoard  of  health.  Dr. 
I'lrieh  was  invuhed  in  an  iniimated  newspaper  controversy,  in  which  he 
showed  himself  as  tliorough  an  e.\i)ert  in  wieldin.e;  the  ])en  as  in  con- 
trolling the  ra\ages  of  disease,  inthicnced  in  part  li\'  the  fact  that  his 
father  was  in  failing  health,  and  in  part  hv  the  urgency  of  friends.  Dr. 
I'lrieh  decided  to  remain  in  Chester,  where  he  soon  hail  a  large  and 
growing  practice.  Tie  is  frequently  called  in  consultation  to  distant 
points,  the  reputation  of  his  skill  being  wide-sjiread.  I^r.  I'lrich  is  much 
interested  in  stock-raising,  being  the  posscssfir  of  a  stock  farm  at  Xew- 
ark,  Delaware,  on  which  .are  to  be  found  sonic  line  sjieciniens  of  st.and.ard 
bred  trotters. 

in  1872  Dr.  L'lrich  was  a]i])ointcd  siu\geon  for  the  l'enns\l\ania 
Military  College  at  Chester,  which  position  he  resigned  two  years  ago, 
having  served  twenty-eight  years,  and  at  the  same  time  became  lecturer 
on  hygiene  in  tiie  same  institution.  The  same  year  he  receixed  the 
appointment  of  official  surgenn  of  the  Philadelphia,  Wilmington  &  Pial- 
timorc  Railroad,  now  the  1'.  W.  Ik  W .  K.'iilroad,  a  ])art  of  the  Pennsyl- 
vania Railroad,  with  which  he  still  maintains  his  connection.  He  is 
a  member  of  the  Delaware  County  Me<lical  Society,  of  which  he  has 
been  se\'eral  times  ])resident :  the  PennsvKania  State  Medical  Societv,  in 
which  he  has  filled  the  office  of  first  vice  president,  and  in  1003  was 
elected  its  jiresidenl :  and  the  .\mcrican  Medical  Association,  of  whose 
judicial  coimcil  he  was  for  several  years  a  member.  He  is  an  honorary 
member  of  the  Delaware  State  Medical  Society,  and  has  served  as  a  dele- 
gate to  many  of  the  st.ate  medical  conventions  of  Pennsylvania  and 
other  states,  and  also  as  a  delegate  from  the  American  Medical  Asso- 
ciation to  the  Medical  Association  of  C"anada.  P.y  reason  of  tlie  fact 
that  Dr.  Ulrich  is  a  forcible  speaker  as  well  as  a  learned  physician,  he 


4 

OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  4S3 

has  always  taken  a  leadiiiij  part  in  tlie  discussions  wliidT  have  occurred 
at  the  meetino's  of  tiiese  societies,  on  whose  official  action  he  has  ex- 
erted great  influence. 

Dr.  Ulrich  is  an  ardent  member  of  the  Democratic  party,  and  has 
exercised  his  eloquence  and  inlluence  with  scarcely  less  warmth  and 
earnestness  in  Iiehalf  of  his  political  organization  than  in  defense  of 
his  professional  o])inions.  Such  is  his  popularity  that,  without  the 
slightest  effort  on  his  own  ])art.  he  was  nominated  liy  the  Democrats  of 
Chester  for  the  state  senate,  although,  of  course.  i»nahlc  to  contend  at 
the  polls  \\ith  the  large  majority  of  liis  political  opponents.  He  has 
always  taken  a  great  interest  in  educational  matters. 

Dr.  Ulrich  married.  May  4.  1S54.  Eliza  L.,  dauglilej-  nf  David  !•". 
Miller,  a  large  cotton  planter  of  Louisiana,  and  is  the  father  of  three 
sons,  Samuel  R..  William  R.,  David  M.,  and  one  daughter.  Mary.  Dur- 
ing his  residence  in  Chester.  Dr.  Ulrich.  by  the  aljle  aufl  conscientious 
disclTarge  of  his  duties  as  a  plu'sician  and  citizen,  has  earned  the  res]i€Ct 
and  gratitude  of  the  community,  while  his  kindness  of  heart  and  genial 
manners  ha\e  endeared  him  to  a  large  circle  of  jiatrons  and   friends. 

JOSEPH    LEVERING   JONES. 

Joseph  Levering  Jones.  Lawyer,  was  born  in  l'lii1adel])hia.  Penn- 
syhania.  July  2(1.  1S51.  son  of  (jcneral  John  S}(lney  and  Catharine 
Elizai)eth  (  Riter  )  Jones,  of  Welsh  and  (Icrnian  descent.  lie  was  edu- 
cated in  Halifax.  Plymouth  comity,  Massachusetts,  and  in  1871  began 
the  studv  of  law  in  the  office  of  P)arger  &  Gross,  of  Philadelphia,  enter- 
ing the  law  department  of  the  Lfniversity  of  Pennsylvania  in  1873, 
where  he  was  graduated  with  honor  in  1875.  He  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  of  I'hiladelphia  in  1874.     He  immediately  began  to  practice  in  Phila- 


484       COMPENDIUM  OF  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

(lelphia,  and  in  1878  formed  a  iKutncrsliip  with  William  A,  Redding 
and  Ihinipliin  L.  Carson,  under  the  firm  name  ni  l\fd(lin<i",  Junes  & 
Carson.  Upon  the  retirement  of  Mr.  Iveddint^  in  18S7.  the  firm  iKTanie 
Jones,  Carson  &  rhilli])s.  and  in  i8(;3  hy  the  admissinn  of  I  Inn.  Dini- 
ner  Beeher,  the  name  was  changed  to  that  of  Jones.  Carson  &  Beeber. 
lie  is  now  associated  in  the  practice  of  the  law  with  lion.  T^imner  Pieehcr 
•  tnd  llenr\-  C.  Boyer.  I'^sq.  He  de\oled  the  lirst  few  years  of  his 
practice  to  real  estate,  hnildinq'  association  and  commercial  law.  Suh- 
secpiently   he  was  connected  with   important  trade-mark  cases. 

He  has  always  taken  considerable  interest  in  ])olitics.  and  ])nb- 
lished  in  18S8  ".\  I]rief  Sm^vey  of  the  Principles  ;ind  Vchiexenienls 
of  the  Republican  Party."  He  also  has  ]>ul)lished  ".\  Ilistor_\-  of  the 
City  if  Lafa}eltc,  Indi.aua."  He  edited  the  rejiorts  of  the  siqireme 
court  of  Pennsylvania  by  Horace  Binney.  witli  explan;itor\-  notes,  and 
an  .\merican  edition  of  "Reeves'  History  of  the  linglish  Law."  and 
also  "Idle  History  of  the  Union  League  of  Philadel])hia."  He  has 
frecpiently  acted  as  referee  or  master  under  the  choice  of  parties.  He 
has  always  been  actixxdy  interested  in  educational  sul>jects,  is  a  trustee 
of  the  L'niversity  of  Pciuis_\I\ania.  an<l  i)resident  of  the  Chestnut 
1 1  ill  .\cademy,  Philadelpiiia.  He  is  a  director  or  officer  in  several 
linancial  ;ni(l  transportation  companies. 

In  1887  he  was  marired  to  Elizal)eth  Mercer  MacLean.  daughter  of 
Charles  1).  MacLean,  of  Stranraer.  Scotland.  They  ha\e  seven 
cliildren. 

JAMES   U.   OSMER. 

James  H.  Osmer.  one  of  the  leading  lawyers  of  PennsyKania.  al- 
though not  a  nati\-e  American,  has  li\ed   in   this  country  since  inf.ancy. 


u^^^ 


Of  THE  STATE  OE  PENNSYLVANIA.  487 

He  was  Uie  son  of  RcuIjcii  piid  Callicrine  (Gilbert)  Osnier.  and  was 
1,1  irn  in  England,  January  22,  1833.  Soon  after  his  birth  the  family 
emigrated  to  America,  and  settled  in  Pennsylvania,  residing  in  Harris- 
burg  for  a  time,  thence  renaoving  to  Center  county,  and  on  their  farm 
in  that  county  his  mother  died  in   1S63  and  his  father  in   1865. 

Idle  parents  of  James  were  not  in  affluent  circumstances,  conse- 
f|uentl}-  the  latter,  from  an  early  age.  had  tf)  work  to  assist  in  gaining 
the  daih'  bread,  which  laljor  consumed  most  of  the  time  lliat  other  boys 
gi\e  to  careless  schoolroom  life.  His  ambition  iov  learning,  however, 
compensated  for  his  lack  of  o])portunity.  and  he  invested  whatever  money 
he  was  able  to  acquire  in  the  purchase  of  books,  and  devoted  whate\x'r 
spare  time  he  had  to  study,  and  in  that  way  gained  a  "fair  knowledge 
of  the  common  English  branches.  When  about  eighteen  years  of  age 
he  entered  the  Bellefonte  Academy,  and  later  began  teaching,  lie  thus 
followed  the  ])Ian  jjursued  l)y  so  many  successful  men.  of  altern.ately 
teaching  and  studying,  and  was  at  different  times  a  student  in  Moinit 
Pleasant  College.  Pine  Grove  /Xcademy  and  Dickinson  Seminary.  In 
the  meantime  he  had  decided  u])on  the  law  as  his  pro'ession.  and  in 
June.  1856.  he  began  his  studies  in  the  office  of  Messrs.  Robertson  and 
Fassett,  at  Elmira.  New  York,  and  while  carrying  on  his  studies  he 
taught  as  principal  of  one  of  the  city  schools. 

Mr.  Osmer  was  admitted  to  the  bar  of  the  state  of  New  York  in 
1858.  He  practiced  his  profession  in  Elmira  until  the  spring  of  1865. 
when  he  located  in  Franklin.  Pennsylvania,  his  present  home.  In  August 
of  the  same  vear  he  was  admitted  to  ])ractice  in  Venango  county,  and 
since  that  time,  for  nearly  forty  years,  he  has  participated  in  many 
of  the  most  important  cases  tried  in  the  county,  state  and  federal  courts, 
and  has  enjoyed  his  fair  share  of  the  better  class  of  legal  business.  Mr. 
Osmer  has  associated  with   himself  his  two   sons,   Archibald   R.    and 


48S       COMPENDIUM  OF  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

Xewtdii   !•"..  under  the  firin  nanie  ni    |.    II.   ( )snici"  &  Smis.       Tlie  elder 
son  was  tdr  six  vcars  prosecutiny  attorney  of  X'enanyo  euinUv. 

Mr.  Osnier  is  interested  in  various  business  enter])rises.  lie  has 
been  a  I-Jepuhhcni  since  tlie  orj^anization  uf  tliat  i)arty.  and  lias  taken 
a  notewortliy  part  in  ])olitics.  He  was  chosen  a  deiegat',;  to  the  i\e]nil)- 
lican  conx'cntion  of  iSjCt,  Ijut  severe  illness  pre\entecl  his  serving;.  In 
the  fall  of  1878  he  was  elected  to  Congress,  and  served  on  the  commit- 
tees on  education  and  labor.  lie  has  been  a  delegate  to  the  state  con- 
ventions of  both  Xew  \'ork  ami  Tennsx-Kania.  lie  Rdongs  to  the 
Masonic  fraternity.  In  June.  1859.  Mr.  ( )snicr  was  married  to  Miss 
Mary  J.  Griggs,  of  Steuben  county.  Xew  ^'ork.  ;ui(l  of  the  four  chil- 
dren of  this  marriage  his  two  sons,  above  mentioned,  survive. 


D.WID    S.    BUXTING. 

David  S.  runiting.  a  successful  business  man  of  Chester.  Pennsyl- 
vania, is  a  descendant  of  a  family  of  English  extraction,  who  came 
from  England  to  America  alxnit  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth  century. 
The  first  representatives  in  this  country  were  three  brothers,  one  of 
whom  settled  at  Crosswicks.  Xew  Jersey,  another  in  lUicks  county. 
Pennsylvania,  and  the  third.  Sannicl  by  name,  settled  at  Darby,  now 
Delaware  county.  Imoui  the  latter  named  David  S.  Bunting  is  a  lineal 
descendant.  Samuel  Hunting  married  a  granddaughter  of  John  Blun- 
ston,  who  emigrate<l  from  England  in  i68j  and  settled  in  Darby,  where 
he  took  up  a  large  tract  of  land :  he  was  a  member  of  the  i)rovincial  as- 
sembly for  thirteen  years,  and  several  times  held  the  position  of  speaker 
of  that  Ixxly.  Mr.  Blunston  was  also  ajipointed  by  William  Penn  as  a 
member  of  the  ct)uncil  of  state  and  a  justice  of  court,  and  fref|uep.tly 
acted  as  attorney  for  people  in  England  who  held  land  in  Pennsylvania. 


OF  THE  STATE  Of  PENNSYLVANIA.  48'J 

Josiah  Buntiiii^.  grandfather  of  David  S.  Bunting,  was  a  native  of  Darhy. 
Delaware  cnunty,  wlicre  lie  resided  all  liis  life  engaged  in  agricultural 
])ursuits.     He  was  a  consistent  member  of  the  Society  of  Friends. 

Josiali  Bunting,  fatlicr  of  David  S.  Bunting,  was  born  and  reared 
at  Darl)y,  and  upon  attaining  young  manhood  removed  to  Piiiladel])liia, 
entered  into  partnershii)  with  Joseph  Watson,  who  for  five  years  ser\-cd 
as  mayor  of  that  city,  and  engaged  in  the  lumber  business  under  the 
firm  name  of  \\'atson  &  Bunting.  Mr.  Bunting  remained  in  the  firm 
until  183^,  when  he  disposed  of  his  interest  in  the  business  and  pur- 
chased the  old  Bunting  homestead  at  Darby,  to  which  he  removed  in 
the  autumn  of  that  year.  In  1814  he  was  united  in  marriage  to  Miss 
Sarah  Sellers,  a  daughter  of  David  Sellers,  then  residing  in  Philadel- 
phia, though  a  native  of  Upper  Darby.  Delaware  county.  Seven  chil- 
dren were  Ixirn  to  them,  namely :  Rachel  Sellers.  Elizabeth,  Da\'id 
Sellers,  Sarah  Hunt.  Josiah  Samuel  Sellers  and  Joseph  Bunting.  The 
father  of  these  children  was  a  lifelong  member  of  the  Society  of  Friends, 
and  his  death  occurred  in  1S63,  in  the  ninet\'-first  year  of  his  age:  his 
wife,  who  was  born  in  Philadelphia,  died  at  her  home  in  Darby,  in 
1850,  aged  sixty-two  years. 

The  Sellers  family,  of  which  the  mother  of  David  S.  Bunting  was 
a  member,  is  also  one  of  the  oldest  in  I^ennsylvania.  having  been  founded 
here  l)v  Samuel  Sellers,  a  nati\c  of  Derbyshire,  England,  who  in  1682 
settled  at  Darby,  then  Chester,  now  Delaware  county.  In  June,  1684. 
he  married  Miss  Anna  (liljlxms  also  from  Derbyshire,  England,  they 
being  the  first  couple  ever  married  in  the  "Darby  Meeting"  of  the 
Societv  of  Friends.  They  had  si.x  children  born  to  them.  The  third. 
Samuel,  bom  December  3,  1690,  married,  August  12,  1712,  Miss  Sarah 
Smith,  also  of  English  descent.  To  them  were  born  seven  children,  of 
whom  the  youngest  was  John  Sellers,  the  maternal  great-grandfather  of 


490       COMI'EXDIL.M  Ui'  HlSlUKV  AM)  uLXJi.  ILOU)' 

I);i\i(l  S.  linntint^-.  lie  was  lioni  Scplemljcr  i<j,  I/jS,  and  did  l'"cl)ruary 
2,  1804.  His  father  having  erected  tlic  first  twisting  mill  ni  I'cnnsvl- 
vania.  he  leanicil  the  trade  of  wea\er.  hnt.  jjossessing  a  marked  nie- 
ciianical  genius,  he  in\ented  the  first  wire  nilling  screens  and  siex'es  for 
cleaning  grain  ever  made  im  this  cnnlinenl.  The  first  wire  store  in 
America  was  in  l'hiladel])iiia.  This  in\enti(in  ])ri)\ed  snch  a  sncccss  that 
he  ahandcined  tiie  manufactnre  of  textile  fahrics  and  (kwoted  his  atten- 
tion to  wire  wea\ing.  He  was  one  of  the  prominent  men  of  the  town, 
and  was  elected  to  serve  in  the  assemhiy  in  ijf'ij.  holding  the  office 
for  ii\e  terms.  On  T'ehrnary  jC>.  \~4<).  he  married  Miss  .\nn  Gihlxins. 
and  the  follcjwing  named  children  were  l>orn  to  them:  Nathan.  David. 
John  and  George  Seller.s.  David  .Sellers,  maternal  grandfather  of 
Daxid  S.  Bunting,  was  a  nati\e  of  I'pper  Darhy.  and  after  completing 
his  education  he  learned  tiie  trade  of  w  ire  worker  in  I'hiladel])hia.  where 
he  erected  the  first  wire-working  estahlishment  e\er  operated  in  .\merica. 
His  death  occurred  in   1813.  at  the  age  of  lifty-si.x  years. 

David  S.  Bunting,  son  of  Josiali  and  Sarah  linnting,  was  l)orn  in 
Philadel])hia,  Pennsylvania.  Septemher  23,  1820.  He  was  reared  on  the 
old  Bunting  homestead  at  Darhy.  Delaware  county,  to  which  liis  ])arents 
removed  when  he  was  a  young  child,  lie  ohtained  his  education  in  the 
Friends'  school  at  Darhy,  a  Ijoarding  school  at  West  Chester,  and  this 
was  sui)plemented  1)\'  a  course  of  study  at  a  college  in  Wilmington. 
Delaware.  .Shortly  after  completing  his  studies  he  was  engaged  in 
farming  and  dairying  at  L'])])er  Darhy.  and.  meeting  with  so  large 
degree  of  success  in  this  cnteriirisc.  he  remaine<l  there  for  eight  years. 
He  then  purchased  a  farm  on  Chester  creek,  ,and  ])ursued  the  same  line 
of  trade  until  1862.  when  he  sold  his  property,  located  in  the  city  of 
Chester,  and  engaged  in  the  lumber  business  in  ])artnershi])  with  Joseph 
H.  Hinkson.     This  connection  continued  until  the  death  of  Mr.  Hink- 


Of  THE  STATU  OT  PENNSYLVANIA.  491 

sun  t\v(5  years  later,  since  wliieli  lime  .Mr.  lluntiug-  has  carried  on  the 
iuiiilier  and  coal  hnsiness  alone.  lie  has  the  nvjst  extensive  liimher 
trade  in  the  city  of  Chester,  and  carries  constantly  in  stock  the  largest 
assortment  of  rough  and  dressed  lumher  to  he  found  in  the  locality. 
He  has  always  heen  reg-arded  as  a  careful,  c(jnservative  husiness  man, 
whose  plans  and  operations  are  hased  up(jn  mature  judgment  and  strict 
integrity,  and  his  commendalile  methiuls  ha\e  lieen  rewarded  with  con- 
spicuous and  well  merited  success.  Mr.  Bunting  is  an  ardent  Rcpuhlican 
in  politics,  and  has  l.;een  several  times  elected  a  memher  of  the  citv 
council,  and  his  services  in  th:it  hody  were  recognized  as  useful  and  im- 
portant. 

On  March  9.  1843,  Mr.  lUmting  married  Miss  Hannah  I'.  Serrill, 
a  daughter  of  Benjamin  Serrill.  a  grazier  of  Darhy.  Delaware  county. 
Their  children  are:  Sidney  I'.,  wife  of  Joseph  W.  Sharp,  president  of 
the  National  Bank  at  Berwyn,  Chester  county,  T'ennsyhania  ;  Elizaheth, 
wife  of  J.  Charles  Andrews,  of  Darhy;  antl  Sarah  S.,  now  deceased. 
wlio  \\  ris  the  wife  of  Josiah  Bunting,  chief  of  the  dress-goods  depart- 
ment of  John  W'anamaker's  store  in  Philadelphia,  and  who  at  her  ileath 
in  1888  left  three  sons,  Jcjseph  S..  Sydney  S..  deceased,  and  .\ul)re\-  i\. 
Bunting.  Personall_\-  Mr.  Ihniting  is  genial  and  afifahle,  and  is  \-ery  poj)- 
ular  with  the  residents  of  the  connnunit_\-  in  which  he  lias  resided  f(.)r  so 
many  years,  and  is  rightly  called  one  of  Cdiester's  foremost  citizens. 

WILLIAM    C.    T.WLOR.    D.    D. 

The  family  of  this  name  originating  at  I'ittshurg,  includes  four 
hrothers,  all  of  whom  achieved  hrilliaut  success  in  various  walks  of 
life.  One  hecame  an  author  of  note,  two  others  were  for  over  forty 
years  prominent  in  the  mercantile  world  anil  the  fourth  was  the  late  dis- 


■l'-'2       COMPENDIUM  or  IIISruRY  .IXP  CLLSE.ll.OCY 

tingiiislicd  niinislei-  at  r>ea\cr.  Cdiiceniiiit;-  wliose  career  it  is  tlie  ulijcct 
nf  tliis  Ijiograpli)'  to  ,i;i\e  full  details,  lie  was  one  ni  tlmse  niany-si'.led 
characters,  ahniiiuliii^'  in  euert;"}'  and  enter])rise,  wlm  arc  e\cr  Imsv  with 
some  sclieme  to  ele\'ate  humanity  and  liendit  the  lace  and  wlmse  ])ic- 
tin'cs(|uc  personalities  are  constant  sources  of  ahsorhini;-  interest.  Dur- 
ing' his  l<ini;'  and  useful  career  Dr.  Taylor's  mission  seems  to  have  liccii 
to  take  liold  (.)f  what  others  had  either  refused  to  touch  (jr  proved  un- 
ecpial  to.  or  to  use  an  e.\pressi\e  at^riculttu'al  collo(|uialism  "t  ;  hold  uj) 
the  hai'd  end  of  the  row."  .\nd  this  he  did  rather  from  choice  than 
conipulsion.  ai>])arently  likins^"  a  task  in  ]iro]]ortion  to  the  diiViculties  it 
presented.  If  tliere  was  an  old  clnu'ch  somewhere  so  run  d(]Wii  that  no 
other  minister  would  touch  it.  Dr.  Taylor  was  crdled  on  to  lift  it  out 
oi  the  Sloutjh  of  Despond.  If  some  ])arisli  had  hecome  so  in\'ol\'cd  in 
deht  that  there  seemed  no  escape  from  the  hankrujit  court  Dr.  Taylor's 
persuasive  elo(|uence  and  houndless  vitality  were  ])rcssed  into  service 
to  perfcjrm  that  I'inancial  miracle  of  converting;'  a  deficit  into  a  surplus. 
Hopeless  con.^regations.  ahandoned  cliajiels.  discom\'i,<;'cd  ])arishes.  lan- 
guishing enlerjirises  of  every  kind  turned  instinctivclv  to  the  evangel 
of  optimism  and  altruism,  whose  stock  of  talismans  was  ap]xirentl_v 
inexhaustible.  Thus,  like  "Old  Mortality"  in  Scott's  famous  novel  of 
that  name.  Dr.  Tavlor  was  constantly  going  around  in  search  of  some- 
thing that  needed  restoring:  and  it  was  strange  if  his  incisive  chisel 
did  not  cut  the  sin'i)lus  accumulations  of  moss  antl  restore  to  legibility 
what  had  Ijccome  undecipherable  from  neglect.  * 

In  1789  there  came  to  I'ittsburg  a  young  Irishman  by  the  name 
of  James  Taylor,  who  had  been  driven  from  his  native  land  by  the 
patriotic  uprising  against  England  which  (jccmred  at  that  ])eriod.  He 
was  a  druggist  by  profession,  and  soon  after  his  arrival  set  up  in  that 
line  of  business  in  the  city  of  his  adoption.     James  Taylor  was  ambi- 


01-   THE  STATE  OP  PENNSYLVANIA.  493 

tidus,  full  of  nervous  energy  like  most  of  his  compatriots,  and  was 
uiclmed  to  overtax  his  strength  in  his  efforts  to  achieve  success  in  the 
mercantile  world.  To  this  tendency  to  over-taxation  and  worry  is 
attributed  his  somewhat  premature  death,  as  the  result  of  which  all  the 
family  hurdens  devolved  upon  his  devoted  widow.  But  Margaret  Tay- 
lor assumed  the  responsibility  without  tlinching.  and  addressed  herself 
bravely  to  the  task  that  fate  had  set  before  her.  Mrs.  Taylor  is  described 
by  tho.se  who  knew  her  well  as  a  woman  of  vigorous  and  practical  mind, 
with  an  abundance  of  good  common  sen.se,  of  devout  pietv  and  a  strict 
disciplinarian  in  the  domestic  circle.  Although  she  had  jjeen  the  mother 
of  ten  sons,  six  of  these  had  died  in  infancy,  so  her  maternal  cares  and 
anxieties  were  limited  to  the  remaining  four. 

William  G.  Taylor,  the  member  of  this  (|uartette  with  whom  this 
sketch  is  concerned,  was  bom  in  Pittsljurg,  March  ,^,  1820,  and  as  he 
grew  u]i  was  trained  in  the  store  with  a  view  to  taking  his  father's  ])lace 
as  a  druggist.  This  plan,  of  cour.se.  was  defeated  by  the  latter's  death, 
but  Mrs.  Taylor  took  pains  to  see  that  her  boy  had  the  benefits  of  a  busi- 
ness training.  During  the  interxals  between  school  terms  he  was  kept 
at  work  in  si^me  mercantile  house  until  he  was  nine  }-ears  old.  and  in 
later  life  always  found  emi)lovment  during  absence  from  college  on 
vacations.  He  displayed  a  natural  fondness  for  teaching,  and  in  this 
pursuit  dexeloped  marked  talents  as  a  disciplinarian,  (|ualities  which 
pro\-ed  of  use  and  had  moi'e  am])le  scope  for  exercise  at  a  sul)se<|uent 
period  of  his  career.  In  1S47  '""?  finished  a  course  at  the  old  Jefferson 
College,  now  Washington  and  Jefiferson,  and  from  there  went  to  the 
Western  Theological  Seminary,  where  he  was  graduated  in  the  class  of 
1848,  and  in  \\)r\\  of  the  same  year  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Pitts- 
burg F'resl)vtery.  In  iS4()  he  was  ordained  as  an  evangelist  by  the  same 
religious  body,  .and  thus  at  an  unusually  early  age  he  was  equipped  for 


rji       COMPEXDIUM  or  HISTORY  .1X1)  UliXli.lLOCV 

that  remarkahle  work  of  cducatin,!,'-  and  ii])liiiil(liiij;  wliich  liavc  liecii  llie 
distinctive  features  of  Dr.  Taylor's  career.  At  this  formative  period  lie 
seemed  e(|ually  well  adapted  for  success  in  the  ministry,  secular  educa- 
tional \\(irl<  or  in  mercantile  pursuits,  and  for  awhile  he  was  en<ja<;ed  in 
the  latter  line  at  I 'iltshurt;'  with  llatleriniL;-  prospects,  hut  e\cntuallv  nther 
amhitions  were  ahanddued   fur  the  e\ani:;eli>tic  field. 

One  of  the  lirst  ini])ortant  eni^a.s^enients  was  as  editor  nf  the  Prairie 
Herald,  a  paper  ]nihlishetl  at  Chicago.  Illinois,  by  a  company  which 
also  issued  two  religious  weeklies,  two  dailies,  one  ninnthly  and  two 
(juarterly  journals,  besides  conducting  a  book  store.  .Aside  frnm  bis 
editorial  duties  Dr.  Taylor  also  assisted  the  pastor  of  the  Third  Presby- 
terian church,  hut  the  labors  proved  too  much  for  his  strength  at  that 
time,  and  he  sought  that  rest  which  comes  from  a  change  of  occu])ation 
by  taking  charge  of  a  sm.all  congregation  in  Xew  England.  Shortly 
after,  and  without  any  pli\-sica!  im|)rovement.  he  returncfl  to  Pittsburg, 
and  in  .\pril,  1S51,  began  work  in  the  .Mi>unt  Washington  district  of 
the  city,  which  laid  the  fnundation  for  a  large  and  llnurishing  church. 
His  next  call  was  for  half  time  to  a  church  at  lieaxer,  which  had  de- 
clineil  in  niembershii)  from  one  hundred  and  ninety-si.x  to  forty-two. 
but  the  Doctor  asked  for  full  time  and  soon  had  a  neighborhood  church 
of  three  hundred  active  members  gathered  into  the  fold.  About  the 
same  time  the  churches  at  Tarentum  and  Xatrona  needed  special  labor, 
and  the  Doctor's  specific  cures,  administered  during  the  folknving  four 
years,  enabled  each  of  these  congregations  to  secure  a  pastor  of  its 
own. 

Thus  released  from  an  arduous  undertaking.  Dr.  Taylor  next  turned 
toward  Mount  Carniel.  Pennsylvania,  where  a  church  had  been  without 
a  pastor  for  twenty  years.  This  case  of  religious  Kipvanwinkleism  \vas 
taken  in  hand   by  the   evangelistic  healer  in    1861,   and   after   arduous 


OF  THE  STATE  OP  PENNSYLVANIA.  495 

wrestling  witli  the  ])r()l)lcms  involved  clnring  a  period  of  four  years 
Dr.  Taylor  was  able  to  report  satisfactory  progress  to  the  higher  author- 
ities. The  pastor  of  the  hrancli  church  took  the  place  until  the  two 
churches  merged  into  one,  secured  Rev.  R.  J.  Cummings  as  pastor  at  a 
salary  of  one  thousand  dollars  per  annum.  Imilt  a  new  house  of  worship 
and  started  on  a  new  career  of  prosperity. 

Hut  a  greater  achievement  than  any  of  these  is  yet  to  he  recorded, 
the  achievement  ])ar  excellence  of  Dr.  Taylor's  life  and  the  one  on  which 
he  might  safely  rest  his  fame  if  all  other  things  were  wanting.  It  was 
niiw  fiiv  the  first  time  in  his  life  that  he  was  to  have  full  opportunity 
to  shiiw  his  (|ualitics  and  ])rove  his  abilities  as  an  organizer,  educator 
and  builder  of  character. 

Being  an  intensely  patriotic  man  and  in  full  sym])athy  with  the 
veterans  of  the  Lhu'on,  his  thoughts  had  often  turned  u]ion  the  phvsicrd, 
mural  and  cducalinnal  needs  of  the  soldiers'  iir[)hans.  .\t  length  he 
brnachecl  the  (piestion  to  Colonel  Matthew  Onay.  !iow  senator  from 
rennsyh  ,ania.  ;md  in  cnniiuKiinn  the  two  raised  twentv  thousand  dollars 
as  a  prelinunary  fund  for  building  an  asylum  at  Phillipsburg.  Two 
hundred  and  ten  acres  of  Land  were  secured,  suitable  buildings  erected, 
and  in  time  si.x  hundred  orphans  were  comfortably  housed.  Of  these. 
two  hundred  recpiircd  medical  attention  at  the  time  of  their  admission, 
,'md  it  is  mentioned  as  a  remarkable  fact  that  only  four  of  the  six  hun- 
dred died  within  ten  years,  and  of  these  three  were  incurables.  Dr. 
Ta\'li)r  was  ajjpointed  ]irincipal  and  chaplain  of  this  eleemosynary  insti- 
InliMU  at  its  incei)tion,  an<l  rcm.ained  in  charge  for  ten  years,  from  (866 
to  iS/f).  with  results  iha.t  made  him  fanmus  throughi>ut  the  state  and 
gained  for  him  the  undying  gratitude  of  every  old  .soldier  w  ho  understood 
the  grandeur  of  his  work.  lie  looked  after  the  mental,  spiritual  and 
])h_\sical  welfare  i>f  his  wards  with  a  de.vntion  that  could  not  h;i\e  been 


4t)f.       COMPENDH'M  01-  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

increased  liad  cx'cry  nrplian  in  tlic  estahlislinicnl  la-cn  liis  own  i-liii<l. 
In  a  Icctm'c  (lelixcrcd  li>  tlic  orplians  nf  this  school  nianv  years  ago  l^ro- 
fessor  Beamer  paid  the  followino-  tribute  to  the  ])resi(hn,<i'  j^enius:  "In 
my  entire  experience  as  a  ]nil)hc  lecturer  in  the  L'nitcd  States,  Can.ada 
and  Europe  I  iia\e  never  seen  such  perfect  de\x'lo]inient  of  the  nhvsical 
organization  as  there  is  in  this  entire  hody  of  the  children  of  the  I'hil- 
lipsburg  Orphan  ScIuk  1  under  the  care  i>f  Dr.  Taylor,  and  as  is  presented 
to-night  hy  the  one  hundred  and  lifty  l)o_\s  and  girls  here  ]iresent.  I  have 
never  seen  on  both  continents  such  ])crfect  development  as  is  here  shown 
to-night  hy  these  attenti\e  children,  whose  happv  countenances  tcstifx' 
that  this  discipline  is  the  result  of  jiropcr  goxcrnment  and  not  of  fe.ar. 
As  a  Soldier  of  the  war  that  mailc  them  orjihans,  I  ;nn  h;i]i])\-  t'l  meet 
them  and  thrice  happy  in  their  home,  their  training,  their  education  rmd 
their  ])reparation   for  usefulness  in  life." 

He  was  in  charge  of  the  churches  at  Xeville  and  Island,  and  his  next 
achiex'ement  in  the  role  of  "Old  Mortality"  was  in  cnnnection  with  an  old 
disbanded  church  at  Concord,  now  a  ])art  of  I'ittsburg.  where  there  were 
eleven  languid  workers  and  no  Sunday-school.  I'efore  the  Doctor  had 
finished  with  this  morilnind  congregatinn  he  had  them  coin])letely  re- 
\-ived  and  on  their  feet,  built  a  new  edifice  and  established  ;i  new  S;di- 
bath-school.  which  enrolled  two  hundred  and  lifly  pupils  in   four  years. 

'i'he  characteristic  trait  of  Dr.  I'aylor  throughout  life  was  bis  a\er- 
sion  to  injustice  and  ini(piit\-  in  all  its  forms,  with  special  horror  of 
slavery  as  it  existed  in  the  south  in  the  bad  old  anted)ellum  d.ays.  Im- 
mediately after  the  bring  on  I'ort  Sumter,  in  fact,  on  the  very  evening 
of  that  eventful  day,  he  Iiegan  recruiting  for  the  mighty  conflict  which 
be  had  long  foreseen  as  inevitable.  I  lis  labors  were  directed  toward 
securing  a  church  commission  and.  fund  for  its  supjiort  both  at  home 
and  in  the  field  iluring  the  period  of  hostilities.     .\11  liis  work  in  this  line 


.  OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  497 

was  entirely  gratuitous  so  far  as  pecuniary  compensation  was  concerned. 
and  it  led  to  good  results. 

Aside  from  his  main  work  Dr.  Taylor  was  always  a  factor  in  every 
community  where  he  resided  in  nio\-ements  to  bring  about  progress  and 
enterprises  of  any  kind  of  a  beneficial  character,  'i'hus  we  find  him  one 
of  seven  in  the  organiz;ition  of  the  ISeaver  County  Agricultural  So- 
ciety and  likewise  jirominent  in  establishing  the  l>eaver  Female  College 
and  Musical  In^^titute.  lie  was  also  one  of  the  first  to  advocate  the 
necessity  of  a  county  superintendent  of  schools,  conducted  the  first 
teachers'  institute  and  took  the  lead  in  organizing  a  Sabbath-school 
institute,  .\hva\s  an  advucate  uf  internal  im])ro\-ements.  he  was  nat- 
urally found  among  those  who  at  ;m  early  stage  nf  the  proceedings 
])ressed  the  claims  of  the  Pittsburg  &  Lake  Erie  Railroad,  which  after- 
ward develojied  into  an  upbuilding  agency  of  such  importance.  .\t  a 
later  period  Dr.  Taylor  was  a  director  of  the  Freedom  &  P>eayer  Street 
Railwa\-  Compau)',  served  in  the  same  cajjacity  on  the  boards  of  the 
Third  National  and  Germania  banks  of  Pittsburg,  and  was  for  many 
years  a  member  of  the  Western   Pennsylvania  Prison  Society. 

On  the  15th  of  .\])ril.  1S49,  Dr.  Taylor  was  united  in  marriage 
with  Miss  Charlotte,  daughter  of  John  ;md  Mary  Thompson,  of  .Alle- 
gheny, and  this  Indv  nut  onl\'  ])rn\ed  an  ideal  wife  and  mutber.  but  was  a 
co-worker  with  and  great  assistant  to  the  Doctor  in  his  many  difficult 
undertakings.  .\  few  ])articul;u-s  concerning  die  children  resulting  from 
this  union  will  prove  of  interest.  Mary  M..  the  eldest  daughter,  is  now 
the  widow  of  C.  Martin,  birmerly  ;i  well  known  attorney,  and  had 
two  children.  William  T.  and  I'rw  in  S.  Charlotte  F..  the  second  d.nugh- 
ter.  now  deceased,  l>ec;une  the  wife  of  T.  P.  Kerr.  James  W'..  the 
eldest  son.  is  in  the  machinisi  business  at  Reaver,  bdlen  S..  the  third 
daughter,    married    Willi.im    j.    Steward,    superintendent    and    a    stock- 


498       COMPENDIUM  OF  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOCY 

holder  of  tlie  Fallston  Fire  Clay  Company,  and  tlicy  liave  three  child'cn, 
William  1..  Ilerlicrt  T.  and  Kthel  T.  j<ihn  T..  the  second  son,  who  is  a 
capitalist  and  real  estate  dealer  of  Monaca.  marricil  Ida  M.  McJ)  maid. 
and  has  four  children.  Jean  K..  William  C..  Jr.,  \'era  .Mc.  and  Ida  M. 
Hervey  I.,  the  youngest  son,  married  Hester  L.  I'ntter.  and  h:is  four 
children,  lames  S..  Harold  A.,  Joseph  K..  and,  William  (i..  Jr. 

It  is  pleasing  to  he  ahle  to  add  in  conclusion  that  this  philrmthroiiist. 
while  laboring  so  much  for  others,  succeeded  also  in  laying  up  inr  him- 
self a  liberal  sh;ire  o^  this  vorld's  grods,  and  at  his  death  was  in  af- 
fluent circumstances.  Being  a  man  of  excellent  business  judgment  and 
trained  to  estimate  values,  these  (lualifications  were  brought  to  bear  in 
real  estate  and  other  transactions  in  such  a  way  as  to  yield  large  pcciui- 
iarv  profits.  The  residence  in  which  Dr.  Taylor's  family  lives  is  re- 
garded as  the  finest  at  I'eaver.  and  within  its  portals  are  all  tlie  evidences 
of  refinement  which  befit  such  a  man  and  such  a  fann'ly.  His  fondness 
for  reading  and  study  is  ]n'o\-ed  by  the  large  an<!  well  sclecteil  libr.ary 
which  ornaments  the  home,  and  his  desire  to  induce  others  to  love  hooks 
is  shown  l)y  the  fact  that  at  \'arious  times  he  gave  awa)-  o\-er  one  thou- 
sand volumes  of  choice  literature. 

During  the  last  two  or  three  years  Dr.  Taylor  was  in  feeble  health 
but  his  energy  and  vitality  cfintinued  unabated  until  within  a  few  months 
of  his  demise.  He  realized  the  jiassing  away  was  near.  ;md  he  graduall}' 
faded  from  earth  and  wa«  ushered  in  the  brighter  home  abo\-e  on  Sab- 
bath evening.  September  6,  1903.  His  masterful  career  extended  over 
nearly  eighty-four  years  of  life,  and  his  death  was  the  sign  of  full  fruition 
and  culmination  of  earthlv  endeavors. 

In  tiic  language  of  a  few  lines,  written  by  an  elder  brother,  on  the 
death  of  their  mother,  we  <|uote : 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  49tf 

"My  husband  has  gone  tn  the  land  of  tlic  hicst. 

On  earth  we  will  see  him  no  more. 
In  the  mansions  of  love,  his  soul  is  at  rest. 

His  sorrows  and  sufferings  are  o'er." 

The  following  is  extracted  from  the  Beaver  Times: 

The  Rev.  Dr.  William  G.  Taylor,  aged  eighty-four  years,  died  at 
his  home  in  Third  j^treet,  Beaver,  at  10:50  p.  m..  Suntlay.  Me  had  been 
declining  in  health  for  a  long  time  and  his  death  was  not  une.xpected. 

Dr.  Taylor,  during  his  life,  did  as  much  to  ad\ance  education, 
elevate  the  morals  and  give  pros])erity  to  the  people  under  his  charge  as 
au}-  man  in  \\estern  Pennsylvania.  His  intellectual  faculties  were  un- 
usualh'  clear,  forcible  and  ])owcrful,  rendering  him  a  sujierb  organizer. 
He  was  a  natural  theologian,  minister  and  teacher.  He  was  a  keen 
judge  of  human  nature  and  could  lay  plans  and  think'  for  others,  at- 
tending to  a  great  x'arietv  of  affairs  at  the  same  time  with  ra])idity  and 
ease,  apparentlv  withmU  the  least  confusion. 

The  following  from  the  Bca\-er  Fhiily  Star: 

Most  solemn  and  impressive,  Init  withal  beautiful,  funeral  ser- 
\ices  were  held  m-er  the  remains  of  Rev.  Dr.  William  (I.  Taxlor  at  his 
late  home.  Third  street,  Beaver,  yesterday  afternoon.  .\  representative 
gathering  com]iosed  largelv  of  ministers  and  other  ]3rofessional  men  with 
;i  goodlv  ]iro])ortion  of  women,  paid  their  last  respects  to  the  deceased 
divine.  A  comparatixely  large  delegation  of  ministers  from  the  Pitts- 
burg ])res1nter\-,  who  had  been  associated  with  Dr.  Taylor,  were  present. 
;nid  either  took  some  p.art  in  the  serx'ices  or  acted  as  honorary  jiallbearers. 

Ive\'.  Anderson  made  the  opening  address,  which  was  full  of  con- 
solation from  the  Scriptures  and  timely  admonition.  c<including  with 
a  loving  and  elor|uent  tribute  to  the  memory  (jf  Dr.  Taylor  as  a  friend, 
father,  counselor,  helper  and  patron. 


5'Ut       COMPENDIUM  OF  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

Re\'.  \\'.  G.  Chalt'ant  fulluwed  w  itli  a  svminthetic  address,  scttinjj 
fortli.  first.  Dr.  Taylor's  pul^lic  wnrk  and  finally  his  ])ersi>nal  character- 
istics. A  kind,  Idving,  serene  suul,  slroni:;  in  faith,  were  the  traits  dwell 
upon.  Rev.  S.  .\.  Hnnter  eonclnded  the  addresses  with  snnie  well  chosen 
remarks. 


j.\.\ii':s  Kl•:NXED^■  luwix.  m.  d. 

Dr.  James  Kenned}'  Irwin,  wlm  is  well  known  in  I'ittshurs;'  as  a 
])h\-sician  and  specialist  on  dineases  of  the  eye.  helons^s  to  one  of  the 
\-er\-  oldest  families  in  this  ]>art  of  the  state.  It  was  funnded  here  in 
the  year  17,^2.  the  date  of  Gecrge  Wasliington's  hirth  and  twenlv-fom' 
years  before  that  gallant  yimng  officer  accnnipanied  the  ill  fated  i')radd(jck 
expedition  toward  Fort  Du  Onesne.  which  was  then  the  point  nf  \antage 
in  this  part  of  the  country  .and  did  not  recci\'e  its  name  of  I'ittshnrg 
for  more  than  thirty  years.  l"or  thirt\'  vears  after  this  i)ionecr  Irwin 
settled  there  his  honie  was  in  the  center  nf  the  mi.!.;hty  confiict  hetween 
France  and  England  which  onlv  ended  with  the  ahsolute  snprem.acv  of 
the  Englisli  rule  from  the  .\tlantic  to  the  Mississipjii.  It  was  also  more 
than  forty  ye;u"s  before  the  Declar.ation  of  Independence  was  signed  .an<l 
tlic  re\'olution  begun  which  was  to  make  this  same  soil  free  fore\'er  and 
a  i)art  of  a  sovereign  state. 

\\  ith  this  historical  setting  in  mind,  the  reader  can  better  .apjire- 
ciate  the  extreme  anticpiity  (  from  an  .\nierican  st;nid])oint  )  of  the  Irw  in 
family's  residence  in  .\llegheny  countw  The  jiioneer  who  thus  located 
the  family  seat  over  one  hundred  and  fifty  years  ago  was  Joseph  Irwin. 
the  great-grand fatlier  of  Dr.  Irwin,  lie  w.as  horn  in  the  south  of  Ire- 
land in  1710.  and  in   ij},2  came  to  America  and  took  up  a  tr.ict  of  land 


I 


X^/^^-^^C;^^^^-2.<^       ^^^i^^ 


^ 


'^i^ 


^./f,0'^ 


OF  THE  STATE  OP  PENNSYLVANIA.  r-'iS 

in  wliat  is  now  Mifllin  townsliip  Allegheny  cnunty.  Pennsylv-ania.  After 
iilitaining  his  patent?  he  gave  this  tract  the  name  of  Wormwood  [-"arm, 
on  which  he  followed  the  vocation  of  farmer  nntil  his  death,  which  oc- 
cm-red  in  1790.  There  his  son  James  Irwin,  who  was  horn  in  1747, 
grew  to  manhood,  married  Miss  Margaret  W'hittaker.  the  danghter  of 
a  neighboring  farmer,  and  one  of  the  children  Ixun  nf  this  nnion  was 
James  Harvey  Irwin. 

James  Harxey  Irwin,  wlio  was.  in  his  day.  one  of  the  representa- 
tive business  men  of  Allegheny  county,  was  l)orn  in  .Mifllin  township. 
September  16.  1825.  ^\'ealth  was  not  conferred  upon  him  when  he  came 
into  the  world,  but  with  a  determined  will  he  chose  to  overcome  the 
obstacles  that  came  in  bis  way,  and  in  order  to  attain  the  goal  of  success. 
of  which  he  estimated  the  cost  so  well,  he  equipped  himself  for  the  battle 
with  honesty,  frugality  and  industry.  Beginning  life  as  a  clerk  at  two 
dollars  a  week,  he  thus  formed  the  stepping  stone  to  a  successful  career, 
and  amassed  a  handsome  competence,  not  in  the  field  of  speculation  or 
chance  but  liv  hard  wnrk  and  unremitting  toil.  After  bis  marriage  in 
i860  be  located  at  East  Bethlehem,  Washington  county,  I'ennsylvania, 
whence  he  came  to  Pittsburg  in  1870.  He  began  dealing  in  real  estate 
and  in\esting  in  x'arious  enterjM'ises,  in  which,  nwing  to  his  business 
judgment,  be  was  usually  successful.  He  cimtinued  in  this  business  all 
his  life,  and  from  the  \ery  nature  of  the  occupation  formed  many  ac- 
(|u,iintances.  the  large  majority  of  wbnm  became  his  steadfast   friends. 

Mr.  Irwin  was  a  most  congenial  and  upright  m;m.  b.-ul  a  sincere 
and  lasting  conhdence  in  those  thai  he  Cduld  see  were  making  a  strong 
eff(jrt  to  succeed,  and  this  class  he  was  willing  to  aid  and  assist  at  all 
times  and  on  all  occasions.  In  the  great  volume  of  inisiness  which  he 
tr.msacted  with  the  rich  and  ])iior  he  was  rarely  mistaken  in  his  judg- 
ment as  til  their  being  wnrthv  "f  his  confidence.      He  was  suspicious  of 


504       COMPENDIUM  OF  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

none,  and  his  prcsumptinn  was  that  c\ery  man  was  lioncst  until  the 
contrary  was  proxcd.  Sln-cwd  in  liis  transactinns,  it  would  lia\c'  been 
difficult  to  take  an  undue  advantage  of  him  in  a  business  mailer,  and. 
I)eing  methodic  and  deliberate,  he  took-  time  to  consider  well  any  .md  ;dl 
his  acts;  notwithstanding,  he  suffered  losses,  but  was  ne\er  knuwn  once 
to  complain. 

An  intimale  friend  s.aid  of  him.  "T  have  known  Mr.  Irwin  since 
1880,  and  regarded  him  as  a  model  and  upright  cili/.cn.  well  b.'d;inced. 
possessing  a  strong  memory,  and  was  a  shiewd  business  man  in  the 
strictest  sense  of  the  wurd.  Sucird  and  congenial  tn  bis  Iricnds.  unsel- 
fish to  a  fault,  be  always  had  a  desire  to  help  those  who  wtinld  bel]) 
theinseK'es.  'i'o  mv  kudwledge  many  indixiduals  are  indebted  In  him 
for  favors  in  an  (]]iporlune  time  that  brought  pros])erity.  lie  also  ]ios- 
sesscd  remarkable  courage,  was  able  to  decide  (|uickly,  and  I  ne\er  knew 
him  to  err  in  his  judgment.  He  lived  not  alone  for  himself  but  for 
others,  and  died,  as  be  lived.  ;ui  honest  man." 

Mr.  Irwin  was  in  life  a  simple.  |il;iin  ;uid  unoslentatimis  m;iii.  Inyal 
and  faithful  tn  bis  friends,  and  a  lo\'er  of  bis  linme  and  lamily.  On 
June  10,  iSAo.  be  was  married  tn  Miss  Eliza  West,  the  daugblcr  nf 
Mathew  and  Mary  West,  who  were  among  the  early  settlers  of  the 
county.  To  this  marriage  were  bnrn  three  children:  James  Kennedy, 
Ettie  M. :  and  Dessie.  who  is  now  the  wife  nf  K.  I,,  'rimmpsnn,  of  Ren 
Avon,  Pennsylvania.  Politically  Mr.  Irwin  \\:is  ;i  Whig  in  bis  earlier 
years.  Upon  the  organization  nf  the  l\e])ubli(;ni  i);u1y  be  became  one 
of  its  stanchest  adherents,  and  remained  so  until  1S72,  when  he  x'oted 
for  Tilden,  and  from  th;it  time  lill  bis  death  was  a  supporter  nf  I  )emn- 
cratic  i)rinci])les.  He  was  a  member  of  the  I'nited  Presbyterian  church, 
and  died  fnni  in  that  faith,  February  9,  1901.  His  widow  is  still  lixing. 
and  is  a  resident  of  Ren  Avon,  a  beautiful  suburb  of  Pittsburg. 


01'   THE  STATU  OT  PES NSY LVANIA.  505 

J.  Kfiiiicily  Irwin,  M .  I).,  was  l)orn  in  Washington  county,  Tenn- 
sylxania,  Sc])lcnil)cr  18,  iSCjj,  \)\\{  sliortly  afterward  removed  to  Alle- 
.^iicny  count)-  ami  has  since  resided  there.  He  attended  the  conmioii 
schools  of  .\IIe,<^lKn_v  county,  and  later  St.  Vincent  College  at  I.atrohe. 
I'ennsyKania,  where  he  graduated  in  the  classical  course  in  i.SSj,  re- 
ceiving the  degree  of  Master  of  Arts.  He  then  entered  the  Illinois  State 
Pharmaceutical  College,  and  was  graduated  in  pharmacy  in  18S4,  after 
which  he  attended  Jefferson  Medical  College  in  I'hilailelphi;!,  and  grad- 
uated from  that  institution  in  1888  with  the  degree  of  M.  U.  I'(jr  the 
following  four  years  he  practiced  in  I'hiladel|)hia  with  Professor  L.  W'eh- 
ster  I'"ox,  a  prominent  lecturer  on  ophthalmology,  antl  at  the  end  of  that 
time  came  to  I'ittshurg,  where  he  has  taken  an  eminent  jiosilion  among 
the  leading  |)h\'sicians  fit  the  city.  His  residence  is  at  Ben.  A\'on.  and  his 
oFt'ce  in  the  Smith  huilding,  and  he  de\-otes  the  major  jiortion  of  his 
time  to  diseases  of  the  eye.  Dr.  Irwin  is  a  memljer  of  the  I'hilailelphia 
County  Medical  Society,  the  .\merican  Medical  Association,  the  Alumni 
of  Jefferson  Medical  College,  and  is  medical  e.xaminer  for  the  New  York 
Life  Insurance  Company  and  chief  medical  director  of  the  Order  of 
Unity. 

June  10,  1891,  Dr.  Irwin  was  married  to  Margaret,  daughter  of 
Richard  M.  and  Pauline  (Miller)  Wehh.  her  father  having  been  a  prom- 
inent leather  manufacturer  of  Jer.sey  City,  New  Jersey,  They  had  two 
children,  fames  H..  Ti'-.  and  Richard  \\ehh  Irwin.  Mrs.  Irwin  died  on 
July  4,  1896.  and  is  sincerely  mourned  hy  a  large  circle  of  friends. 


JOHN  S.  LAMBIE. 

In   the  genealogical   i-ecord  as  well  as  the  i>ersonaI  career  of  this 
distinguished    member    of    the    Pittsburg    bar   there   are    many    salient 


50()       COMPENDIUM  01-  HISTORY  .IXP  GENEALOGY 

IKiints  of  interest  wliicli  I'lialleiise  the  atteiitinn  nf  tlie  1iiiiorai)liist  and 
(l)c'  student,  and  it  is  a  privilege  to  offer  in  tliis  \\(irl<  e\cn  an  epitome 
of  tlie  records. 

Jolm  Sioussa  Lanibic.  wIkj  is  of  pure  Scnteli  and  French  extrac- 
tion, is  a  native  of  tlie  cit\'  of  I'ittsl)uii;'.  where  lie  has  attained  so 
notable  prestige  as  a  citizen  and  as  a  nieniher  of  the  legal  profession, 
which  he  has  honored  and  dignified  by  Iiis  services.  He  was  born  on 
the  1st  of  Xovembcr.  1843.  being  the  son  of  William  and  Aimee 
(Sioussa)  Lambie.  the  former  a  native  oi  Scotland  and  the  latter  of 
the  city  of  Washington,  their  marriage  being  solemnized  in  tlie  national 
capital  on  the  2-^th  of  .March.  1840.  William  Lambie  was  reared  and 
educated  in  Scotland,  wliere  he  learned  the  trade  of  stone-cutting,  lie 
emigrated  to  America  in  1830.  locating  in  Tittsburg.  where  he  was  en- 
gaged in  the  stone  and  marlile  business  until  his  death,  which  occurred 
in  1858.  He  became  one  of  the  leading  contractors  in  his  line,  and 
was  known  as  a  man  of  abilitv^  and  sterling  character.  In  politics  he 
was  an  old-line  Whig  and  in  religion  was  identified  with  the  Cove- 
nanters or  Reformed  Presbyterian  church,  which  had  its  origin  in 
Scotland,  as  is  a  matter  of  historical  rec(!rd.  His  wife  still  survives, 
maintaining  her  home  in  .Mlcgheny,  Pennsylvania,  and  having  attained 
the  venerable  age  of  more  than  fourscore  ye.ars.  Of  her  eight  sons  and 
three  daughters,  five  of  the  former  and  one  ijf  the  latter  are  still  living. 

In  the  paternal  iine  the  ancestry  is  traced  back  to  the  stanchest 
and  most  loyal  of  Scottish  stock,  and  it  is  a  matter  of  record  that  when 
Mary  Oueeii  of  Scots  came  from  i*"rance  to  England  she  took  refuge 
in  tile  home  of  .\ndrew  Lambie.  from  wIkjui  John  S.  Lambie  is  directly 
descended.  His  grandfather  in  the  maternal  line  was  Jean  Pierre 
Sioussa,  who  was  Ixirn  in  France,  wliere  he  was  educated  for  the  priest- 
hood of   the    f-ionian   Catholic   church,      lie,   however,    withdrew    from 


OF  THE  STATE  OP  PENNSYLVANIA.  507 

ecclesiastical  study  Mini  enlisted  in  the  I'"rench  navy,  in  which  he  took 
an  active  part  in  ihe  nienioiahle  hattlc  of  the  Xile,  under  Napoleon,  who 
at  that  time  effected  the  snl)jut;ation  of  Egypt.  Monsieur  Sioussa 
eventually  came  to  America,  landing-  in  New  York  city,  where  he  re- 
ceived his  discharge  from  the  French  navy,  and  thence  he  proceeded 
to  the  city  of  Washington,  where  lie  was  engaged  as  gardener  at  the 
executive  mansion,  under  Tresident  Madison.  When,  during  the  war 
of  i(Sij,  the  liritish  effected  the  capture  (jf  the  federal  capital.  Presi- 
dent Madison  and  his  faniily  had  taken  refuge  in  the  town  of  l>ladens- 
hui'g,  Marylaiiil,  lea\ing  Mr.  Sioussa  in  charge  of  the  White  House, 
and  when  the  I^ritish  troops  entered  the  city  and  practically  effected 
the  destruction  of  the  executive  mansion  .Sioussa  succeeded  in  rescuing 
the  only  piece  of  furniture  sa\'ed  from  the  White  House,  the  same 
heing  the  painting  of  Washington,  executed  by  Sir  Joshua  Revnolds. 
Mr.  Lamhie  now  has  in  his  possession  the  letter  written  by  President 
Madison  thanking  Mr.  Sioussa  for  his  successful  effort  in  saving  this 
valuable  pr(xluction.  The  president  also  ga\-e  Mr.  Sioussa  and  his  two 
sons  jxjsitions  in  the  Bank  of  the  United  States,  where  they  continued 
to  serve  until  the  bank  was  abolished,  under  General  Jackson  as  presi- 
dent, when  thev  found  i)ositions  in  the  Bank  of  the  ^letropolis.  with 
which  thev  continued  to  i)c  connected  until  the  close  of  their  lives, 
lean  Pierre  Sioussa  died  in  the  year  1854.  and  his  sons  survived  him 
several  years. 

John  S.  Lanibie  secured  his  early  educational  discipline  in  the 
l)ul)lic  schools  of  his  native  city,  being  graduated  in  the  Central  high 
school  as  a  member  of  the  class  of  1S62.  Pie  then  began  reading  law 
under  effective  direction,  his  preceptor  being  Hon.  Thomas  M.  Marshall. 
of  Pittslnirg.  and  he  was  thus  engaged  in  his  technical  work  of  prepara- 
tion for  the  legal  profession  until   1865.     In  the  meantime,  as  a  mem- 


608       COMPENDIUM  OF  HISTORY  AX H  GESEAI.OiiV 

her  ni  ilic  Peiiiisylvania  militia.  Mr.  Laniljie  rcsiMrndcd  to  the  c.ill  of 
(idvcninr  Ciirtiii.  in  iSf)J,  and  went  to  tlic  Innit  with  llic  I'iftcentli 
Regiment  of  Pennsylvania  Volunteer  Infantrx.  under  eoniniand  of 
Colonel  J.  B.  Clark.  arri\inj4'  at  the  seal  of  war  just  after  tiie  l)attle 
of  Antietani  and  remaining  se\eral  niontlis  on  guard  (hity.  In  iS(i4 
iMr.  I^mil)ie  enhsted  a  second  lime,  heconiing  a  memlier  ot  tlie  ( )ne 
Hundred  and  Xinety-tliird  I'ennsyKania  Volunteer  Infantry,  under 
his  old  colonel,  j.  11.  Clark,  and  he  was  thereafter  in  service  for  a 
period  of  four  mcjuths.  at  the  expiration  of  which  the  war  closctl  and  he 
received  his  honorahlc  discharge. 

Mr.  Lamhie  returned  to  Pittsburg  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  of 
the  state  in  1865.  lie  became  associated  in  the  active  practice  of  his 
profession  with  .\.  M.  15ro\\n.  a  uejihew  of  his  former  preceptor.  Judge 
Marshall,  and  this  alliance  continued  for  the  long  period  of  thirty- 
six  years,  within  which  the  lirm  Imilt  up  a  large  and  important  business, 
retaining  a  rei>resentative  clientage  and  attaining  a  commanding  posi- 
tion at  the  bar  of  this  section  of  tlie  state.  Mr.  Lamhie  still  con- 
tinues in  active  practice,  and  his  position  as  a  lawyer  and  a  citizen 
is  so  unequivocal  and  so  athanced  as  to  render  supererogatory  any 
further  statement  in  this  connection.  He  has  ever  been  a  stalwart 
supporter  of  the  i>rinciples  and  ])olicies  of  the  Republican  i)arty.  having 
cast  his  first  presidential  vote  for  .Mjraham  Lincoln,  but  he  has  felt 
that  his  i)rofession  offered  at  all  times  the  fullest  scope  for  his  efforts 
an<l  un^livided  attention,  arid  has  been  signally  free  from  p<ilitical  am- 
bition of  a  personal  nature.  His  interest  in  all  that  conserves  the 
prosperity  and  advancement  of  his  home  city  has  ever  been  of  in- 
sistent order,  and  his  is  the  distinction  of  having  served  for  twenty- 
six  consecutive  years  as  a  member  of  the  city  council,  and  he  has  now 
served  three  terms  as  president  of  that  body.     He  has  been  a  delegate 


01'   THE  STATE  OT  PENNSYLVANIA.  .Odit 

to  llic  various  conventions  of  Iiis  party,  and  lias  l)ccn  an  ahle  ex- 
ponent of  Repuliiiean  principles  and  policies.  He  is  one  of  tlie  leading 
nicmiiers  cjf  the  Eii;lilii  United  Presbyterian  church,  of  Pittsburg,  of 
wliicli  iie  has  been  an  officer  for  thirty-three  years,  while  for  seven 
years  he  served  as  superintendent  of  its  Sunday-school.  Fraternally 
he  is  identified  with  ^^Jst  No.  3.  Cirand  .Army  of  tlic  Rei)ul)lic.  of  which 
he  is  ]>ast  commander. 

In  1S65  Mr.  Lamhie  was  united  in  marriage  to  Miss  Agnes  Cun- 
ningham, a  daughter  of  J(ihn  Cunningham.  She  died  in  1869.  leav- 
ing one  daughter.  Eliz.iheth.  who  is  now  the  wife  of  Dr.  Edward  Wig- 
gins, of  Philadelphia.  On  the  21st  of  July.  1870.  Mr.  Lambie  was 
married  to  Miss  Anna  Robertson.  She  was  born  in  the  city  of  Pitts- 
burg, being  the  daugliter  of  Thomas  Roljertson.  one  of  the  prominent 
citizens  of  the  place.  Of  this  second  union  have  licen  born  three  sons 
and  four  daughters,  namely:  Jeannette.  .\imec.  .\nnie  (deceased). 
Marguerite,  Charles,  John  and  Thomas. 

In  conclusion  we  enter  the  following  appreciative  characterization 
of  Mr.  Lambie.  the  same  having  been  given  by  Mr.  E.  S.  Morrow, 
assistant  comptroller  of  the  city  of  I'ittsburg:  "I  have  known  Mr. 
Lambie  for  o\er  fortx'  \ears  and  know  him  to  be  a  man  of  exceedingly 
correct  habits  of  life,  in  all  its  relations,  having  none  of  the  vices,  great 
or  small.  He  was  the  originator  of  the  children's  ilay,  or  tlower  day. 
in  the  public  schools,  involving  the  custom,  which  has  been  for  many 
vears  observed  in  I^ittsburg.  of  having  each  child  bring  a  plant  or  finwers 
with  which  to  decorate  the  graves  of  the  soldiers  on  Memorial  Day. 
lie  is  also  noted  for  carrying  out  his  views  and  as  being  unyielding 
and  uncom]iromising  in  his  course  when  his  conscience  renders  ai)proval, 
.and  he  never  swerves  from  what  he  considers  just  and  fair." 

3J 


J'H'       COMPENDIUM  Ol'  HISTORY  AND  GENIIALOCY 

GEORCE  C.  IFETZEL. 

(ieorge  C.  Jietzcl,  tlie  founder  ruul  ])rcsciit  liead  of  tlic  extensive 
manufaeturing  corporation,  llie  Cleorge  ('.  TIetzel  Coini)any.  of  C'liester. 
Pennsylvania,  is  faniiliarl_\-  l<ni>\\n  in  all  jiarts  of  the  I'nited  States  in 
connection  with  the  manufacture  of  worsteds  and  woolen  goods  for 
men"s  wear.  lie  was  horn  in  I'hilidelphi;!,  l'enns\l\'ania.  Januarv  3. 
185R,  the  eldest  son  of  John  (i.  and  Caroline  1  letzel.  llis  father  was 
horn  in  1830.  in  \\  urteniherg.  (lernianv.  wheie  he  was  reared  and 
ac(|uired  a  common  school  education.  I'pon  attaining  voung  manhood 
he  came  to  this  country  and  settled  in  rhiladeli)hia,  PennsyKania.  where 
he  continued  to  reside  for  the  remainder  (/f  his  life.  I'olitically  he  was 
a  firm  adherent  of  the  Democratic  ])art\'.  and  in  his  religious  views  was 
a  lo)Td  supporter  of  the  tenets  of  the  Lutheran  church.  Tn  1856  he 
married  Miss  Caroline  Xaegele,  a  nati\e  of  (iermaiiy.  and  four  sons 
and  two  daughters  were  horn  to  them.  .Mr.  I  letzel's  death  occurred 
in  the  forty-si.xth  year  of  his  age. 

George  C.  Hetzel  attended  the  puhlic  schools  of  Philadcl])hia,  where 
he  ohlaincd  a  good  practical  education.  Cpon  reaching  the  age  of  six- 
teen years  he  left  school  in  order  to  accept  a  clerkshi])  in  the  office  of 
the  Cnited  States  Plate  Glass  Insurance  Com])any  of  i'hiladeli>hia,  and 
he  remained  an  employe  of  that  corporation  for  five  years.  In  \'^J^)  he 
entered  into  partnershi])  with  !!.  W.  Creer,  in  his  present  manufacturing 
business  under  the  style  of  B.  W.  (jreer  &  llctzcl.  and  the  i)lant,  which 
consisted  of  thirt}-two  Brideshurg  looms,  on  which  ginghams  and 
shirting  cheviots  were  woven,  was  located  at  Sixteenth  and  Reed  streets, 
Philadelphia.  Their  husiness  increased  so  rajjidly  that  in  18S1  it  was 
found  necessary  to  increase  their  facilities,  so  they  remo\ed  to  Eight- 
eentli  street  and  Washington  avenue,  and  added  extra  looms  and  began 


OF  THE  STATE  OP  PENNSYLVANIA.  511 

llic  manufaclure  of  the  finest  sliirtini?;s  and  madras  clotli  at  tliat  time 
made  in  this  eimntry.  Tliis  hranch  of  the  husiness  proxing  \er\-  re- 
ninncrative.it  was  again  fonnd  necessary  to  increase  the  size  of  their  plant, 
and  in  1883  they  removed  their  machinery  to  liie  new  mill  just  then 
com])leled  hy  William  Arrott  at  'rihrleenth  and  Caqienter  streets,  pur- 
chased more  machiner)-,  making-  in  all  one  hundred  and  thirty-two 
looms.  After  a  varied  experience  in  producing  all  hinds  of  cotton 
goods  the  business  was  gradually  changed  to  the  manufacture  of  men's 
wear.  w(irsteds  and  woolens.  In  order  to  manufacture  these  articles 
they  ha<l  t(]  dispose  of  their  old  machin.cry.  rmd  purchase  Knowles" 
fancy  looms,  to  which  weix'  added  the  necessary  finishing  and  dyeing 
machinery. 

In  1888  Mr.  Hetzel  purchased,  his  partner's  share  of  the  liusiness. 
and  shortly  afterward  admitted  job  Smith  and  George  W.  -\therholl  into 
partnership  under  the  firm  name  of  (icorge  C.  Hetzel  &  Company. 
Both  the  new  partners  ha<l  been  employes  of  the  old  firm,  and  under  the 
new  arrangement  Mr.  .Smith  superintended  the  works  and  Mr,  .\ther- 
holt  acted  in  the  capacity  of  bookkeeper.  In  1890  Charles  G.  Hetzel 
and.  a  few  years  later.  William  E.  Hetzel,  were  admitted  to  the  firm. 
In  1890  the  firm  removed  their  plant  to  the  new  mills  erected  for  them 
at  the  corner  of  Front  and  Broomall  streets,  in  the  city  of  Chester, 
where  thev  occupy  an  entire  square.  The  main  building,  which  is  three 
stories  high,  fifty  by  one  hundred  and  ninet}--two  feet,  contains  the 
warp-dressing,  designing,  winding,  spooling  and  finishing  departments, 
the  offices  and  packing  rooms:  they  have  also  dye  houses  one  hundred 
and  thirtv-two  bv  fifty-three  feet  and  si.\ty-four  l)y  fifty-three  feet: 
boiler  and  engine  houses,  lifty-four  by  sixty  feet:  m;ichine  shop,  seven- 
teen by  seventeen  feet:  dryer  hou.se,  sixteen  by  sixty-two  feet;  a  drug 
house,    citihteen   bv   tinrtv-six    feet,    and   a   one-story   weave   shed,   one 


.012       COMPENDIUM  OF  JIISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

liuiidrLd  and  cii;lity-six  hv  mic  Inmdrcil  and  cit;lu  feet  in  dimensions, 
with  a  glass  rodf.  J'hese  buildings  are  Iniilt  nf  hrick,  fnrnislied  tln'(ingli- 
out  with  antiiniatic  s])rinkiers,  eleelrie  hglitin.t^-.  water  filters  and  su])j)lied 
willi  all  the  recinisite  nindern  iniprnsenients.  The  ]M)\ver  fur  running 
the  inaehinery  is  supplied  1)_\'  a  two  hundred  and  lit'tN'  horsepower  (ireen 
automatic  cut-off  engine  and  four  one  hundred  horsepower  horizontal 
boilers  and  one  two  hundred  and  hfty  horse])ow'er  upright  boiler.  The 
goods  manufactured  b\-  the  present  ih'ni  in  iS/y  aggregated  twenty 
thousand  dollars  in  \alue,  but  under  theii'  elTicient  managemenl  ;uid 
their  upright  and  conscientious  business  dealings,  the  \earl_\-  product 
ol  their  mills  has  steadily  increased  initil  it  now  amounts  to  over  one 
million  dollars  annually.  The  mills  ;ire  in  constant  o]>eration,  and 
give  em])lo\inent  to  betw-een  three  ami  four  hundred  people  in  the 
manulacture  of  fancy  worsted  men's  suitings  and  trouserings  and 
women's  suitings  and  cloakings.  In  l'"ebrrary.  lycji.  the  business  was 
incorporated  under  the  laws  of  the  state  of  Pennsylvania  as  the  "George 
C.   Hetzel  Comi>any." 

In  addition  to  this  extensive  manufacturing  business,  Mr.  lletzel 
is  also  actively  interested  in  many  other  enterprises  Ixjth  in  this  city 
and  elsewhere.  He  is  a  director  of  the  Chester  National  Hank.  He 
was  one  of  the  incori)orators  and  serxed  as  director  in  the  I'hiladelphia 
Bourse,  and  he  is  a  member  of  the  Union  League  Club  and  the  .\rt  ('lub 
of  I'liiladelphia.  In  his  ])olitics  he  is  a  stanch  adherent  of  the  policy  of 
the  Republican  part}',  and  in  his  religion  he  ailheres  to  the  doctrines  of 
the  Presbyterian  church,  being  a  member  of  the  lK)ard  of  trustees  of  the 
church  of  that  denominaticju  in  Ridle_\'  Park,  where  he  has  made  his 
home  for  many  years.  He  is  a  member  of  the  council  of  the  borough 
of  Ridley  Park  and  was  chief  burgess  for  three  years  ending  March  i. 
1903. 


Of  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  /il3 

BYRON  W.  KING,  A.  M.,  Pii.  D. 

Byron  Wesley  Kinq-  ])ossesses  talent  whicli  has  placed  his  name 
hig-li  among  tlie  leading;  elocutionists  of  the  east,  and  lie  has  won  fame 
as  a  teacher,  lecturer  and  entertainer  throughout  all  die  states  of  the 
union.  His  aliiliiy  as  an  elocutionist  is  remarkahle.  since  he  has  con- 
(|uercd  hy  jicrsnnal  effort  alone  an  early  defect  in  speech  which  would 
have  deharred  an  ordinary  man  from  public  life,  and  to-dav  he  directs 
in  person  an  educational  institution  which  gives  instruction  annually 
to  more  than  one  thousand  pupils. 

Professor  King  was  liorn  in  Westmoreland  county.  Pennsylvania, 
and  is  a  son  of  David  J.  I\ing,  a  resident  of  (jreensburg,  this  state,  and 
who  is  a  re])resentative  of  that  class  of  highlv  respected  citizens  who 
owe  their  honorable  standing  in  society  and  remarkalile  success  in 
business  to  their  own  unaided  efforts.  Da\id  J.  Iving  was  born  in 
Somerset  county,  Pennsylvania,  No\cmber  6,  1820,  and  is  a  son  of 
John  and  Fdizalieth  (Neff)  King.  His  paternal  grandfather  was  a 
nati\e  of  \\'estnioreland  county,  Pennsxhania,  and  reared  a  large 
familw  but  after  the  birth  of  his  son  John  he  removed  to  Somerset 
county,  this  sta*:e.  John  King,  the  father  of  David  J.  King,  was  a 
farmer  bv  occupation,  was  a  \\  big  iu  his  political  views  and  was  a 
prominent  mcml)cr  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  church.  For  his  wife  he 
chose  F.lizalietb  Xcff,  the  daughter  of  Nicholas  Xefif,  who  was  of  Ger- 
man descent  and  was  a  farmer  of  Somerset  county.  To  this  marriage 
were  born  two  sons  and  one  daughter. 

David  1.  King  attended  the  subscription  schools  of  Somerset 
county  until  he  was  fifteen  years  of  age,  and  at  that  early  age  entered 
ui>on  his  business  career,  with  the  humble  ambition  of  winning  hon- 
orable success  and  a  comfortable  home.     His  capital  at  that  time  con- 


514       COMPENDIUM  OF  HISTORY  AXD  GENEALOGY 

sistecl  principally  of  two  strong  arms,  a  willingness  to  work  ami  a  finu 
determination  to  sncceed.  and.  altlinnoh  he  was  forced  to  enconnter 
many  obstacles  in  his  path  to  success,  he  was  nc\cr  ihshcartened  in  liis 
hard  struggle  for  a  competence.  Wmking  as  a  farm  laliorcr  until  1S39, 
lie  then  renio\-cd  to  Westmoreland  county,  where  for  fifteen  years  he 
farmed  on  rented  land,  on  the  expiration  of  which  ])eriod  he  was  able 
to  ])urchase  a  desirable  ])ro])erty  of  one  hundred  and  fifty-se\-en  acres 
in  Hempfield  townshi]).  I!\-  devnting  his  entire  time  and  energies  to 
this  property  he  succeeded  in  making  it  nne  of  the  best  improved  and 
most  valuable  farms  in  that  section  of  the  county.  In  1888  he  removed 
to  Greensburg.  where  he  has  ever  since  made  his  home. 

In  1S48  Mr.  King  was  united  in  marriage  to  Mary  .\nn  Sim])son. 
a  daughter  of  William  Simpson,  who  resided  near  Moiuit  Pleasant. 
Pennsylvania.  This  union  was  blessed  with  twelve  chikh'en.  the  fnlldw- 
ing  named  of  whom  are  still  living:  Rel)ecca.  the  wife  of  David  Music. 
of  Adamsbiu'g.  Pennsylvania:  David  B.,  who  is  a  graduate  of  Lafavette 
College,  where  he  was  afterward  ])rofessor  of  Latin  for  some  vears. 
and  is  now  a  prominent  member  of  the  \ew  ^'ork  city  bar  .and  a  very 
successful  lawyer:  Fannie,  the  wife  of  Joseph  W.  Stoner;  Theodore,  of 
Richland  county.  Ohio ;  Theophilus,  a  resident  of  Alpsville,  Pennsyl- 
vania; Byron  W. :  Frank  .\..  of  Greensburg,  Pennsylvania:  Maryetta 
King:  and  John.  H..  a  resident  of  Paintersvillc.  David  J.  King  has 
been  identified  with  the  Democratic  party  since  1863.  and  has  held  tlie 
township  oflices  of  tax  collector,  assessor  and  school  director,  in  all 
of  which  his  executive  ability,  sound  judgment  and  intelligent  action 
made  him  successful  and  ]'K)]>ular.  l~or  many  years  he  was  a  deacon  in 
the  Mount  Pleasant  Presbyterian  church,  and  since  his  removal  to 
Greensburg  has  been  a  member  of  that  denomination  .at  th.at  place.  He 
is  one  who  has  ever  had  the  courage  to  act  ui)on  his  honest  comictions. 


Of  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  515 

and  altliougli  he  is  dclilierate  in  forming  conclusions  he  is  firm  in  llieir 
defense. 

Professor  Byron  King  acquired  liis  primary  education  in  the  puhhc 
scliools  of  his  native  locaHty,  and  at  the  age  of  thirteen  years  entered 
Alonnt  Pleasant  College,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1877.  receiving 
tlic  honors  of  his  class.  During  his  hoyhood  he  was  so  badly  trouliled 
with  an  imiiedinient  in  his  si)eech  that  it  was  impossil)le  for  him  to 
recite,  and  he  was  then  obliged  to  write  his  lessons,  but  by  making  a 
special  study  of  the  causes  and  remedies  for  stammering  he  succeeded 
in  effecting  a  wonderful  cure  in  his  own  case,  while  as  a  teacher  lie  has 
W(in  jircmounced  success  in  curing  \ocal  defects.  Some  years  prior  to 
his  graduatinn  Mr.  King  began  teaching  in  Mount  Pleasant  Cnllege, 
and  after  receiving  his  diplimia  he  was  made  professor  of  mathematics 
in  Jefferson  College,  while  subsequently  he  became  a  teacher  of  elo- 
cution in  Washington  College  and  for  one  }ear  jirofessor  of  LrUin  and 
Greek  in  Mnunt  Pleasant  .\cadeniy.  The  following  four  years  he  spent 
in  travel,  after  which  he  taught  in  sixty  different  schools  in  the  central 
states.  .\s  an  instructnr  he  possesses  marked  ability  and  has  held  a 
number  of  important  positions,  having  Iwen  professor  of  Latin  and 
Greek  in  the  Western  Pennsylvania  Classical  and  Scientific  Institute, 
])rofessor  of  higher  mathematics  and  clocutinn  in  the  Jefferson  academy; 
and  a  professor  in  Washington  and  Waynesburg  colleges.  Wooster 
University,  St.  Joseph's  Academy  and  Curry  Institute:  was  a  special 
teacher  of  elocution  and  Delsarte  iihilosopby  in  Rogersville  Seminary, 
Marysville  College  and  the  Cniversity  of  Tennessee:  was  sjjccial  lecturer 
at  Martyn  College  of  Oratory,  :it  Washington,  1).  C. :  and  was  in- 
structor at  Bay  View  Chautau(|ua.  .Mr.  King  received  training  in  ekKU- 
tion  miller  private  teachers  in  Boston,  New  York  and  Philadelphia,  and 
in   1883  he  opened  the  King's  School  of  Oratory  in  Pitt.sburg.  which  is 


516       COMPENDIUM  OF  IIISTORY  .1\/)  G/:.\ li.lLOC;)- 

now  the  largest  of  its  kind  in  tlie  United  States.  The  stmh'es  in  tliis 
institution  are  often  prolonged  over  three  years,  and  in  tiic  outset  thev 
embrace  Shakesj^eare,  physiology,  hygiene,  English  literature,  literary 
analysis  and  the  philosophy  of  expression,  and  at  the  ]iresent  time 
the  graduates  of  Kind's  School  are  occupying  pmniinent  places  in  the 
pulpit,  at  the  bar.  on  the  lecture  ])latlorm.  the  lyceuni  stage,  and  are 
among  the  most  successful  of  actors.  Professor  King  is  president  of 
the  faculty  and  is  a  teacher  of  Latin.  Greek,  voice  culture,  theory  of 
speech  and  Shakespeare,  dramatic  wnrk  and   Delsarte  philosophv. 

On  the  29th  of  Novcmh-er.  1S83.  Professor  King  was  united  in 
marriage  to  Inez  E..  daughter  of  Chester  A.  and  Olive  Tndd.  nf 
Chautauqua  county.  New  York,  and  the\-  have  three  children.  Olive 
May,  Beatrice  and  B\r<in.  Jr.  Mrs.  King  has  won  f:uiie  and  ])o])ularity 
as  a  reader  and  has  proved  to  her  hushand  an  able  co-worker,  acting  as 
instructor  in  special  departments  of  elocutionary  wnrk.  teacher  of 
stage  action  and  dramatic  selections  for  ladies,  and  a  teacher  of  esthetic 
plu'sical  culture,  Delsarte  gymnastics,  jxiscs.  attitudes  .and  movement. 
She  is  a  lady  of  unusual  culture  and  refinement,  and  is  proving  a  valu- 
'iljle  assistant  to  her  husband  in  his  life  work. 

Professor  King  is  in  constant  dem.'uid  as  an  eliicminnist,  and 
wherever  he  appears  he  carries  his  audience  by  storm.  .\s  a  writer  he 
is  also  widely  known,  and  among  other  works  he  is  the  author  of 
"Practice  of  Si)eech  and  Successful  Selections."  a  treatise  on  voice 
action  and  general  elocution,  which  has  been  introduced  into  three 
hundred  or  more  colleges,  academics  and  high  schools  and  is  used  l)y 
many  of  the  most  noted  teachers  of  elocution  in  .\merica.  It  is  de- 
signed tor  self-instruction,  but  is  equally  available  as  a  text-took.  It 
is  one  of  the  most  practical  works  of  the  kind  ]uiblished.  and  is  recom- 
mended bv  Eranklin  K.  Surgent.  director  nf  the  C(inser\atorv  of  Dra- 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  017 

malic  Art  in  New  York  city;  Di-Jii  Boucicault,  late  of  the  Lyceum 
Theater  Sciiool,  c'lid  many  others  of  note.  Professor  Kint^  is  a  Imiad- 
iiiinde.!.  progressive  man  and  pnhlic-spirited  citizen,  and  in  all  life's, 
relations  is  found  true  to  the  duties  of  professional  and  social  life  wiiich 
the  da\'  may  bring  forth. 


W.    HORACE    ROSE. 

The  (lata  relative  to  Mr.  Ro.se's  ancestry  was  lost  by  the  destruction 
of  his  papers  in  the  Johnst(.)\vn  hdood  in  iSSg,  and  the  statement  here 
given  hy  him  is  one  from  memory,  unverilieil  by  any  ofiicial  or  semi- 
official paper : 

"On  my  paternal  side  1  am  of  the  seventh  generation  of  Ameri- 
cans. The  first  of  my  family  came  from  England  and  settled  in  Vir- 
ginia. There  were  four  brothers  who  crossed  the  ocean  at  the  same 
lime  and  sul)se(|uently  divided  off  and  formed  four  branches  of  ihe  Rose 
family  :  one  of  which  located  in  George ;  one  in  the  Western  Reserve 
follow^ing  the  Revolution;  one  in  Maryland;  and  the  other,  the  line  from 
which  I  come,  at  an  early  date  removed  frnm  N'irginia  to  ^r.aryland, 
thence  into  what  was  then  Beilford  county,  l'ennsyl\-ania,  and  located 
along  the  region  of  the  Bloody  Run.  \\'h;it  part  my  ancestors  took  in 
the  American  Revolution  1  am  unable  to  state.  My  great-grandfatlier, 
Allen  Rose,  was  a  member  of  the  first  grand  jury  in  the  county  of  Bed- 
ford. My  grandfather,  William  i\ose,  resided  in  the  \icinity  of  Bloody 
ivun  until  the  close  of  the  eighteenth  century.  My  fatiier,  Allen  Rose, 
was  born  in  Bedford  county  and  served  in  Harrison's  campaign  in  the 
northwest  as  a  private  soldier.  I'pon  his  return  he  located  in  Somerset 
county,  where  he  married  my  mother,  I'lliz.abeth  i'"ream.  in  i8_'8  he 
moved  to  Cambria  countv  and  located  at  Johnstown,  where  he  resided 


518       COMPENDIUM  OF  IIISTOKY  AX  I)  CliXHALOGY 

until  tlic  (late  of  his  deatli  in  1S51.  He  was  a  l)uil(lcr  and  contract'ir  liy 
(iccu]>ali()n. 

"On  my  maternal  side  I  am  of  Scntcli-Irisli  descent.  My  s^reat- 
s:jrandmother  was  a  Boyd,  was  taken  eaptixe  1)\-  the  Indians  at  iilnody 
Run  and  released  seven  years  afterwards  hy  Cjeneral  Boquel's  forces: 
she  married  Robert  Smiley,  who  was  also  of  Scotch-Irish  descent,  and 
li\ed  in  Lancaster  or  Uedfnrd  cnunty.  Ilci'  daughter,  Asjnes  Smiley, 
m.arried  Moses  Frcam,  whose  father,  William,  cinie  to  .Xiuerica  Irom 
irel;nid  at  rm  early  date,  before  the  l\e\nlution,ary  str\it^i;'le.  lie  m;ir- 
ried  i 'hebe  Merrill  in  Jerse\-  and  afterw.ards  settled  in  Maryland,  where 
my  grandfather  was  born.  My  mother  was  a  dang'htcr  of  Moses  and 
Agnes  b'ream  and  was  a  nati\e  of  Somerset  count)-,  I'ennsyKam'a. 

"My  ancestors  on  both  sides  were  meclianics  or  farmers,  none  of 
whom  (in  .\merica)  had  the  .■uhantas^e  of  an  academic  eilncalidn.  It 
was  a  traditiiin  in  the  family  on  both  sides  th.at  none  were  illiterate, 
mine  criiuinal,  none  wealth}',  but  all  thrilty. 

"So  far  as  T  can  ascertain,  I  am  the  lirst  of  my  line,  on  either  side, 
who   foll(j\ved  a  professional  occupation." 


.\r'rOP.IOC.R.\l'llN'  OI'   W.  J.  KK.\MF.R. 

I.  W'illi.am  John  Rramcr,  was  born  in  1S40,  janu;u'\'  jud.  in  (ler- 
m:my,  near  Mremen.  \\\  father,  biederick  W.  Kr.amer.  ;i  nati\c  fif 
Ciermany,  was  born  in  iSoO,  and  m\  mother,  also  ;i  native  of  ( lermany, 
was  born  in  1810.  Her  maiden  name  was  Sophia  W'ilimina  W'ittie. 
Mother  died  in  1895. 

My  father,  who  died  in  1869,  was  a  wagonmaker,  and  followed  that 
trade  most  of  his  life.  His  leading  characteristic  in  tins  line  was  to 
make  a  first-class  job  at  ;dl  tiuK.'s,  ;md  deal  honestly  with  all  men.     In  a 


7^^7:^t£^. 


OF  THE  STATE  OE  PENNSYLVANIA.  521 

political  sense  he  was  a  Republican,  and  his  hrjbby  was  the  free  press 
and  free  speech.  One  of  the  reasons  for  Jiis  leaving  Germany  was  the 
tyranny  of  the  ])ettv  kin^s  at  that  time,  both  military  and  otherwise. 
A  man  was  used  more  like  a  dog,  by  the  nobility  and  officials,  tiian  like 
a  man.  His  very  nature  rebelled  at  such  treatment,  so  lie  sold  his  home, 
and  with  bis  wife  and  si.x  boys  set  sail  in  a  sailing  vessel  from  Bremer- 
h.afen  in  1S45.  -'>"''  "f^^"''  ■'  voyage  of  two  months  arrived  in  New  York. 
After  staying  there  some  time  be  went  to  Philadelphia  and  from  there 
to  Pittsburg,  where  he  worked  for  some  time,  until  Peter  (irafif  hired  him 
to  go  to  Butler  county,  Pennsylvania,  to  make  and  repair  wagons  for  an 
iron   furnace,   which  he  owned  at  that  time. 

It  was  there  that  I  receixed  my  training  as  a  wagonmaker.  .\s  we 
bad  only  about  three  months  of  school  a  year  my  schooling  was  very 
limited.  Altogether  it  did  not  exceed  more  than  three  vears.  As  our 
family  consisted  of  ten  boys  we  were  obliged  to  go  to  work  as  soon  as 
we  were  able  to  belj)  earn  a  lixing.  1  commenced  to  work  for  my  father 
before  I  was  twelve  years  old,  when  my  older  brother  and  1  took  one 
end  of  the  cross-cut  saw  ;uid  mv  father  took  ttie  other,  to  get  out  wagon 
stock.  In  those  days  there  were  no  sawmills  in  our  section,  and  we  had 
to  saw  and  cut  all  our  wagon  stock  from  the  tree.  In  that  wav  I  re- 
ceived a  first-class  schooling  in  the  knowledge  of  wagon  timber. 

The  first  work  I  can  ever  remember  of  doing  away  froni  home  was 
hel])ing  to  make  \va\  for  the  rn"m  who  (.wned  the  iron  furnace.  Vov  this 
I  received  tweiitv-ti\e  cents  per  day,  and  boarded  at  home. 

At  that  time  money  was  \ery  scarce,  and  father  got  very  little. 
pi'oli,'d)lv  not  o\er  tweiil\'-fi\c  ckillars  a  year  in  cash.  The  rest  of  his 
w.'iges  he  look  out  in  pro\-isions  at  the  company's  store. 

When  we  boys  went  to  a  I'ourth  of  July  celebration  we  rccenxd 
t\vent\-fi\e  cents  each   for  spending  money,  and  then  would  walk  from 


5-22       COMPENDIUM  OP  IIISTORV  A.\U  GEXUiALOCY 

five  to  ten  miles,  as  tlie  case  miglit  l)e,  to  jijet  tliere.  This  tauL;lil  us  a 
lesson  in  economy  that  few  l)oys  get  to-day. 

Mv  first  work  was  on  the  farm,  and  then  came  tal<ing  wagon  timhcr, 
chopping  cord  wood  for  cliarcoal.  road-making,  clearing  u])  farms,  work- 
ing the  furnace,  mining  ore  and  coal,  and  a  nnmher  of  odier  things  too 
numerous  to  merition.  I  h.'id  learned  the  wagon  trade  hefore  I  was 
twenty-one  years  old. 

In  iS6],  after  heli)ing  my  father  to  put  u])  the  crops,  1  came  to 
Oil  City,  or  to  where  Oil  City  now  stands,  to  look  for  work.  Not  hcing 
ahle  to  secure  a  position  of  any  kind,  my  chums  ad\ised  me  to  start 
a  rejjair  shop.  In  Octoher.  iSfn.  I  went  hack  home,  gathered  uj)  the 
few  tools  my  f.ather  let  me  have,  Ixirrowed  ten  dollars  from  my  hrother. 
;md.  with  this  and  another  dollar  which  I  h.ad  left,  started  in  husiness 
hy  huilding  a  small  sho])    16x20   feet,  one  story  high. 

Now  that  the  shop  was  huilt  I  had  no  stock  to  work  with,  as  there 
was  no  wagon  stock  in  this  jiart  of  the  countrv,  and  r,o  railroads  on 
which  to  h;i\e  any  shipped  in.  I  went  to  I'.utler  county  and  g.athereil 
up  some  there.  :md  h.ad  it  hauled  to  Oil  C"ity  with  teams.  So  you  see 
I  hegrm  husiness  under  \ery  tr\ing  circumstances. 

My  first  new  wagon,  made  in  1862.  was  the  first  new  one  c\-er  huilt 
in  Oil  C"it_\'.  and  was  sold  to  John  Coast,  now  of  Olean,  New  ^'ork. 

I  continued  to  repair  wagons  and  occasionally  huilt  a  new  one  to 
fill  in  the  time.  Mr.  D.  L.  Trax  doing  smithing,  until  in  iSSo  he  ;uid 
I  combined  our  capit.al  and  formed  a  co-partncrshi]),  hought  some  ma- 
chinery and  commenced  huilding  wagons  on  ;i  more  extensi\'c  scale.  We 
worked  on  for  ten  years,  until  oiu'  husiness  outgrew  our  plant,  and  we 
took  in  Mr.  Daniel  Geottle.  as  a  ])artner,  mo\cd  our  sho])s  to  the  West 
End  torough.  where  we  are  still  doing  business. 

In    icS57  I  united  with  the  Methodist  Episcopal  church  in   Rnller 


Of  THE  STATE  OE  PENNSYLVANIA.  523 

county,  and  in  1861  l)r.,uolit  my  IcUer  to  tlic  Methodist  Episcopal  cliurcli 
in  (^i!  City,  of  which  'V .   \\.  '{"holjurn  is  now  ])astor. 

1  have  traveled  considerahly — from  the  Great  Lakes  down  to  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific,  and  fnmi  Mexico  to 
Canada. 

At  present  1  am  president  of  the  Kramer  Wagon  Comjiany.  and  ;mi 
manufacturing  tallies  in  ciim])any  with  my  son,  in  Oil  Citv,  and  aiu  also 
a  stockholder  in  the  Rock  Creek  Lumher  &  Mining  Company,  of  Ten- 
nessee. 

On  Septemher  i,  iS(^i.^.  1  married  Sarah  Ann  Fair,  daughter  of 
Isaac  h'air,  a  farmer  ol  (iernian  descent,  wagonmaker.  and  manufactiu-er 
of  lumher.  She  was  horn  in  1S3S.  and  was  the  mother  of  thirteen  chil- 
dren, four  hoys  and  nine  girls,  two  of  which  died  when  \er_\-  young. 
The  other  ele\x'n  chihhx'u  are  all  li\-ing  at  the  ])resent  time.  My  wife 
died  (.)n  July  31,  1902,  of  heart  trouhle.  She  was  a  niemher  of  the 
Methodist  EjMSCopal  church,  and  a  good  faithful  wife  and  mother. 
In  justice  to  her  1  must  say  that  my  success  in  husiness  was  (hie  to  h.er 
fully  as  much  as  to  myself. 

J.    \VI':iDM.\N    MURl>iAY. 

Speaking  of  the  aho\e  named  gentleman,  who  now  holds  .a  ])ronii- 
nent  jxisition  in  tlie  iron  world  of  I'ittshurg,  one  of  his  intimate  husiness 
associates  de.scrihes  him  as  a  "hail  fellow  well  met."  and  a  man  of 
marked  executive  ahility.  whose  word  is  as  good  as  his  hond.  Such 
high  praise  from  one  who  knows  him  well  naturally  excites  curiosity 
to  know  something  more  concerning  the  ohject  of  such  eulogy,  and  it  is 
for  the  ])urpose  of  gratifying  this  desire  that  this  brief  biography  has 
been  compiled. 


5--'4       COMPENDIUM  OF  HISTORY  AXP  GBXRALOGY 

Searcli  for  the  family  genealogy  takes  us  to  LehaiKJii  county. 
Pennsylvania,  where  we  find  the  parents  settled  in  the  early  ])art  of 
the  nineteenth  century.  Captain  W'illiiun  W.  .Murray,  who  was  of 
Scotch-Irish  stock,  was  kn(jwn  as  a  man  of  excellent  i)usiness  qualifi- 
cations, and  for  many  years  was  manager  of  the  L'nion  Forge  Com- 
pany at  L'nion  Forge,  Lebanon  count}-,  I'ennsyhania.  He  was  brought 
up  in  the  Presl)yterian  faith,  in  jxilitics  was  known  as  an  "old-schocjl 
Democrat."  and  when  he  passed  away,  at  the  age  of  sixty-live  years, 
man_\-  peo]ilc  assembled  around  bis  bier  ruid  luourned  him  sincerclw 
both  as  a  man  and  a  citizen,  hi  erndy  manhood  he  bad  married  W'il- 
helmina  Bickel,  a  lady  of  (ierman  parentage,  by  whom  be  had  twehc 
children,  but  the  only  survi\(>rs  are:  Mrs.  E.  P.  Ewing,  of  Lincoln, 
Nebraska;  William  !\Iurra\-.  of  Champaign.  Illinois;  L.  W.  Murray,  of 
Connecticut.  Oiiio;  and  the  Pittsburg  man  of  business  who  is  men- 
tioned in  the  initial  sentences  of  tliese  memoirs. 

J.  \A'eidman  Murray,  oldest  of  bis  father's  living  children,  was 
born  at  L'nion  F'orge  (now  Lickdale).  Lebanon  county.  Pennsylvania, 
October  17.  1853.  and  remained  at  home  until  about  his  eighteenth 
year.  Alcantime  be  had  ])ursucd  his  education  in  the  public  ;ind  private 
schools  of  the  countw  and  when  eighteen  vears  fild  was  graduated  in 
the  high  school  in  Lebanon.  Immediately  thereafter  be  went  to  learn 
the  trade  of  machinist  with  P.  L.  W'einur  and  I'.rotbers  at  Lebanon, 
and  remained  in  the  employment  of  this  firm  for  ten  years  following. 
Quitting  this  establishment  temiKirarily.  he  was  engaged  with  the  Penn- 
sylvania Steel  Company  as  assistant  mechruiical  engineer  for  two  and  a 
half  years,  at  the  expiration  of  which  time  he  returned  to  W'eimer 
Brothers  and  remained  with  them  an  additional  three  vears.  His 
next  mo\e  tf)ok  him  frfmi  his  nati\e  state  to  the  iron  region  of  Bir- 
mingham,   Alabama,   where  he   was   em])loyed  by   the   Tennessee   Coal 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  525 

Mining  &  Ivailmad  Coni])any  as  meclianical  engineer  of  Ihe  company 
and  superintendent  of  their  Linn  Iron  \\'ori<s  Department.  After 
remaining  with  this  southern  company  nearly  eiglit  years  Mr.  Murray 
tooi<  control  as  manager  of  the  K.  P.  .\llis  Company,  now  known  as 
the  Alhs-Chalmers  Company,  .al  I'ittshin-g,  and  has  since  retained  that 
responsible  position. 

On  the  30th  of  December,  i.SSo,  Mr.  Murray  was  united  in  mar- 
riage with  Miss  Alice,  daughter  of  Henry  and  Klizabeth  Carmany,  of 
Lebanon,  and  they  have  two  children:  Leigh  Carmany  and  Catherine 
Jeannette.  h^raternally  Mr.  Murray's  connections  are  confined  to 
Masonry,  in  wdiich  he  is  a  Knight  Templar  and  has  reached  the  thirty- 
second  degree  of  the  Scottish  Rite.  His  social  rank  is  indicated  bv  his 
emltership  in  the  Duquesne  Club,  the  largest  and  most  intlnential  or- 
;anization  of  its  kind  in  the  city  and  celebrated  throughout  the  country 
acc(  unt  of  the  distinction  of  many  who  haxe  enjoyed  the  privileges 
f  its  exclusi\-e  circles.  The  rolls  ol  the  r)uc|uesne  include  such  men  as 
Attorney  (ieneral  Knox,  Andrew  Carnegie  and  scores  of  others  whose 
names  are  household  words  in  the  L'nited  Slates.  Personalh-  Mr.  Mur- 
ray is  a  man  of  robust  physique,  of  affable  manners  and  genial  address, 
and  much  .iddicted  to  outdoor  sports,  among  which  baseball  is  his  par- 
ticular  hobbv. 


JOSEPH  HARTALAN. 

Henry  Ward  Beecher  once  spoke  the  following  words:  "You  can- 
not succeed  in  life  by  spasmodic  jerks.  'S'on  cannot  win  conlidence,  nor 
earn  friendship,  nor  gain  inlluence,  nor  attain  skill,  nor  reach  position, 
by  \-iolent  snatches." 

Not  bv  a  single  jump,  nor  by  a  single  stroke  of  commercial  bril- 


m 

rr 

on 
o 


526       COMPENDIUM  ()!■  IIISTURY  AM)  CllXli.ll.OCY 

liancy.  did  Joseph  Hartman  become  a  ])crniancnt  facldr  in  t!ic  husiness 
and  fitiancial  circles  of  western  i 'eiiusyUania.  Tlie  ,!;real  (le\el(i])inenl 
of  the  cities  of  western  Pennsylvania,  in  the  last  (|narter  of  a  century,  is 
due  to  the  enterprise  and  progressiveness  of  such  men  as  our  subject: 
it  is  instructive  as  well  as  entertaining  to  chronicle  the  lives  of  those 
men  who  ha\e  done  so  much  t-iward  bringing  about  their  present  pi'os- 
perity,  and  such  a  one  we  have  in  the  subject  of  this  sketch,  who  was 
born  October   iS.   i8_'7,  in  Armstrong  county.   renns_\l\ania. 

Pliili])  llarlman.  his  paternal  grandfather,  was  among  the  pioneers 
of  Oakland  township,  Butler  count}-.  The  date  of  his  settlement  is  not 
exactly  known,  but  was  soon  after  the  chxsc  <jf  the  American  Revolution. 
At  the  time  of  the  war  he  resided  at  or  near  Grecnsburg.  Westmoreland 
county,  I'ennsyh-ania.  where  he  enlisted  and  served  under  Colonel  Ogle. 
His  Ijrother.  Michael  Hartman.  was  also  a  soldier  of  the  Revolution, 
and  soon  after  the  war  settled  in  .Manor  townshi]),  .Vrmstrong  coinit}'. 
Pennsylvania,  in   the  neighborhood   of    Kittanning. 

On  July  4,  1796,  William  Hartman,  father  of  the  gentleman  whose 
name  heads  this  biography,  was  born.  He  was  undoubtedly  one  of  the 
first,  if  not  the  lirst.  male  white  child  Ijorn  in  liutler  county.  IJe  lived 
in  Oakland  townshi]),  Ihitler  countv,  until  he  became  a  young  man.  when 
he  went  to  Pittsburg,  where  he  learned  the  trade  of  a  blacksmith.  Some- 
time after,  he  mairied  Miss  Mary  Winters  and  remo\ed  to  Armstrong 
county.  A  few  years  afterward  the  famil_\-  removed  to  Pittsburg, 
where  they  remained  a  few  years,  and  again  returned  to  Armstrong 
county,  where  he  engaged  in  fruniing  and  working  at  his  tr:ide  until  the 
year  1849.  when  thev  mo\cd  to  Donegal  townshi]).  Puller  county.  Penn- 
sylvania. 

Joseph  Hartman'  sjjent  his  Ijoyhood  days  w  ith  his  i)arents  in  .\rm- 
strong  county,  and  in  Pittsburg,  where  he  ac(]uired  habits  of  industry 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  rr'l 

that  liave  rcniaiiiwl  as  loadino-  traits  of  his  character  all  through  life. 
He  received  a  coiiimnn  schiujl  education  and  private  instruction  from 
ins  parents.  He  coninu'iiced  life  for  himself  under  very  adverse  cir- 
cumstances. His  first  earnings  were  invested  in  a  small  tract  of  land 
in  Donegal  township.  Ilutlcr  C(.unt)-.  renn-^ylvania.  where  he  .settled 
with  his  father  and  mother,  and  where  they  resided  until  the  time  of  their 
fleath.  His  mother  died  Septemher  lo,  1864,  in  the  sixty-fourtli  vear 
of  her  age.  and  his  father  died  I-ehruary  14.  1879,  aged  eighty-four 
years.  In  1849  lie  enliste<!  with  Captain  Vmk.  a  veteran  of  the  Mexican 
war,  in  Company  E:  was  mustered  at  Middlesex.  Armstrong  C(junty. 
under  Colonel  Surwell,  and  served  for  three  years  in  the  state  troops  as 
a  ])rivate  soldier.  During  the  late  Civil  war  the  subject  of  this  biography 
was  a  strong  advocate  for  the  L'uion,  and  in  1862  enlisted  in  Company  E, 
one  hundred  and  sixty-ninth  rennsyl\-ania  \^)Uniteer  Infantrv.  and 
served  nine  montlis  and  was  honorably  discharged.  Returning  to  But- 
ler county,  he  settled  on  his  farm,  where  he  remained  until  i8()i  when 
he  mo\ed  tM  Butler,  Pennsylvania,  where  he  miw  resides.  Mr.  Hart- 
man  was  regarded  as  one  of  the  prominent  and  ])rogressi\-e  agricultural- 
ists of  the  count}',  and  in  e\ery  sense  a  successful  business  man.  He 
always  took  a  deep  interest  in  matter^  nf  education,  and  was  an  active 
member  of  the  school  board  of  his  town^bi])  and  ser\-ed  as  its  secretary 
almost  continuously  fcjr  ibirt}'  years.  In  politics  be  is  an  ardent  l\ei)ub- 
hcan,  mid  in  1884  was  elected  to  represent  Butler  counlv  in  the  stale 
legislature,  serving  in  the  sessions  of  1885-86.  He  is  a  member  of  .\. 
G.  Reed  I'ost.  G.  A.  R..  of  Butler,  I'enns}-l\ania.  and  a  warm  fi'iend 
of  the  old  soldiers. 

Mr.  Hartman  has  been  twice  married.  His  first  wife  was  Mar- 
garet, daughter  of  I<ihn  Black,  of  Donegal  towr.ship.  Butler  county, 
whom  he  married  in  J.anuary,    1853.     She  died  July  5.    1869,  leaving  a 


32 


5-2S  COMPENDIUM  Ul'  lUSlUKY  AM)  GENEALOGY 

family  of  fi\c  cliildrcii.  as  follows:  Mary  1'-.,  Lizzie  J.,  the  wife  of 
Patrick  Gallagher:  Anna  1,..  the  wife  of  Michael  Leonard;  l'"\a  h". :  and 
Joseph  D.  Mr.  Ilartnian's  second  marriage  took  place  in  1873.  ^^'t'' 
Miss  Mary  Mch'addcn,  who  died  April    17.   1891. 

In  1864.  Mr.  Hartman  commenced  operating  in  the  old  fields  of 
Venango  coinity,  I'ennsyhania.  lie  snl;se(|uentl\-  transferred  his  oper- 
ations U)  lUitler  and  .\rmstrong  counties,  and  has  heen  successfully 
identified  with  oil  jiroducing  for  the  past  thirt\-three  years.  lie  has 
operated  extensively  in  the  Millerstou  n.  St.  J(.e  and  Jefferson  Center 
fields,  in  Puitler  county,  I'ennsyhania,  and  in  .\llegheuy  county.  New 
York,  and  in  the  great  McDonald  field  in  Washington  county  I'eunsyl- 
vaia;  also  in  Allegheny  county,  Pennsyhania,  and  in  Marion,  Wetzel, 
Monongalia.  Harrison  and  Ritchie  comities.  West  \'irginia  and  in  Mon- 
roe county,  Ohio.  Pie  is  a  stockholder  in  the  Delnier  Oil  Company,  of 
W'est  Virginia.  He  is  the  largest  stockholder  in  the  Hartman  Oil  Com- 
pany, whose  main  office  is  at  Pittsburg,  Pennsy]\ania.  This  company 
has  drilled  some  hundred  and  twenty-five  wells  in  the  deep  territory,  in 
West  Virginia,  and  has  a  large  production.  The  company  has  large 
holdings  in  West  Virginia. 

Mr.  Hartman  is  also  the  largest  stockholder  in  the  Richland 
Oil  Company,  whose  wells  and  lands  are  located  in  .Vllegheny  county. 
Pennsylvania.  He  has  also  producing  wells  at  Callery  Junction,  Cut- 
er county,  Penns\-lvania.  He  is  a  stt^kholdcr  in  the  L'nited  States 
Pipe  Line  Company,  and  also  the  Producers'  Pipe  Line  Coiupany. 

At  the  time  the  movement  was  inaugurated  to  curtail  production 
lie  earnestly  supixirted  Hon.  T.  W'.  Phillips  in  his  plan  to  set  aside 
two  million  barrels  of  (jil  for  the  protection  of  labor  engaged  in  the 
petroleum  industry,  the  net  profits  of  which  were  one  hundred  and  ninety- 
two  thousand  dollars,  which  was  divided  among  those  thrown  out  of 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  529 

employment.  Mr.  Hartinaii.  in  connection  witli  other  capitalists,  pur- 
chased the  Kelly  mine  in  New  Me.\ico.  .\fter  nnniini^-  this  mine  ahout 
eight  months  he  (lisi)ose(l  of  his  interest  at  a  satisfactory  profit.  He  is 
also  a  stockholder  in  the  Trade  Dollar  Mining  and  Milling  Company,  of 
Idaho.  He  is  also  a  stockholder  in  the  (;(jlconda  (lold  Mining  and 
.Milling  Company,  of  Cripple  Creek,  Colorado. 

The  Butler  County  National  Bank  was  organized  and  commenced 
husiness  August  i8,  iSyo.  On  the  ist  day  of  October,  1890,  Mr.  Hart- 
man  was  elected  president  to  succeed  Mr.  Taylor,  a  position  he  has 
niled  to  the  entire  satisfaction  of  the  patrons  and  stockholders  of  the 
hank.  The  success  of  this  l.ank  has  been  phenomenal,  and  it  is  now 
one  of  the  strongest  institutions  in  the  commonwealth  of   Pennsylvania. 

Mr.  Hartman  is  a  member  of  the  Catholic  church,  .and  wa'^  reared 
in  the  religious  faith  of  that  denomination.  The  ])rincipal  ]jart  of  his 
early  education  he  received  from  his  mother,  who  was  a  very  pious  and 
good  woman.  Mr.  Haitman  takes  a  commendable  interest  in  religious 
matters,  and  was  acti\e  in  the  erection  of  the  new  church  at  Sugar 
Creek:  and  was  one  of  the  members  of  the  building  committee.  He 
not  only  ga\'e  his  children  a  good  common  school  educati'in,  but  all 
his  daughters  com]3leted  theirs  in  a  con\-ent,  and  hi^  son  recei\-ed  a 
college  education.  His  home  and  farm  that  he  left  in  iS()i,  when  he 
moved  to  Butler,  was  one  of  the  finest  in  the  count}-,  and  m  it  he  lakes 
great  pride  and  interest. 

CHARLES    A.    KUNKEL. 

The  well  known  and  efficient  cashier  of  the  Mechanics'  Bank, 
Charles  A.  Kunkel,  merits  and  holds  a  place  among  the  representative 
citizens  of  Harrisburg,  and  the  story  of  his  life  ofifers  a  typical  example 


oM      COMPENDIUM  Of  HISTORY  AND  CIiNli.\lA)L,y 

of  tliat  alcrl  American  spirit  which  lias  cnaltlcd  many  an  iinhvidual  to 
rise  to  a  position  of  influence  and  renown  solely  tin'migii  native  talent 
and  singleness  of  purpose.  He  is  a  native  son  of  the  Kexstone  state, 
his  hirth  liaxing  occin'rcd  in  Shippenshurj^-.  Cnniherland  county.  I'eiui- 
svh'ania,  on  the  lotli  of  June.  1847.  ^^^  '■"'  '•  ■''""  "f  Samuel  and  Rachel 
(  lloniherj^er )  Kunkel.  (_)n  the  paternrd  side  the  remote  ancestors  came 
to  this  countr\-  from  (iermany,  and  Mr.  Knnkcl  traces  his  yenealos;)-  to 
his  grandfather.  Christian  Kinikel.  who  came  to  this  city  from  \'ork 
countv.   i'cnns_\l\ania.  in  the  latter  part  ni  the  eighteenth  century. 

Cliarles  .\.  Ktuikel  received  his  elementary  education  in  the  com- 
mon schools  of  his  nati\e  locality,  which  he  iittended  until  lilteen  years 
of  age,  and  snhsecpicntly  hecame  a  student  in  the  llryani  &  Stratton's 
Commercial  College  of  I'hil.-idelpliia.  graduating  from  that  institution 
in  i8C)5.  Previous  to  lh;it  time,  in  iHCij,  he  h;id  hegtni  his  husiness 
career  as  a  clerk  in  a  general  store  in  the  cit\'  of  his  hirth,  recei\ing 
in  compensation  for  his  services  a  salary  of  fifty  dollars  a  year,  .ind 
there  he  remained  for  two  years.  Ohtaining  a  knowledge  f)f  hookkec])- 
ing'in  the  Quaker  City,  Mr.  Kunkel  then  came  to  llarrishurg  and  ac- 
cepted a  clerkshi])  in  the  Mechanics'  Bank,  of  which  Philip  Dougherty 
was  at  that  time  ])resi(lent  and  J.acoh  C.  Pomhcrger  cashier.  The  latter 
died  in  iSc)",  and  in  his  will  heijueathed  to  his  ne])liews,  the  Kunkel 
hrothers.  the  Mechanics'  Bank,  a  i)ri\;ite  h.anking  institution  ot  which  he 
was  the  sole  owner.  ;ind  ^Ir.  Kunkel  was  made  its  cashier,  ;i  ])osition 
which  he  has  c\er  since  continued  to  fill.  Througli  his  e.Kcellent  finan- 
cial nianagemcnt  this  hank  has  weathered  through  the  monetary  crisis 
and  has  niaint-'iined  tlie  confidence  of  the  people  when  iii;uiy  other  simil.ar 
institutions  went  to  the  wall.  In  his  husiness  relations  he  has  been  thor- 
oughly upright  and  conscientious,  genllenianly,  considerate  and  court- 


(;/•■  THE  STATE  Oh'  PEK XSY LVANLL  5:J1 

enus  in  liis  personal  and  social  contact,  and  willi  all  mankind  an  honest 
man. 

On  the  T^th  of  Jannarv,  1881,  Mr.  Kunkel  was  nnited  in  marriage 
to  Eliza  B.  \Vau,L;li,  and  two  children  have  graced  their  union.  P.everly 
and  Rachel  1!.  Alter  acciniring  a  rudimentary  education  the  son  en- 
tered ^'ale  College,  from  which  he  was  graduated  in  1901,  and  in  the 
following  Octoher  he  was  called  hack  to  that  institution  to  Ijecome  an 
instructor  in  hiology.  He  is  now  devoting  his  entire  time  to  that  pro- 
fession. Mr.  Kunkel  gives  his  political  support  to  the  Re])ul)lican  i)arty, 
hut  is  in  no  sense  a  seeker  for  ])ulilic  honors  or  emoluments,  lie  is  an 
acti\e  nicmher  of  the  Zion  Luthcr.an  church,  in  which  he  has  served  as 
Sunday-school  superintendent  for  o\-cr  twcntv-iive  ve.ars,  while  for  five 
years,  though  not  consecuti\ely,  he  has  ser\-ed  as  ])residcut  of  the  ^'oung 
Men's  Christian  Association.  He  is  now  serving  as  trustee  of  the 
Pcnns\I\ania  College,  of  Gettyshurg.  and  lioth  he  and  his  Ijrother  con- 
trihuted  liherallv  to  the  erection  of  the  nurserv  wing  to  the  Orjihan's 
Home  at  Loysville.  He  has  heen  lihcral  in  aiding  and  assisting  all 
wortln'  and  l)ene\'olent  enterjirises. 

ALLEN  P.  PERLEY. 

Li  past  ages  the  historv  of  a  country  was  the  record  of  wars  and 
conrpiests;  to-day  it  is  the  record  of  commercial  acti\it_\-.  and  those 
whose  names  are  foremost  in  its  annals  are  the  leaders  in  l)usiness  cir- 
cles. The  conquests  now  made  arc  those  of  mind  over  matter,  not  man 
over  man.  and  the  victor  is  he  who  can  successfully  establish,  control 
and  operate  important  commercial  interests,  .\llcn  P.  Perley  is  unques- 
tionably one  of  the  strongest  and  most  influential  business  men  of 
^^'illiamsport,  and  his  life  has  become  an  cssenti:d  iKut  of  its  history. 


532       COMPENDIUM  OF  HISTORY  AND  GENEALOGY 

Tireless  energy,  keen  perception,  linnesty  nf  purpose,  genius  for  devis- 
ing and  executing  tlic  riglit  thing  at  the  right  time,  joined  to  e\'cry-day 
common  sense,  guided  In-  resistless  will  |xnver,  are  the  cliief  character- 
istics of  the  man.  As  president  of  tjie  West  I'rancJi  National  Hank"  and 
liy  his  connection  with  other  important  cnter])rises.  he  to-day  occupies 
a  front  rank  in  the  hirsincss  circles  of  W'illiamsjxjrt. 

Mr.  I'erley  was  hnrn  in  Oldtiiwn,  Pcnohscot  countv,  Maine,  on 
the  Stii  of  March.  1S45.  and  is  a  son  of  Daniel  J.  and  Mary  (Lovejoy) 
I'erley.  the  former  a  natix'e  of  Tjiswich,  Massachusetts,  and  the  latter  of 
Kennebec  county.  Maine.  In  the  I'inc  Tree  state  the  father  ])racticed 
the  profession  of  medicine  for  sixty  years,  and  hoth  he  and  his  wife  died 
in  Penobscot  county. 

.\llen  P.  Perley  passed  the  days  of  his  hoyhond  and  youth  in  the 
county  of  his  nativity,  and  is  indebtefl  to  the  schools  of  that  li>cnlity  for 
the  educational  iirivileges  he  enjoyed,  lie  began  his  business  career 
as  a  clerk  in  a  mercan.tilc  establishment  and  was  similarly  em])loyed  for 
several  vears.  Coming  to  W'illiamsport,  Pennsylvania,  in  18^)5.  he 
accepted  the  ])osition  of  bookkcei)er  at  George  Zimmer  planing  mills, 
and  four  \ears  later  purchased  an  interest  in  the  firm,  which  he  retained 
mitil  1S73.  Subsequently  he  was  empkned  as  Ixxjkkeeper  by  Daniel 
\V.  Smith,  and  in  July.  1H74.  entered  the  ser\-ice  of  Slonaker,  Howard 
&  Com])any  in  the  same  capacity,  in  1879  he  purchased  Mr.  .Slonaker's 
mterest  and  engaged  in  the  lumber  Inisiness  under  the  firm  name  of 
Howard,  Perley  &  TToward  until  J.anuary,  1887,  when  C.  P.  floward 
retired  fnmi  the  firm  and  Mr.  Perley  and  \\'illiam  Howard  have  since 
continued  the  business  under  the  style  f)f  Howard  &•  Perley.  This  firm 
ranks  high  among  the  lumber  dealers  of  Williamsport.  They  have 
large  interests  in   Clinton   and   Potter  counties,    Peinisylvani;i.   and   arc 


OP  THE  STATE  OP  PENNSYLVANIA.  533 

the  owners  of  twelve  miles  of  railroad  in  the  lumber  field.  Mr.  Perley 
has  long  been  a  director  of  the  West  Brancii  National  Bank  of  Will- 
iamsport,  and  in  November,  1898,  was  chosen  president  of  that  institu- 
tion, which  is  the  largest  and  strongest  financial  concern  in  the  city. 
The  safe,  con.servative  ])olicy  which  he  has  inaugurated  commends  itself 
to  the  judgment  of  all  and  has  secured  for  the  liank  a  i)atronage  which 
makes  the  volume  of  business  tran.sacted  over  its  counters  of  great  im- 
l)iirtance  and  magnitude.  The  success  of  the  institution  is  certainly  due 
in  large  measure  to  him,  and  through  it  and  his  lumber  business  he  has 
prdmiitcd  the  welfare  of  the  city. 

Mr.  Perley  has  been  tv>ice  married,  his  first  wife  being  Miss  Clara 
Lovejoy,  a  daughter  of  Albert  Lovejoy,  of  Gardiner,  Maine.  Their 
marriage  vv'as  celebrated  September  i,  1869,  and  was  blessed  with  five 
children  who  are  still  living,  namely:  Margaret  Lovejov,  Harriett 
Scott,  Fred  A.,  Martha  C.  and  .\l!en  P.,  Jr.  The  wife  and  mother  died 
in  January,  1886,  and  in  1888  Mr.  Perley  wedded  Mrs.  Anne  Stuwell, 
a  nati\e  (if  New  York.  They  are  ])rominent  members  of  Christ's  F.pis- 
cojial  church,  in  which  he  holds  the  oflice  of  vestryman,  and  he  is  also 
a  member  of  Lodge  No.  106,  F.  &  A.  M.  Politically  he 
is  a  stanch  Republican  and  ser\ed  one  term  as  a  member  of  the  city 
council.  Mr.  P'erley  strmds  high  in  the  esteem  of  his  business  asso- 
ciates as  a  man  possessing  excellent  business  ability  and  sound  judg- 
ment, being  particularlv  successful  in  the  management  of  large  business 
enterprises.  In  manner  he  is  cnurteous  and  considerate,  and  is  a  most 
respected,  congenial  and  kind  hearted  citizen,  who  is  held  in  the  highest 
regard  h\  all  with  wlium  he  comes  in  contact  cither  in  business  or  social 
life. 


534       COMrhNDirM   Ol-    HISTORY  .WD  GENEAl.OCY 

WILLIAM    L.    HUNTER.   M.    1). 

At  an  early  epoch  in  tlie  deNelnpnieiil  and  sellleiiieiil  nf  I'eniisyL 
vniiia  the  1  huiter  family  was  cstaljlislied  w  illiin  its  lK)rdcrs.  The  great- 
grandfather iif  Dr.  Hunter  hecame  <ine  <if  the  jjioneer  settlers  of  Unity 
township.  W'estmoreland  cnnnt}'.  and  upon  the  farm  wliich  is  now  the 
old  family  homestead  three  successi\e  generations  of  the  familv  were 
horn. — Samuel  Hunter,  the  gr;indfather,  James  Hunter,  the  f;Uher.  ;uid 
the  Doctor.  .Agricultural  pursuits  claimed  the  .-ittention  of  the  <lifTerent 
memhcrs  of  the  family  through  m;my  years.  James  lluuter  ni;u"ried 
.Annise  Lightcap.  a  lady  of  Scotch  lineage,  and  the  HuiUers  also  came 
of  Scotch  ancestry.  To  James  and  .\nuise  JIunter.  on  the  Sih  of  l"eh- 
rnary.  1S44.  in  Unity  township.  Westmoreland  comity,  was  horn  a  son. 
to  whom  they  ga\-e  the  name  of  Willi.am   Lightcap. 

At  the  usual  age  W'illirmi  Lightca])  Hunter  entered  the  puhlic 
schools,  and  after  ;itteuding  the  academy  at  Elder's  Ridge  a  short  time 
■and  while  at  sch';ol  there,  on  the  t,^\  of  Septemher.  1864.  he  w;is  enrolled 
with  the  Sixth  ixegiment  of  Hca\y  Artillery.  I'eunsyhauia  X'olunteers, 
to  scr\-e  the  L'nitcd  States  one  year  or  during  the  war.  He  was  appointed 
regimental  qu.artermastcr.  scrying  in  that  ca]);icity  until  the  close  of 
the  war.  when  he  hegan  pre])aration  for  the  practice  of  medicine  under 
the  direction  of  Dr.  James  McConanghy.  of  Moimt  Pleasant,  Pennsyl- 
yania.  His  ])reparatory  work  was  further  cnntinued  in  the  Belleyue 
LIos])ital  Medical  College,  of  Xew  "N'ork  city,  which  he  entered  at  the 
age  of  twenty-l'our  years,  therein  jiursuing  a  course  in  chemistry  rmd 
toxicology.  Suhsequenth'  he  liecame  a  student  in  Dr  Richardson'^ 
Scliool  of  I'harmacy.  in  I'hiladeli)hia.  and  later  matriculated  in  the  [ef- 
ferson  Medical  College,  of  l'hiladeli)hia.  PennsyK^ania.  hcing  graduated 
in  the  latter  institution  with  the  class  of  1868.     In  the  same  year  Dr. 


7M. 


%2 


♦ 


i 


(;/•   THE  STATE  OE  PENNSYLVANIA.  537 

Hunter  entered  npon  his  professional  career,  opening  an  office  in  the 
town  of  'I'nrtlc  Creek.  Allegheny  county,  where  he  has  since  remained 
in  the  enjoyment  of  a  constantly  growing  practice.  Mis  Inisiness  lias 
increased  not  only  in  vi:Iunie  hut  importance,  leaving  him  little  leisure 
time  for  social  iilcasures.  His  skill  ami  ability  were  soon  recognized, 
and  as  the  years  have  advanced  he  has  also  progressed  in  knowledge 
and  efficiency,  kecjiing  in  tcmch  with  the  onward  movement  which  is 
constantly  hcing  made  in  methods  (jf  medical  and  surgical  ])ractice. 
In  addition  he  als  i  holds  the  ])osition  of  jiresident  of  the  JMrst  National 
Bank  of  Tin'tle  Creek. 

Dr.  Hunter  was  united  in  marriage  to  Miss  Rachel  Hucy  .McMas- 
ters,  a  daughter  of  John  McMasters,  who  for  many  vears  was  ])rom- 
inent  as  ijmprictor  of  a  hotel  in  Pittsburg,  and  thus  gamed  a  wide  ac- 
i|uaintancc.  The  Doctor  gives  his  political  support  to  the  Republican 
party,  and  he  and  his  family  are  members  of  the  United  Presbyterian 
church.  In  matters  of  citizenship  he  is  as  progressive  as  he  is  in  his 
practice,  doing  much  to  aid  in  mcasmx's  for  the  general  gwjd  and  the 
substantial  progress  and  up!)uilding  of  his  communit\-.  His  circle  of 
friends  is  extensive,  owing  to  his  genuine  ]iersonal  worth  as  well  as  to 
his  jiromincnce  and  success  in  his  chosen  line  of  work. 

WESLEY  WOLFE.  M.  D. 

.\mong  those  wlm  ha\e  attained  distincti\'e  prestige  in  the  practice 
of  medicine  and  surgery  in  the  city  of  .\llegheny.  and  whose  success 
has  come  as  the  logical  sequence  <if  thorough  technical  information 
and  skill,  as  reinforced  I;}-  natural  predilection  and  that  sympathy  and 
tact  which  are  the  inc\itable  concomitants  of  jirecedence  in  this  noble 
profession,  stands  Dr.   Wolfe,   who  is  a  man  of  scholarly  attainments 


538       COMPENDIUM  OF  IIISTORV  ASP  GENEALOGY 

and  wiu)  lias  made  dccii  and  (.Tircfnl  research  intd  the  twn  sciences 
t(i  wliicli  he  is  dexntint;  his  life,  heins;-  nne  ol'  the  prnniiiient  repre- 
sentatives i>f  the  llahneniann  (ir  home(i])athic  schciol  of  medicine,  whnse 
methods  and  principles  are  l)eciimin,q-  more  hi,i;hly  a])preciated  and 
approved  vcar  after  year,  the  system  heinq-  hcncficent  in  the  a])plica- 
tion  of  remedial  aii;ents  of  such  potency  as  to  assist  natm'e  in  restoring- 
health  wilJKnn  impairin.L;  the  ])hysical  system  hy  undue  physioloi^ical 
reactions  from  the  drugs  administered. 

Dr.  Wolfe  is  a  native  son  of  the  state  of  Pennsylvania,  with 
whose  annids  the  name  has  hecn  identified  for  several  generations,  the 
original  American  ])rogenitor  having'  emigrateil  hither  from  (iermany 
in  the  colonial  ejiocli  of  our  national  history  ;ind  having  taken  up  his 
residence  in  the  old  Keystone  state,  whose  advancement  and  gratifying 
prosperitv  lia\-e  heen  fostered  in  large  measure  hy  representatives  of 
the  stanch  old   ficrman   stock. 

Dr.  Wolfe  was  horn  in  Kittanning.  .\niistrong  county,  this  state, 
on  the  lOlh  of  January.  1S51.  heing  the  son  of  Noah  C.  and  Mary 
(Patterson)  Wolfe,  the  former  a  native  of  reniis_\-lvania  and  the  latter 
of  Wilmington.  T")claware.  ;ind  of  Scotch-Irish  lineage.  Noah  C.  Wolfe 
was  ])roniiiieiitl\-  identified  with  agricultur;il  pursuits  from  his  youth 
until  within  ahoiit  a  decade  of  his  death,  when  he  retired  from  active 
lahors.  He  died  in  1896.  at  the  age  of  se\enty-eigiit  years,  haxing  hecn 
a  man  of  sjiotlcss  intcgrit\'  ancl  having  ever  held  the  respect  and  confi- 
dence of  his  fellow  men.  In  ]iolitics  he  was  a  stanch  ad\ocate  of  the 
princiijles  .and  ]iolicies  of  the  Democratic  part\-.  hut  he  ne\er  sought 
public  office,  the  only  preferment  of  the  sort  which  he  e\er  consented 
to  assume  being  that  of  township  su])er\isor.  I  lis  religious  faith  was 
that  of  the  Presbyterian  church.  i)f  which  his  wife  was  also  a  devoted 
member.     She  died  on  the  f)th  of  June,    1902,  aged  eighty-five  years. 


OF  THE  STATE  OP  PENNSYLVANIA.  h:\9 

\oah  C.  and  Mary  (Patterson)  Wolfe  became  the  parents  of  six 
cliildren,  namely:  Sarah  J.,  who  is  the  wife  of  William  R.  Huston,  of 
Hcmestcad,  Pennsylvania:  Findley  P.,  wlio  is  a  leadini,^  attorney  of 
Kittanning.  this  state:  Perry  V ..  who  died  in  1874.  at  the  age  of 
twenty-eight  years:  Joseph  A.,  who  died  in  infancy:  Wesley:  and  Dorcas 
C.  who  maintains  her  home  in  Kittanning. 

Dr.  Wnlfe  was  reared  under  the  sturdy  discipline  of  the  farm, 
aiid  his  preliminary  education  was  acquired  in  the  public  schools  of 
Kittanning.  He  early  manifested  a  ])redilection  for  the  medical  pro- 
fession, and  as  socn  as  he'  could  arrange  his  affairs  in  a  satisfactory 
way  began  his  work  of  technical  preparation.  In  1877  he  secured  as 
prece])tor  Dr.  W.  W.  Smith,  an  al)le  practitioner  of  Kittanning,  and 
under  his  direction  carried  forward  his  reading  for  one  year,  at  the 
expiration  of  which  period  he  matriculated  in  the  Homeopathic  Hospital 
Medical  College  in  the  city  of  Cleveland.  Ohio,  where  he  completed  the 
prescribed  course  under  the  most  favoralile  auspices  and  was  graduated 
as  a  member  of  the  class  of  1880.  receiving  his  degree  of  Doctor  of 
Medicine.  He  had  been  a  close  and  indefatigable  student  and  had 
shown  marked  discrimination  in  his  technical  investigation  and  clinical 
work,  so  that  be  was  well  fortified  for  the  practical  rlutics  of  bis  pro- 
fession when  he  left  the  well  known  institution  which  figures  as  his 
alma  mater.  He  began  the  ])r;;ctice  of  his  profession  forthwith  in 
Freeport.  .\rmstrong  county,  PennsyKania,  where  be  succeeded  in  build- 
ing up  an  excellent  business.  .\t  the  expiration  of  four  years  he  re- 
mmed  from  that  place  to  the  city  of  Pittsburg",  and  a  year  later  estal>- 
lished  his  residence  an<l  jjrofessional  headquarters  in  Allegheny,  his 
office  l)eing  located  at  24  Xorth  Diamond  street,  where  he  has  ever 
since  continued  in  active  practict.  having  gained  a  high  reputation  for 


540       COMPENDIUM  01-   HISTORV  AND  GENE.U.Ol.Y 

skill  .'111(1  tidflitv  in  his  chosen  ijrofcssion  ;in(l  haxiiit^  a  clicntfle  of  re])re- 
seiitativc  order. 

lie  holds  membership  in  tiie  .Mlejjheny  Counl\-  Medical  Society, 
the  Pennsylvania  State  Medical  Sncietv  :uid  the  1 1.ahneni.ann  llos])ital 
College  Sncietv.  comiiosed  of  .almniii  of  the  college  in  which  he 
was  gradnated.  The  Doctor  is  pr.  niinenllv  identified  with  nunierons 
fraternal  organizations  in  his  home  city,  and  in  each  of  these  he  enjoys 
marked  pi  jnilarity.  lie  holds  memheishi])  in  Ionic  Lodge  \o.  5J5. 
I'".  &  .\.  M.:  Allegheny  Chapter  Xo.  2\~.  K.  A.  M.;  ;ind  PeiinsyKania 
Con.sistory  .\ncient  .Xccejited  Scottish  Kite  .and  the  .Xohles  of  the  Mys- 
tic Shrine.  Sx'ria  Temiile.  while  the  other  organizations  with  which 
lie  is  identitie<l  are  as  follows:  Darling  Council  Xo.  888,  Royal  Ar- 
canum; Cuiding  St.ar  Conclave  Xo.  273.  lmpi(i\ed  ( )r(ler  of  Ilepta- 
soplis:  Trium])h  Circle  Xo.  101.  Protected  Home  Circle:  .Mleghcny 
Lodge  Xo.  946,  Knights  of  the  .\ncient  k^ssenic  Order:  .\llcgheny 
Lodge  No.  339.  Benevolent  and  Protective  Order  of  Elks:  Allegheny 
Lodge  No.  16.  Order  of  .\mericus:  Iroquois  Lodge  Xo.  14.  Order  of 
Iroquois;  and  Colden  Rod  Council  Xo.  56.  Junior  Order  of  Cnitcd 
.American  Mechanics.  In  his  political  proclivities  Dr.  Wolfe  advocates 
the  basic  ])rincii)les  of  the  Democratic  ))arty.  hut  he  maintains  a  some- 
what indc])endenl  attitude  in  this  line  and  is  not  constrained  hy  strict 
partisan  lines.  lie  and  his  wife  are  honored  members  of  the  Xorth 
.Avenue  Methodist  Ei)iscopal  church. 

On  the  14th  of  June.  1899,  Dr.  W'olfc  was  united  in  marriage  to 
Miss  -Ada  P.vron  Swindell,  a  daughter  of  the  late  William  Swindell, 
a  well  known  citizen  of  .Allegheny,  and  they  have  a  ])leasant  home  at 
2236  Perrysville  avenue.  They  have  two  children:  William  I-jhvard. 
born  Mav  22.  1900;  and  Harold  Swindell,  horn  .Sc'iitember  8,  1903. 
The    following   api)reciative   estimate   of   the    Doctor   is   given   by    Mr. 


OF  THE  STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  541 

A.  D.  Armstrong-,  an  nld  and  trusted  official  of  tlie  city  of  Alleglieny  : 
"Tlie  Doctor's  liicnds  are  legion,  and  I  can  speak  for  tiiem  wlicn  I 
say  that  he  is  a  thorough  gentleman  and  a  man  of  strict  integrity  in 
all  the  relations  (;f  life;  that  he  is  kindhearted  and  liberal,  and  also  that 
he  is  crmsidered  tn  he  at  the  head  of  liis  profession." 


JAMES   McFADDEN   CARPENTl'.K. 

Mr.  Car])enter  is  ;i  ],ainstaking,  conscientious  attorney,  who  has 
devoted  all  his  adult  years  to  his  profession.  He  gives  close  attention 
to  duty  and  does  his  work  thoroughly.  His  briefs  and  legal  papers 
are  models  of  bre\it\'  and  force,  and  during  his  practice  of  twenty-nine 
years  lie  has  had  a  good  and  steadily  growing  clientage,  much  of  his 
(lusiness  inx'olving  complex  and  important  questions  of  law  and  some  ol 
it  large  sums  of  nmnew  as  well  as  principles  of  vital  consequence  to 
thdusands  of  people.  To  have  administered  such  trusts  with  success 
and  entire  satisfaction  to  the  parties  concerned  is  ample  prcxif  of  both 
business  and  legal  al)ility.  Xo  ajiology,  therefore,  is  necessary  for  giv- 
ing such  detail  of  his  bingrajjliy  as  may  prove  of  interest  to  his  friends 
and  the  general  i>ublic. 

Zimmerman,  it  seems,  is  the  word  used  by  the  Swiss  to  denote 
what  in  English  is  under.slood  by  "carpenter,"  and  a  transference  to 
.\merican  .soil  naturally  brought  about  a  change  or  rather  a  translation 
r)f  surname;  thus  when  Heinrick  Zimmerman  came  over  frnm  Switzer- 
land and  bought  land  in  Lancaster  county.  Pennsylvania,  his  name  was 
written  in  the  i\wd  nf  purchase  as  plain  Henry  CariK'uter,  and  by  this 
patronymic  all  the  descendants  have  since  been  known.  .\n  intermar- 
riage between  the  Swiss  element  and  the  natives  of  the  British  Isles 
made  that  popular  genealogical  combination  of  Sw^iss  and  Scotch-Irish 


542       COMPENDIUM  01-   IIISTOKY  ASH  LiliS liAlOGY 

which  tlic  Carpenters  boast  as  tlic  riclicst  hlcidil  in  their  ancestral  pc(h- 
gree.  The  descendants  of  this  original  enii.grant  lon.i;-  rctaine<l  a  huld 
on  tlieir  Pcnnsxivania  patrinion}-,  and  to  tliis  day  tlie  Carpenters  arc 
t'liund  in  tliat  state,  though  some  found  Indi^nicnl  in  tlie  new  territories 
of  tlie  west  iluring  its  forniatixe  pericitl.  AnKuiL;  the  number  who  were 
ixjrn  and  bred  in  I 'enns_\l\ania  and  remained  durint;'  life  in  the  old 
home  state  was  Jeremiah  Murry  Car])enter.  wlm.  b_\-  his  marriage  with 
Eleanor  McFadden,  became  the  father  nf  the  gentleman  whose  memoirs 
constitute  the  subject  of  this  writing. 

James  Mcl'^adden  Carjicnter  was  born  in  Murrysvillc.  Westmore- 
land county.  Pennsylvania,  January  30.  1X50,  but  was  reared  on  a  farm 
in  Plum  township,  Allegheny  cciunty.  His  e.\i)erience  was  that  of  thou- 
sands born  without  wealth,  but  he  had  a  determination  to  succeed,  a 
determi'iatinn  not  belonging  e.\clusi\cly  to  poxerty  or  wealtli.  As  he 
grew  u])  he  was  gi\cn  the  Ijenefit  of  such  adxantages  as  arc  afiforded 
Ijy  the  jiublic  schools,  and  when  sixteen  years  old  was  sent  to  an  acad- 
emy located  at  Murrysville.  A  year  later  he  liegan  teaching,  and  for 
four  terms  continued  in  that  xocation,  attending  the  academy  at  inter- 
vals. After  leaving  school  he  followed  surveying  and  engineering,  but 
meanwhile  studied  law  in  the  office  of  llo])kins  &  Lazear,  this  dual 
occupation  continuing  from  1872  to  1S74  inclusive.  With  this  prepara- 
tion he  was  a<lniitted  to  the  bar  in  October,  1874,  ruid  from  that  time 
on  never  ceased  in  his  devotion  to  what  one  of  the  famous  law  writers 
calls  "a  jealous  mistress."  The  principal  part  of  l\Ir.  Carjienter's  legal 
career  has  been  spent  at  Pittsburg,  where  he  is  recognized  as  one  of  the 
leading  members  of  the  bar.  While  his  practice  has  been  generally 
in  the  civil  courts,  his  sjiecialtv  has  been  the  law  relating  to  real  estate, 
oil  and  mining  rights  and  mechanics'  liens,  in  which  he  is  a  recognized 


Ur  TJlIi  STATU  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.  543 

autlKirity.      He  lias  conducted   a   numlier  of  important  cases  involving 
the  con^truttinn  of  wills  and  settling  titles  to  real  estate. 

A  celebrated  case,  in\i)l\ing  the  rights  of  oil  producers  and  coal 
operators,  in  which  Mr.  C"ar])enter  was  counsel,  is  worthy  of  more  de- 
tailed mention.  I'loni  time  immcmorird  it  had  been  the  custom  that 
when,  in  drilling  for  oil.  a  seam  of  coal  l)elonging  to  third  parties  was 
reached  the  drilling  must  either  cease  or  tlie  lessees  pay  heavily  for  the 
pri\ilege  of  cnntnuiing.  Many  suits  had  Ijeen  brought  and  compro- 
mised to  the  disad\antage  of  the  oil  producers,  but  finally  a  case  involv- 
ing this  knotty  problem  was  brought  against  one  of  Mr.  Carpenter's 
clients,  and  under  his  ndvice  was  fought  to  a  finish.  Mr.  Carpenter 
succeeded  in  getting  a  decision  establi.shing  the  right  of  lessees  to  drill 
through  the  coal  of  third  parties,  and  it  is  estimated  that  this  victory 
was  worth  untold  sums  to  oil  men.  who  had  suffered  great  loss  under 
the  old  rulings. 

Another  case  w^orthy  of  s])ecial  mention  was  one  in  which  Mr.  Car- 
penter succeeded  in  pre\-entiiig  the  o\erthrow  of  Pittsburg's  comnmn 
school  system,  which  is  conducted  under  special  legislation.  .\  new 
scheme  was  ]jro]ioscd,  and  so  far  carried  out  that  an  act  of  assembly 
was  pas.sed,  the  effect  of  which  was  to  put  all  scliools  under  the  con- 
trol of  a  few  politicians.  To  head  off  all  opposition  another  act  was 
passed,  which  was  quite  brief  and  rejiealed  the  special  act;  Gixid  law- 
yers advised  that  even  if  the  first  act  was  unconstitutional  the  repeal- 
ing act  could  not  be  attacked.  Mr.  Carpenter  took  a  different  \-iew  of 
the  matter,  and  in  the  legal  battle  which  followed  succeeded  in  throw- 
ing out  l)(jth  acts  as  unconstitutional.  This  is  jirobably  the  first  time  a 
mere  repealing  act  was  stricken  down  by  the  courts  in  I'ennsylvania. 

Mr.  Carpenter  has  had  business  with  the  supreme  court  every  year 
since  he  was  first  admitted  to  practice.     He  is  noted  for  brevity  in  the 


544       COMPENDIUM  UU  IlISTORV  .1X1)  GEXEALOGY 

presentation  of  his  ai!;uniciits.  wliicli  arc  always  to  tlie  point,  runl  in 
this  resjject  is  regarded  as  exceptional — lawvers  as  a  nile  not  heini; 
noted  for  hrevitv.  which  Shakespeare  tells  us  is  "the  soul  of  wit."  The 
(lualitv  alluded  to  makes  iiis  services  especially  valuahle  hefore  a  Ixuly 
like  the  supreme  court,  which  aho\e  all  thinj^s  ahhors  proli\it_\-  of  state- 
ment and   slovenliness  in  methods. 

On  the  J4th  of  June,  1X76.  Mr.  Carpenter  was  united  in  mar- 
riai^e  with  iMary.  daui,diter  of  John  L.  L.  and  Rehecca  II.  l\no.\.  who 
died  Jul\-  2.  1899,  after  becoming;'  the  moiher  of  four  children;  .Mice 
I,.,  Kehecca  Knox  (deceased).  I'.ertha  i'deanor  and  James  Mch'adden, 
Jr.  Mr.  Carpenter,  thou.^h  a  husy  man,  linds  some  time  for  the  social 
side  of  life,  and  in  the  hest  circles  of  I'ittshury;  society  is  esteemed 
both  as  an  entertaining  and  instructive  companion. 


>^4ij|<J 


University  of  California 

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